Postwar Asia and Middle East

The Indian Subcontinent

India Ends British Rule

During the war they suddenly began fighting Germany

Had no voice in it

Indian Congress unanimously resigns and calls for self rule

Development of the Muslim League

A group of Muslim leaders in India to protect Indian Muslim rights India is mostly Hindu

Wanted to create a Muslim state out of India It would be called Pakistan

Only wanted British assistance to help create this, then they leave

India Ends British Rule

India and Pakistan are created August 1947

Hindus and Muslims lived near each other They would be in a different country

against their choice

Riots and violence broke out Millions lost their homes or were killed Many of them were Muslims

Gandhi was assassinated within six months Leader of Indian independence Killed for tolerant attitude toward

Muslims

Pakistan and India still have a tense relationship

Independent India

Problems from the start

Many divisions within the people

Religion, languages, the caste system

Policy of nonalignment

Refuse alliance with U.S. or U.S.S.R

Violence from within the regions

Punjab region wants independent Rule

Heavily Sikh region

Assassinations of leaders and internal conflicts constantly plague India

Independent India

Economics

Mixed Economy

Private companies own some industries, government owns the rest

5-year plans

Plans to grow economy

Worked much better than Russia’s

India’s farms were growing more food

Strong textile and other industries

Independent India

Economics (cont)

Fastest growing population in the world

Will soon be most populous nation in the world

There is not enough jobs for them

India opens to foreign investors

Independent India

Regional Relations China invaded and conquered Tibet

India backed the Dalai Lama Religious and political leader of Tibet

Fled and set up a government in India

Fighting in state of Kashmir China, Pakistan and India both claim

Kashmir Large Muslim population

Prime minister from that region

U.N. intervenes Splits Kashmir between the three

nations

India and Pakistan say the whole territory is theres

Still contested region

India backs East Pakistan in civil war

Pakistan and Bangladesh

There were originally two Pakistans after division

East Pakistan was on the other side if India

East Pakistan wanted self rule

Began a civil war

East eventually wins and creates Bangladesh

Pakistan and Bangladesh

There is still political unrest in both nations

New government was not ready to lead

Pakistan has many divisions and religious problems

China

Mao and the Peoples Republic of China

Founded

1 October 1949

Chiang Kai-sheik escaped to Formosa (Taiwan)

Created Republic of China

Recognized as the “real” china by the US until 1979

Mao Zedong becomes the leader of Communist China

Mao and the PRC

Great Leap Forward

PRC’s 5 year economic plan by Mao

From 1958-1960

Aimed to use the population to transform China from agrarian society to industrial

Took people from fields to place in the factories

Forced to work long hours and could not grow food of their own

Caused the greatest man made famine in history (30 million starved)

They kept lying about the output

“Three Bitter Years” 1958-1961

Production of food crops plummeted

Mao and PRC

Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

Mao wants to change all the culture and traditions of china

Created the Red Army

Mostly college age kids

Kids went around with their “little red book” and questioned everyone

Beat, tortured and kill those who disagreed with Mao

People lived in fear of them

He closed colleges for 10 years

because they were teaching against him

China after Mao

Gang Of Four

A group of communist party of china leaders who wanted to continue Mao’s policy

Arrested and removed 1 month after Mao’s death

China after Mao

Deng Xiaoping

Father of modern china

Took power after Mao died

Forcefully dragged China into modern era

Socialism with Chinese characteristics (pretty much capitalism)

China after Mao

Deng Xiaoping

Joined China in numerous international organizations

International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, etc.

