Post WW II Domestic Post WW II Domestic PoliciesPolicies

Truman, Eisenhower, Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, JohnsonKennedy, Johnson

Truman’s Domestic PoliciesTruman’s Domestic PoliciesDomestically, Truman had two goals;Domestically, Truman had two goals;

1. Continue with Govt. Intervention / New Deal type 1. Continue with Govt. Intervention / New Deal type policies: Govt. involvement in Soc, Ec. affairs; no policies: Govt. involvement in Soc, Ec. affairs; no return to Laissez Faire; didn’t want the end of the return to Laissez Faire; didn’t want the end of the War to signal a retreat from principles of the War to signal a retreat from principles of the Democratic partyDemocratic party

2. Introduce Civil Rights Reform: Wanted to 2. Introduce Civil Rights Reform: Wanted to continue and improve on what FDR had done with continue and improve on what FDR had done with the FEPC the FEPC

Fair DealFair DealSent a set of proposals (27) to Congress Sent a set of proposals (27) to Congress for Economic and Social reforms which for Economic and Social reforms which became known as his Fair Deal (Sept. became known as his Fair Deal (Sept. 1945)1945)

Included:Included:Expansion of Social Security and Expansion of Social Security and increasing benefitsincreasing benefitsIncrease Minimum Wage from 40c to 60c Increase Minimum Wage from 40c to 60c an houran hourPermanent FEPCPermanent FEPCGovt. provided low cost housing, slum Govt. provided low cost housing, slum clearanceclearanceFed. Govt. Public Works ProjectsFed. Govt. Public Works ProjectsLong range environmental planningLong range environmental planningGovernment promotion of scientific Government promotion of scientific research / educationresearch / educationSubsidies for farmers Subsidies for farmers

Federal aid to educationFederal aid to education

Government funded health insuranceGovernment funded health insurance

Prepaid medical carePrepaid medical care

Funding for the St. Lawrence SeawayFunding for the St. Lawrence Seaway

Nationalization atomic energyNationalization atomic energy

But the Fair Deal made little progress: Congress, But the Fair Deal made little progress: Congress, even though under Democratic control, was even though under Democratic control, was reluctant to continue with or increase the high reluctant to continue with or increase the high level of spending of WW II, and the high level of level of spending of WW II, and the high level of taxationtaxation

……The newly elected Republican Congress of 1946 The newly elected Republican Congress of 1946 was even more opposed to high spending and high was even more opposed to high spending and high taxes, favoring an end to more of the remaining taxes, favoring an end to more of the remaining New Deal agencies, and restoration of Laissez New Deal agencies, and restoration of Laissez FaireFaire

Congress and the media was also upset with the Congress and the media was also upset with the the coal miners strike of 1946, organized by John the coal miners strike of 1946, organized by John Lewis / United Mine Workers (CIO joined with AFL Lewis / United Mine Workers (CIO joined with AFL in 1955 under George Meaney- AFL-CIO, ending in 1955 under George Meaney- AFL-CIO, ending 20 year feud) and the threatened railroad workers 20 year feud) and the threatened railroad workers strikes in 1946: contributed further to strikes in 1946: contributed further to disillusionment with reforms / opposition to heavy disillusionment with reforms / opposition to heavy spending on social and economic programs spending on social and economic programs

The Republican Party had campaigned on the The Republican Party had campaigned on the slogan “Had Enough?” – of spending, strikes – slogan “Had Enough?” – of spending, strikes – promised another Harding-like “return to promised another Harding-like “return to normalcy”normalcy”

The Republican Congress (80The Republican Congress (80thth Congress) of Congress) of 1946 introduced a host of Conservative 1946 introduced a host of Conservative measures, including;measures, including;Deregulation of economy Deregulation of economy

Tax Reduction for higher income groups with only a Tax Reduction for higher income groups with only a moderate decrease for the lower income groupsmoderate decrease for the lower income groups

