Potential Paper 2 Essays

Topic 3: Single Party States• With reference to two examples each

chosen from a different region, to what extent do you agree with the claim that “ideology was the most important factor in the rise to power of single-party leaders.”

• For what reasons, and with what success, did rulers of single-party states use foreign policy to maintain their power? At least two rulers should be considered.

• Analyse the methods used by either Stalin or Mao to obtain power

Topic 5: Cold War• To what extent were Soviet policies

responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949?

• Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950?

• Identify and explain the significance of two of the following in the development of the cold war: COMECON; Marshall Plan; NATO; Warsaw Pact; Korean War

Topic 3: Single Party States

• With reference to two examples each chosen from a different region, to what extent do you agree with the claim that “ideology was the most important factor in the rise to power of single-party leaders.”

• For what reasons, and with what success, did rulers of single-party states use foreign policy to maintain their power? At least two rulers should be considered.

• Analyse the methods used by either Stalin or Mao to obtain power

With reference to two examples each chosen from a different region, to what extent do you agree with the claim that

“ideology was the most important factor in the rise to power of single-party leaders.”

For what reasons, and with what success, did rulers of single-party states use foreign policy to maintain their power? At least

two rulers should be considered.

Analyse the methods used by either Stalin or Mao to obtain power

USSR under Stalin:Totalitarian Government: 1 leader, 1 political party, spies, propaganda, paranoia, elimination of enemies, cult of personality, promote nationalism, state control of all aspects of life: government, economy, military, family, education (young pioneers), media (censorship, Pravda)… Everyday Stalinism: 5 Year plans (1928-1991), industrialization, collectivization, nomenklatura system, forced labor camps (Siberian gulags), cult of Lenin, “Dizzy with success,” “The Vanishing Commissar” 1932-1933: Holodomor (Ukrainian forced famine) punish/ purge Kulak class, genocide, 7-10 million people ** Commonly oppressed groups Ethnic minorities (numbering in the millions), Jews, Kulaks, Religious leaders 1936: New Stalin Constitution, year of the stakhanovites (record setting shock workers), roll back in rights of women (duel burden of worker & homemaker, hero mothers, abortion made illegal again) *Stalin’s Henchmen: Beria (Cheka, NKVD), Molotov (Nazi-Soviet Pact), Malenkov (missile program) 1936-1938: Purges/show trials, Trial of 21 (Bukharin, Trotsky, Rykov) WWII: Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact 1939 (divide Poland), Hitler invades USSR, Battles of Leningrad & Stalingrad, Conferences (Big 3): Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam decide the fate of Europe!!! Berlin: Berlin Blockade (Berlin Airlift 1948-9) Korean War: Mao-Stalin-Kim Il-Sung, atomic technology

MaoBackground/Rise:Fall of Manchu: Imperialism, Spheres of Influence, Chinese Republic?Nationalists: Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian), Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek), KMT vs. Communists: Mao Zedong, CCP/CPC1930s: Japanese invasion, 1934: Long MarchWWII United Front….civil war… 1949: People’s Republic of ChinaKMT Taiwan Republic of China (ROC)PRC: Party (CPC), Army (PLA), & State1950-1953: Korean War, 1950: Invasion of Tibet1955-56: Little Leap Forward/Socialist High Tide1956: Hundred Flowers Campaign, 57-59: Anti-Rightist Campaign1958-1960: Great Leap Forward1964: PRC = Atomic bomb1966-1976: Great proletarian Cultural Revolution, Red Guard, destroy four olds, 10 lost years1960s: Sino-Soviet Split, Liu Shaoqi1970s: Lin Biao, 1971: PRC replaces ROC in UN, 1972: Nixon in China1976: Death of Zhou Enlai (Qingming Festival) & Mao dies Key Terms: Maoism, 5 yr plans, communes, collectivization, backyard furnaces, Little Red Book, famine, National People’s Congress (NPC)

Topic 5: Cold War

• To what extent were Soviet policies responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949?

• Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950?