China must follow rules and regulations

Keeps them “on reservation”

China after Mao

Four Modernizations

Agriculture, industry, technology, and defense

What was to be reformed to modernize china

Socialism with Chinese characteristics

Basically capitalism

China after Mao

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

Protest communism and promote democracy

Thousands of students gather in the center of Beijing

The military was brought into Beijing to stop the protests

Ran over students close the square for years

Known around the world as Tiananmen Massacre

Hurt China’s image around the world to this day

China Today

SEZ

A Special Economic Zone

Geographical region with economic laws that are more liberal

A test place for capitalism

Was enormously successful

China Today

China’s world emergence

Is not trying to emerge as a power

Want to emerge peacefully

Slowly becoming capitalist

America tends to see them as a threat

Japan

Occupation of Japan

After the war the united states occupied Japan

The military was disbanded

More than 5 million people released from service

War Crimes trials were conducted

Leaders executed

They were allowed to keep their factories

They must be converted to peacetime activities

The United States helped them recover

Occupation of Japan

Rebuilding the government

The power of the emperor was removed

He was simply made a figurehead

It is now a parliamentary democracy

New Constitution written by U.S. after WWII

Article 9

States that Japan will not wage war

Many want to amend article 9

Japan self defense forces

Are only for self defense

The U.S. is their military force

Postwar Changes

Economics

Zaibatsu

Large conglomerates controlled by families that controls industry

Broken up after the war, but 4 survived

Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, Yasuda

Began exporting technology in the world market

They have a highly motivated intelligent work force

Postwar Changes

Economics

Government intervention

When rebuilding the government decided what, when, and how much was made

Allowed them to recover very quickly

Growth slowed in the 90s

Postwar Changes

Social

Japan begins to westernize

Women gain more rights and freedoms

Family is no longer the center of culture

Work and success have become major factors in life

People found dead at their desks from overwork

Pollution has begun a problem in favor of profits

A call to return to traditional Japanese standards

Foreign Relations

Trying to live down WWII

Many are ashamed of Japanese behavior

Do not want to be a militaristic nation

Agreement to supply the U.S. with goods but not soldiers

Relations with the U.S.

Resent having U.S. forces so close

Troops on Okinawa repeatedly a tension point

U.S. troops only begin to leave in 2000s

Foreign Relations

Relations in the pacific

Japan begins investing in Pacific Islands

Known as the “Yen block”

Provide a large amount of international aid

Giving more aid than any other nation

Dispute with Russia over Islands

Nationalism in the Middle East

The French Withdraw

The French mandates

France controlled Syria and Jordan since WWI

Used as a place for troops during WWII

Independence for French Mandates

Arab nationalists force out the French troops

The nations are independent by the mid 1940s

The British Withdraw

The creation of Israel

Great Britain gives up its claims to its Palestinian mandate

Gave the issue to the United Nations

Had been fighting a Zionist group wanting to create a Jewish homeland

The British Withdraw

The Creation of Israel

The United Nations agrees to divide the land between Jewish and Palestinians

Jerusalem would be shared between the nations

Jewish leaders accepted it, Arab peoples did not

Israel is created in 1948

Arab Palestinians are upset and move into Israel

Israelis force them out

Gain more land

UN enforces a cease fire

The British Withdraw

Egypt

Nasser becomes leader of Egypt

Promises to rid Egypt of foreign influence

Often considered the greatest leader of Egypt

Egypt becomes independent in 1954

After a revolution

The British Withdraw

The Suez Crisis

Egypt begins working with nations of the Soviet Union

This upsets the western powers

Wants to get funds to create the Aswan High Dam

Nasser seizes control of the Suez Canal

Threatens British trade and Israel

Egypt control a major shipping channel

Can easily cross into the middle east and attack

The British Withdraw The Suez Crisis (cont)

Israel agrees to launch an attack if backed by Britain and France Israel advances quickly and