The The Taft-Hartley ActTaft-Hartley Act in 1947, or the Labor in 1947, or the Labor Management Relations Act, which: Management Relations Act, which: made the closed shop /union shops illegal,made the closed shop /union shops illegal,empowered the President to issue an injunction, against empowered the President to issue an injunction, against strikes that endangered national health or safety- this strikes that endangered national health or safety- this would be a mandatory “cooling off” period of 80 days.would be a mandatory “cooling off” period of 80 days.required union officials to take an oath declaring that they required union officials to take an oath declaring that they were not Communistswere not CommunistsMade labor liable for damages resulting from Made labor liable for damages resulting from jurisdictional disputes among themselvesjurisdictional disputes among themselves

Considered an anti-labor act; to withdraw the Considered an anti-labor act; to withdraw the gains of the Wagner Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act: gains of the Wagner Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act: condemned by union leaders as a “slave-labor condemned by union leaders as a “slave-labor law”law”

Truman vetoed the bill but Congress over-rode his Truman vetoed the bill but Congress over-rode his veto and passed itveto and passed it

Congress did however pass an Employment Act in Congress did however pass an Employment Act in 1946 which allowed govt. spending on some 1946 which allowed govt. spending on some projects that created jobs and added a Council of projects that created jobs and added a Council of Economic Advisors, to be appointed by the Economic Advisors, to be appointed by the president and responsible to him.president and responsible to him.

Regarded by some as a Regarded by some as a middle of the road middle of the road CongressCongress – was neither extremely – was neither extremely conservative/reactionary or liberal. It did not try to conservative/reactionary or liberal. It did not try to overturn the Social Security, or the TVA, even overturn the Social Security, or the TVA, even agreeing to expand them agreeing to expand them

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Truman consulted African American leaders about Truman consulted African American leaders about their concerns on Civil Rights and sep up a bi-their concerns on Civil Rights and sep up a bi-racial Committee on Civil Rights to also advise himracial Committee on Civil Rights to also advise him

Told him that the main concerns were:Told him that the main concerns were:– LynchingLynching– Poll TaxPoll Tax– Discrimination in the job marketDiscrimination in the job market– Segregation in the armed forces Segregation in the armed forces

Recommended that a Civil Rights Commission be Recommended that a Civil Rights Commission be set up and that the federal govt. intervene with set up and that the federal govt. intervene with legislationlegislation

But Congress refused to consider legislation and so But Congress refused to consider legislation and so Truman was forced to take action himself: Truman was forced to take action himself:

he issued an executive order integrating the armed he issued an executive order integrating the armed forcesforcesordered end to discrimination in the hiring of ordered end to discrimination in the hiring of government employeesgovernment employeespleaded with the Supreme Court to help end pleaded with the Supreme Court to help end discrimination through its rulings on the 14discrimination through its rulings on the 14 thth and and 1515thth Amendments…. “judicial activism” Amendments…. “judicial activism”

Election of 1948Election of 1948

Truman was nominated by the Democrats for re-Truman was nominated by the Democrats for re-election. Ran in his own right for the first time- election. Ran in his own right for the first time- had been serving out the remaining three and a had been serving out the remaining three and a half years of FDR’s last term (no longer possible half years of FDR’s last term (no longer possible after this with the 22after this with the 22ndnd amendment). amendment).

Truman faced opposition from within his own Truman faced opposition from within his own party, from Dixiecrats (mostly from the South) to party, from Dixiecrats (mostly from the South) to the Right and the Progressives to the Leftthe Right and the Progressives to the Left

1. Dixiecrats: a right wing faction 1. Dixiecrats: a right wing faction of mostly Southern Democrats of mostly Southern Democrats who vigorously opposed his Civil who vigorously opposed his Civil Rights policies- saw Civil Rights Rights policies- saw Civil Rights reform as harmful to the reform as harmful to the Southern way of life. Southern way of life.

walked out of the Democratic walked out of the Democratic party convention and formed party convention and formed their own party, the States Rights their own party, the States Rights Democratic party and nominated Democratic party and nominated their own presidential candidate their own presidential candidate Strom ThurmondStrom Thurmond, the then , the then governor of South Carolina.governor of South Carolina.