• • Identify and explain the significance of two of the following

in the development of the cold war: COMECON; Marshall Plan; NATO; Warsaw Pact; Korean War

To what extent were Soviet policies responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949?

• Soviet Policies vs. US policies vs. Other policies

• 1945 (WWII)– 1949 (Berlin Crisis) (Korea: 50-53)

1. Wartime Conferences: Tehran 1943, Yalta 1945, Potsdam 19452. Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 19463. Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 1946 (and Stalin’s reply)4. Truman Doctrine, March 1947 and Cominform, October 19475. Marshall Plan, June 1947

1. Red Army occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945-19472. Czech Coup, February 19483. Berlin Crisis: Blockade, June 1948 & Airlift until May 19494. NATO established, 1949, East and West Germany split, 19495. COMECON Founded 19496. NSC-68, April 1950

Cold War Steps:

Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950?

Korean WarKorean War: Key People: Syngman Rhee, Kim Il Sung, Mao

Zedong, Stalin, Truman, IKE, General Douglas MacArthur

Key Concepts/Terms: 38th parallel, Stalemate,

Armistice, Demilitarized Zone/DMZ, POWs, Republic of Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Key Events: Japanese defeat in World War II, Yalta

Conference, US – USSR Joint Commission, Parliamentary elections, North Korean People’s Army (NKPA) invades

Historiography: Western Traditional/Orthodox view: Truman

intervened to protect Koreans from Communist aggression, domino theory *David Rees

Revisionist view: Stalin was a facilitator rather than originator of war: Kathryn Weathersby, Local war which drew in superpowers: Bruce Cumings, USA needed a crisis abroad to implement their plans for rearmament at home: I. F. Stone & Bruce Cumings

Chang and Halliday Blame Mao & Stalin

Identify and explain the significance of two of the following in the development of the cold war: COMECON; Marshall Plan;

NATO; Warsaw Pact; Korean War

• Marshall Plan: 1948-1952– Economic Recovery Plan (ERP) for Europe• $17 billion rebuild, modernize• Convertible currency, Market economies

• COMECON: 1949-1991– Council for Mutual Economic Assistance• A communist economic community

– Eastern Bloc response to Marshall Plan

Identify and explain the significance of two of the following in the development of the cold war: COMECON; Marshall

Plan; NATO; Warsaw Pact; Korean War

• NATO: 1949-Present– North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Collective defense• Galvanized in 1950 (Korean war) SEATO

• Warsaw Pact: 1955-1991– Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance– Collective defense– Reaction to NATO and Consolidation of West Germany

• Berlin wall built in 1961

• Korean War: 1950-1953– Forces of Communism vs. Democracy & Capitalism in Asia

Overall impact of Korean War on the Cold War

• Korea = devastated & divided

• Globalization of Cold War– Set president for “proxy

wars”– Asia as a focal point

• Nuclear arms race– Increased military

spending

• Intensified ideological differences

• SEATO created– Southeast Asia Treaty

Organization• To prevent communism

from gaining ground in the region

SEATO

• Only 2 Southeast Asian members– Philippines & Thailand

• US, FR, GB, NZ, AUS, and Pakistan…

• … vitally important to the American rationale for the Vietnam War

• Expired June 1977

Potential Paper 2 Essays

Topic 3: Single Party States• With reference to two examples each

chosen from a different region, to what extent do you agree with the claim that “ideology was the most important factor in the rise to power of single-party leaders.”

• For what reasons, and with what success, did rulers of single-party states use foreign policy to maintain their power? At least two rulers should be considered.

• Analyse the methods used by either Stalin or Mao to obtain power

Topic 5: Cold War• To what extent were Soviet policies

responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949?

• Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950?

• Identify and explain the significance of two of the following in the development of the cold war: COMECON; Marshall Plan; NATO; Warsaw Pact; Korean War

Topic 3: Single Party States

• With reference to two examples each chosen from a different region, to what extent do you agree with the claim that “ideology was the most important factor in the rise to power of single-party leaders.”

• For what reasons, and with what success, did rulers of single-party states use foreign policy to maintain their power? At least two rulers should be considered.