approaches the canal

France and Britain control the Med end of the canal

U.S. involvement Eisenhower gets involved to

prevent Soviet involvement

The U.S. threatens to stop aid if they do not withdraw

Britain gives up and leaves

Egypt agrees to allow traffic Requieres UN enforcement

Political Changes

Politics are similar to the old ways

The leaders are generally older

They stick closely to the older traditions

Are usually the wealthy elite

Run their country similar to monarchs

Political Changes

Politics in Egypt

Nasser begins modernizing the nation

Government takes control of banks and businesses

Ensure a minimum wage, fair hours, education, social programs

There is still a large amount of corruption The wealthy can get away

with pretty much anything

Political Changes

Nations in the middle east

Usually developed a form of dictatorship

Began in Syria and then spread east into Iran

They are just now beginning to try to throw this off

Iran and Turkey

Iran occupied by Great Britain and Soviet Union

Pressure from the west force out the soviets

It is basically a battleground for oil and resources

Iranians are unhappy being controlled by anyone else

Iran and Turkey

Iranian prime minister wants independent Iran

Begins to nationalize the oil companies

Causes Britain to get upset

Worldwide boycott of Iranian oil

U.S. involvement

The CIA helps engineer a coup and restore the shah to power

U.S. supports the Shah

Even though he rules like a

dictator

Iran and Turkey

Turkey joins NATO

Remained neutral in the war until allied victory obvious

Russia keeps attempting to expand southward

Turkey becomes more democratic

Free elections are held

Turkey modernizes

They are a modern society that still has old world traditions

Tensions between the generations

Have a stable economy and government

Would like the join the European Union

Conflicts and modern Middle East

Arab-Israeli confrontations

The Six Day War (1967)

Egypt demands UN troops in Suez leave

Begins crossing the Sinai Peninsula approaching southern Israel

Syria begins mobilizing on Israel’s northern border

Israel launches an attack on both

Only takes six days of fighting

Israel conquers the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt

Conquer Golan Heights from Syria

West Bank from invading Jordan

Arab-Israeli Confrontations

Six Day War (1967)

Palestinians lose faith in Arab government ability to regain loses

Creation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization

A guerilla organization lead by Yasir Arafat

Goal to create a Palestinian home nation

Changes the dynamic of politics in the middle east

Arab-Israeli Conflicts

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Nasser dies in 1970

Replaced by Anwar Sadat

Egypt and Syria unite in an attack on Israel

Over the Holy Day of Yom Kippur

Catches Israel off guard

Israel soon rallies and forces them back across the Suez

Arab-Israeli Conflicts

Yom Kippur War (1973)

The U.S. intervenes

The fighting continues for years

The Camp David Accords

Carter asks Sadat and Menacham Begin (Israeli PM) to Camp David

Spend months building a framework for peace

Peace Treaty signed in 1979

Only with Egypt, not the Palestinians

Arab-Israeli Conflicts

Israel and the PLO

The PLO begins launching attacks into northern Israel

Israel invades Lebanon in 1980s

Only serves to increase PLO popularity among Palestinians

Furthers Lebanon’s civil war

PLO is exiled to Tunisia

Intifada (Arabic for “shaking”)

Palestinians try to remove Israeli control from conquered lands

Begin fighting against the army with rocks and homemade weapons

Arab-Israeli Conflicts

Working on Peace

Israel opens negotiations with Palestinian leaders

Israel agrees to self-government in Gaza Strip and West Bank

PLO recognizes Israel’s right to exist

Hamas is formed and begins terrorist campaign against Israel

The United Nations has gotten involved

Israel and Palestinians blame each other for lack of Progress

No clear answer to peace anytime soon

The Iranian Revolution

Re-emergence of Ayatollah Khomeini

Was banished in 64 for speaking against the Shah

The people begin rallying around him

Begin rioting and protesting

The shah flees to the west

Khomeini returns to Iran

Really the one in power despite the president

The Iranian Revolution

The Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979-1981)

Militant Iranians seize the US embassy; 52 people hostage

They demand the shah be returned to stand trial

The shah flees and dies in Egypt

They continue to hold the hostages until 1981

Wait until Regan is sworn in

A snub of Carter, who continually negotiated for their release

Iraq in the Arabic World

Invasion of Kuwait

Saddam Hussein invades to gain oil to repay debts

His oil fields were damaged in Iran-Iraq war

Claims they are pumping from his oil fields

Operation Desert Storm

Coalition forces will invade Iraq if they do not withdraw

Forces invade led by the US

The fighting only lasts a few weeks

Sanctions placed on Iraq

To prevent another such foray

Iraq in the Arabic world

Iraq war

Iraq refused inspectors in to search for WMDs

Has a history of preventing them

Convinced US he never would and steps needed taking

US forces invade in 2003

Overthrow the regime and begin Democracy

Find and capture Saddam

Forces withdrawn in 2011