2. Discontent also reigned on the far left of the 2. Discontent also reigned on the far left of the party, which complained of his ineffective party, which complained of his ineffective domestic policies- too conservative- and his anti-domestic policies- too conservative- and his anti-Soviet foreign policy. Soviet foreign policy.

Former vice-president Former vice-president Henry A. WallaceHenry A. Wallace led his led his supporters out of the mainstream Democratic supporters out of the mainstream Democratic ranks to form a more liberal Progressive Party, ranks to form a more liberal Progressive Party, which nominated him for the presidency. which nominated him for the presidency.

The republican candidate The republican candidate DeweyDewey was the favorite to win was the favorite to win

It was felt that the Democrats It was felt that the Democrats would split their own votewould split their own vote

Truman was somewhat Truman was somewhat unpopular because of the unpopular because of the strikes, inflation, and was still in strikes, inflation, and was still in the shadow of FDRthe shadow of FDR

But he adopted a fighting strategy with his But he adopted a fighting strategy with his campaign slogan “Give them hell Harry”campaign slogan “Give them hell Harry”

Called an emergency session of Congress to ask Called an emergency session of Congress to ask it once more to pass some of his Fair Deal it once more to pass some of his Fair Deal policies - they refused. Hoped he had exposed policies - they refused. Hoped he had exposed how conservative Congress was and that the how conservative Congress was and that the country needed a liberal president. country needed a liberal president.

Then he took the campaign to the people on a Then he took the campaign to the people on a whistle stop tour– covered 20,000 miles by train –whistle stop tour– covered 20,000 miles by train –denounced the “do-nothing, good-for-nothing 80denounced the “do-nothing, good-for-nothing 80 thth Congress.” Congress.”

Truman won the election; huge upset, not Truman won the election; huge upset, not expected to win: 24m votes (49.5%) to Dewey’s expected to win: 24m votes (49.5%) to Dewey’s 22m votes (45.1%)22m votes (45.1%)

Though the Though the Chicago Daily TribuneChicago Daily Tribune had reported had reported that he lost - hadn’t waited for the CA returns.that he lost - hadn’t waited for the CA returns.

Democrats re-gained control of Congress: Truman Democrats re-gained control of Congress: Truman sent his Fair Deal back hoping to have it passedsent his Fair Deal back hoping to have it passed

Dixiecrats joined with Republicans to oppose many Dixiecrats joined with Republicans to oppose many of its proposals. of its proposals.

The items which passed included: The items which passed included: – minimum wage was raised from 40c to 75c an hour:minimum wage was raised from 40c to 75c an hour:– Social Security was expanded to include 10m more Social Security was expanded to include 10m more

people and payments were to be increased by 75% people and payments were to be increased by 75% – flood control and irrigation projects initiatedflood control and irrigation projects initiated– a National Housing Act was passed; slum clearance and a National Housing Act was passed; slum clearance and

construct of 810,000 new houses for low income familiesconstruct of 810,000 new houses for low income families– The G.I. Bill - $43b in aid to veterans for Ed, Housing, The G.I. Bill - $43b in aid to veterans for Ed, Housing,

BusinessBusiness

But his Foreign Policy was causing dissention But his Foreign Policy was causing dissention at home and his approval rating had fallen to at home and his approval rating had fallen to 23% (China, Korea, firing McArthur)23% (China, Korea, firing McArthur)

Accused by some of being soft on Accused by some of being soft on Communism…HUAC / Loyalty Board / Communism…HUAC / Loyalty Board / McCarthy hearings tried to find Communists in McCarthy hearings tried to find Communists in his admin.his admin.

As the election of 1952 As the election of 1952 approached, he approached, he decided not to run for decided not to run for reelection. reelection.