• Analyse the methods used by either Stalin or Mao to obtain power

With reference to two examples each chosen from a different region, to what extent do you agree with the claim that “ideology was the most

important factor in the rise to power of single-party leaders.”

• Stalin

• Ideology: Marxism, communism, Leninism, Stalinism

• Using ideology: Cult of Lenin, dismantles the NEP (blame it on Bukharin), Cult of personality, collectivization/ communes

• Other factors: purges, show trails, forced collectivization, SPS totalitarianism, forced famine, de-kulakization, censorship, terror, intimidation, NKVD KGB (secret police)

• Historiography: – Marxist, soviet orthodox– Western Liberal (Pipes)– Revisionists / Post-Rev (Sheila)/ Post 1991

Russia

• Mao:– Rise to power 1949 PRC– Falls after GLF– RE-Rise to power: GPCR

• Ideology: Marxist-Leninism, Maoism

• Using ideology: Little red book, Cult of personality/Mao (GPCR –red army),

• Other factors: Civil War, Long March, WWII, PLA (commie army) vs KMT (nationalists)

• Historiography: – Marxist, PRC historians– Western Liberal– ***Chang & Halliday***

Body Paragraphs Address Q – Opposing view – Justify the two

For what reasons, and with what success, did rulers of single-party states use foreign policy to maintain their power? At least

two rulers should be considered.

• Stalin: (dies in 53)

• Ex. Foreign Policy: – WWII

• Conferences: Yalta, Potsdam– Satellite states / E. bloc– Poland!

– Response to Iron curtain speech (Churchill)• Blame west as aggressor

– Berlin: 1948-9, blockade & airlift• E. Germany, E. Berlin, assessing

power

– Korea: 1950-53• N. Korea communism• Communism in Asia• Mao & Stalin vs. USA & west

• Mao:

• Ex. FP:– WWII

• Creation of PRC in 1949

– Taiwan & KMT– Hong Kong & UK

– Korea: 1950-53• Support of communist

countries• Leadership in Asia• Prevent US imperialism• Atomic tech

Can argue that FP was not the only reason for maintain power

Domestic policy played a role as well

Analyse the methods used by either Stalin or Mao to obtain power

• Stalin • Mao

USSR under Stalin:Totalitarian Government: 1 leader, 1 political party, spies, propaganda, paranoia, elimination of enemies, cult of personality, promote nationalism, state control of all aspects of life: government, economy, military, family, education (young pioneers), media (censorship, Pravda)… Everyday Stalinism: 5 Year plans (1928-1991), industrialization, collectivization, nomenklatura system, forced labor camps (Siberian gulags), cult of Lenin, “Dizzy with success,” “The Vanishing Commissar” 1932-1933: Holodomor (Ukrainian forced famine) punish/ purge Kulak class, genocide, 7-10 million people ** Commonly oppressed groups Ethnic minorities (numbering in the millions), Jews, Kulaks, Religious leaders 1936: New Stalin Constitution, year of the stakhanovites (record setting shock workers), roll back in rights of women (duel burden of worker & homemaker, hero mothers, abortion made illegal again) *Stalin’s Henchmen: Beria (Cheka, NKVD), Molotov (Nazi-Soviet Pact), Malenkov (missile program) 1936-1938: Purges/show trials, Trial of 21 (Bukharin, Trotsky, Rykov) WWII: Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact 1939 (divide Poland), Hitler invades USSR, Battles of Leningrad & Stalingrad, Conferences (Big 3): Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam decide the fate of Europe!!! Berlin: Berlin Blockade (Berlin Airlift 1948-9) Korean War: Mao-Stalin-Kim Il-Sung, atomic technology