Democrats nominated Democrats nominated the governor of Illinois, the governor of Illinois, Adlai Stevenson to run Adlai Stevenson to run against the Republican against the Republican candidate, General candidate, General Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower

During the campaign, the Republicans accused During the campaign, the Republicans accused the Democrats of “plunder at home and blunder the Democrats of “plunder at home and blunder abroad.” (strikes, inflation, China, Korea)abroad.” (strikes, inflation, China, Korea)

Eisenhower won the Presidency with 55% of the Eisenhower won the Presidency with 55% of the vote. The Republicans also narrowly captured vote. The Republicans also narrowly captured Congress. Congress.

Eisenhower AdministrationEisenhower Administration

Domestically, often a hands off policy, working Domestically, often a hands off policy, working behind the scenesbehind the scenes

Hoped to combine Laissez Faire with some Hoped to combine Laissez Faire with some government intervention: called his approach to the government intervention: called his approach to the economy and society “dynamic conservatism” or economy and society “dynamic conservatism” or Modern Republicanism: “conservative when it Modern Republicanism: “conservative when it comes to money, and liberal when it comes to comes to money, and liberal when it comes to human beings.” human beings.”

Concerned at first with balancing the budgetConcerned at first with balancing the budget

Conservative/Reactionary Measures of Conservative/Reactionary Measures of his administrationhis administration

cut back on public works projectscut back on public works projectsencouraged private enterprise when possible, encouraged private enterprise when possible, especially in the development of electric and especially in the development of electric and nuclear powernuclear powerdisapproved of the socialistic nature of the TVA disapproved of the socialistic nature of the TVA (“creeping socialism”), though he did not dissolve (“creeping socialism”), though he did not dissolve it, he cut its fundingit, he cut its fundinglowered farm subsidieslowered farm subsidiesremoved the last limits on wage and price controls removed the last limits on wage and price controls opposed national health insuranceopposed national health insurance

but he did not undo all of the New Deal measures; but he did not undo all of the New Deal measures; among his liberal measures were:among his liberal measures were:

extension of Social Security to an additional 7m people, extension of Social Security to an additional 7m people, and of unemployment compensation to 4m more people and of unemployment compensation to 4m more people increase in the minimum wage from 75c to $1increase in the minimum wage from 75c to $1a new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in a new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 19531953increased federally funded housing for low income familiesincreased federally funded housing for low income familiesapproved of the building of the St. Lawrence Seaway, approved of the building of the St. Lawrence Seaway, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean through connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean through CanadaCanadaFederal Highway Act of 1956, which set aside $32b over Federal Highway Act of 1956, which set aside $32b over 10 years to build 41,000 miles of interstate highways- this 10 years to build 41,000 miles of interstate highways- this would eventually cost $80b.would eventually cost $80b.

Because he blended conservative with some Because he blended conservative with some liberal policies his administration is sometimes liberal policies his administration is sometimes called a called a middle of the road administrationmiddle of the road administration..

50s - A Decade of Tremendous Prosperity, like 50s - A Decade of Tremendous Prosperity, like the 20s…See Notes on 50s…the 20s…See Notes on 50s…

KennedyKennedy

Youngest President (43) and Youngest President (43) and first Catholic: defeated Nixon by first Catholic: defeated Nixon by a very narrow margina very narrow margin

Impressed in the first TV Impressed in the first TV Presidential DebatePresidential Debate

Promised a program of Promised a program of domestic legislation / activism, domestic legislation / activism, more ambitious than any since more ambitious than any since the New Deal, a program he the New Deal, a program he described as the described as the New FrontierNew Frontier. .

Unable to get much of his program passed: to Unable to get much of his program passed: to many, he didn’t have a mandate / or clear many, he didn’t have a mandate / or clear endorsement from the American public, and endorsement from the American public, and though Democrats controlled both houses, the though Democrats controlled both houses, the conservative Southerners were more likely to conservative Southerners were more likely to vote with the Republicans than with Kennedy vote with the Republicans than with Kennedy (Civil Rights)(Civil Rights)

His proposals were held up in committee- His proposals were held up in committee- education, medical reform, and never reached education, medical reform, and never reached Congress. Congress.

He did not accomplish a great deal in terms of He did not accomplish a great deal in terms of domestic legislation, but did contribute domestic legislation, but did contribute something else - something else - idealism (revived liberal idealism (revived liberal ideas)ideas). .

His efforts to improve the economy were his most His efforts to improve the economy were his most noteworthy successesnoteworthy successes

he initiated a series of tariff negotiations with foreign he initiated a series of tariff negotiations with foreign governments - “the Kennedy Round” – to reduce barriers to governments - “the Kennedy Round” – to reduce barriers to international trade, in an effort to stimulate American international trade, in an effort to stimulate American exports.exports.

increased spending for the defense and for the space increased spending for the defense and for the space program which poured millions into the economy and program which poured millions into the economy and increased employment. (flexible response)increased employment. (flexible response)

Area Redevelopment Act channeled federal funds into Area Redevelopment Act channeled federal funds into needy areasneedy areas

minimum wage was raised from $1 to $1.25 per hourminimum wage was raised from $1 to $1.25 per hour

prevented increase in price of steel - aim was to keep prevented increase in price of steel - aim was to keep inflation downinflation down

a major tax cut passed the house in 1962 but was not a major tax cut passed the house in 1962 but was not approved by the Senate until 1964.approved by the Senate until 1964.

Housing Act of 1961, offered $4.9b in federal grants to cities Housing Act of 1961, offered $4.9b in federal grants to cities for the preservation of open spaces, the development of for the preservation of open spaces, the development of mass transit systems, and the subsidization of middle mass transit systems, and the subsidization of middle income housing – boosted economyincome housing – boosted economy

Civil Rights………later Civil Rights………later

Assassination November 1963, Dallas; Lee Harvey Assassination November 1963, Dallas; Lee Harvey Oswald. Shot by Jack Ruby. Warren Commission Oswald. Shot by Jack Ruby. Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had acted alone and not in concluded that Oswald had acted alone and not in a conspiracy of any kind. Critics maintained the a conspiracy of any kind. Critics maintained the investigations were hastily concluded (many investigations were hastily concluded (many conspiracy theories) conspiracy theories)

Johnson’s Great SocietyJohnson’s Great Society

Opposite to Kennedy in personality- coarse, crude, Opposite to Kennedy in personality- coarse, crude, poor public speaker. But like Kennedy he believed poor public speaker. But like Kennedy he believed in the active use of power, and he proved in the in the active use of power, and he proved in the end more effective than Kennedy in translating his end more effective than Kennedy in translating his goals into realitygoals into reality

Between 1963 and 1966 he compiled the most Between 1963 and 1966 he compiled the most impressive legislative record of any president since impressive legislative record of any president since FDR. FDR.

He was aided by the tidal wave of emotion that He was aided by the tidal wave of emotion that followed the death of President Kennedy, which followed the death of President Kennedy, which helped him win passage of many New Frontier helped him win passage of many New Frontier proposals as a memorial to the slain leaderproposals as a memorial to the slain leader

But he also constructed a remarkable reform But he also constructed a remarkable reform program of his own, which became known as the program of his own, which became known as the “Great Society.” “Great Society.”

He won approval for much of it through his skillful He won approval for much of it through his skillful lobbying, his skill as a “coalition builder,” drawing lobbying, his skill as a “coalition builder,” drawing together different groups. together different groups.

Won Presidential election of 1964, defeating Won Presidential election of 1964, defeating Barry Goldwater, took this as a mandate to Barry Goldwater, took this as a mandate to introduce his own program.introduce his own program.

Was determined as president to help the groups Was determined as president to help the groups identified by Michael Harrington in his book identified by Michael Harrington in his book The The Other America: Other America: To eliminate the “pockets of To eliminate the “pockets of poverty,”– to do so he announced that he would poverty,”– to do so he announced that he would wage an “unconditional war on poverty.” (housing, wage an “unconditional war on poverty.” (housing, Soc Sec., Health, Education, Minimum Wage)Soc Sec., Health, Education, Minimum Wage)

Great Society Great Society Major Programs: 1964-1966Major Programs: 1964-1966

Overall GoalsOverall Goals

ThematicThematic;;