MaoBackground/Rise:Fall of Manchu: Imperialism, Spheres of Influence, Chinese Republic?Nationalists: Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian), Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek), KMT vs. Communists: Mao Zedong, CCP/CPC1930s: Japanese invasion, 1934: Long MarchWWII United Front….civil war… 1949: People’s Republic of ChinaKMT Taiwan Republic of China (ROC)PRC: Party (CPC), Army (PLA), & State1950-1953: Korean War, 1950: Invasion of Tibet1955-56: Little Leap Forward/Socialist High Tide1956: Hundred Flowers Campaign, 57-59: Anti-Rightist Campaign1958-1960: Great Leap Forward1964: PRC = Atomic bomb1966-1976: Great proletarian Cultural Revolution, Red Guard, destroy four olds, 10 lost years1960s: Sino-Soviet Split, Liu Shaoqi1970s: Lin Biao, 1971: PRC replaces ROC in UN, 1972: Nixon in China1976: Death of Zhou Enlai (Qingming Festival) & Mao dies Key Terms: Maoism, 5 yr plans, communes, collectivization, backyard furnaces, Little Red Book, famine, National People’s Congress (NPC)

Topic 5: Cold War

• To what extent were Soviet policies responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949?

• Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950?

• • Identify and explain the significance of two of the following

in the development of the cold war: COMECON; Marshall Plan; NATO; Warsaw Pact; Korean War

To what extent were Soviet policies responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949?

• Soviet Policies vs. US policies vs. Other policies

• 1945 (WWII)– 1949 (Berlin Crisis) (Korea: 50-53)

1. Wartime Conferences: Tehran 1943, Yalta 1945, Potsdam 19452. Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 19463. Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 1946 (and Stalin’s reply)4. Truman Doctrine, March 1947 and Cominform, October 19475. Marshall Plan, June 1947

1. Red Army occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945-19472. Czech Coup, February 19483. Berlin Crisis: Blockade, June 1948 & Airlift until May 19494. NATO established, 1949, East and West Germany split, 19495. COMECON Founded 19496. NSC-68, April 1950

Cold War Steps:

Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950?

Korean WarKorean War: Key People: Syngman Rhee, Kim Il Sung, Mao

Zedong, Stalin, Truman, IKE, General Douglas MacArthur

Key Concepts/Terms: 38th parallel, Stalemate,

Armistice, Demilitarized Zone/DMZ, POWs, Republic of Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Key Events: Japanese defeat in World War II, Yalta

Conference, US – USSR Joint Commission, Parliamentary elections, North Korean People’s Army (NKPA) invades

Historiography: Western Traditional/Orthodox view: Truman

intervened to protect Koreans from Communist aggression, domino theory *David Rees

Revisionist view: Stalin was a facilitator rather than originator of war: Kathryn Weathersby, Local war which drew in superpowers: Bruce Cumings, USA needed a crisis abroad to implement their plans for rearmament at home: I. F. Stone & Bruce Cumings

Chang and Halliday Blame Mao & Stalin

Identify and explain the significance of two of the following in the development of the cold war: COMECON; Marshall Plan;

NATO; Warsaw Pact; Korean War

• Marshall Plan: 1948-1952– Economic Recovery Plan (ERP) for Europe• $17 billion rebuild, modernize• Convertible currency, Market economies

• COMECON: 1949-1991– Council for Mutual Economic Assistance• A communist economic community

– Eastern Bloc response to Marshall Plan

Identify and explain the significance of two of the following in the development of the cold war: COMECON; Marshall

Plan; NATO; Warsaw Pact; Korean War

• NATO: 1949-Present– North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Collective defense• Galvanized in 1950 (Korean war) SEATO

• Warsaw Pact: 1955-1991– Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance– Collective defense– Reaction to NATO and Consolidation of West Germany

• Berlin wall built in 1961

• Korean War: 1950-1953– Forces of Communism vs. Democracy & Capitalism in Asia

Overall impact of Korean War on the Cold War

• Korea = devastated & divided

• Globalization of Cold War– Set president for “proxy

wars”– Asia as a focal point

• Nuclear arms race– Increased military

spending

• Intensified ideological differences

• SEATO created– Southeast Asia Treaty

Organization• To prevent communism

from gaining ground in the region

SEATO

• Only 2 Southeast Asian members– Philippines & Thailand

• US, FR, GB, NZ, AUS, and Pakistan…

• … vitally important to the American rationale for the Vietnam War

• Expired June 1977