Govt. responsibility / Commitment to continueGovt. responsibility / Commitment to continue

Civil Rights ReformCivil Rights Reform

War on Poverty: Social Security, Health.. protect War on Poverty: Social Security, Health.. protect vulnerable… Minimum Wage, Educationvulnerable… Minimum Wage, Education

Environment and ConservationEnvironment and Conservation

Immigration ReformImmigration Reform

Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection

19641964Civil Rights ActCivil Rights Act: Banned discrimination in public : Banned discrimination in public accommodations, in federally assisted programs, and in accommodations, in federally assisted programs, and in employment, based on race, religion, national origin, or employment, based on race, religion, national origin, or sex…(Title VII); gave federal government new power to sex…(Title VII); gave federal government new power to enforce desegregation and prosecute voting rights violations enforce desegregation and prosecute voting rights violations (restored 14(restored 14th th Amend) Amend)

24th Amendment24th Amendment: outlawed the Poll Tax: outlawed the Poll Tax

Economic Opportunity Act; Economic Opportunity Act; Launched the ‘war on Launched the ‘war on poverty,’ creating nationwide federal programs such as poverty,’ creating nationwide federal programs such as Head Start, the Job Corps, and VISTA, within the Office of Head Start, the Job Corps, and VISTA, within the Office of Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity

Wilderness Preservation Act; Wilderness Preservation Act; Protected 9.1 million acres Protected 9.1 million acres of national forest land from commercial developmentof national forest land from commercial development

19651965Elementary and Secondary Education Act; Elementary and Secondary Education Act; huge federal huge federal aid package for educationaid package for education

Medical Care Act; Medical Care Act; Federally funded health care for the Federally funded health care for the elderly (Medicare) and for welfare recipients (Medicaid)elderly (Medicare) and for welfare recipients (Medicaid)

Voting Rights Act; Voting Rights Act; Banned Literacy Tests; voting Banned Literacy Tests; voting registration placed under federal control. Success; By the registration placed under federal control. Success; By the 70s African American voter registration in the South 70s African American voter registration in the South increased substantiallyincreased substantially

Omnibus Housing Act; Omnibus Housing Act; Provided funds to build and Provided funds to build and subsidize low-income housingsubsidize low-income housing

National endowment for the arts and for the National endowment for the arts and for the humanities; humanities; Provided aid to individual artists and Provided aid to individual artists and arts organizationsarts organizations

Water Quality Act; Water Quality Act; Required states to clean up Required states to clean up interstate waters within their boundariesinterstate waters within their boundaries

Immigration Act; Immigration Act; Ended discriminatory ethnic Ended discriminatory ethnic quotasquotas

Higher Education Act; Higher Education Act; Provided student Provided student scholarships and loansscholarships and loans

19661966Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act; Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act; Set Set standards for auto and tire manufacturingstandards for auto and tire manufacturing

Minimum wage law; Minimum wage law; Raised the rate from $1.25 Raised the rate from $1.25 to $1.40 an hourto $1.40 an hour

Truth in Packaging Act; Truth in Packaging Act; Established standards Established standards for accurate labeling of foods, drugs, cosmetics, for accurate labeling of foods, drugs, cosmetics, and household itemsand household items

Model cities ActModel cities ActFunded the clearing of slums and building of new Funded the clearing of slums and building of new housing projects, recreational facilities and mass housing projects, recreational facilities and mass transittransit

ConclusionConclusion

The Great Society reforms represented a The Great Society reforms represented a continuing commitment by the federal continuing commitment by the federal government to accept responsibility for the well government to accept responsibility for the well being of its citizens, especially the poor and being of its citizens, especially the poor and vulnerable (young and old)…..Wilson, FDR, vulnerable (young and old)…..Wilson, FDR, Truman, Kennedy Truman, Kennedy

Revival of Liberal Reforms - like FDR’s 100 Revival of Liberal Reforms - like FDR’s 100 days in the amount of reform legislation. days in the amount of reform legislation.

Made important contributions both to the welfare Made important contributions both to the welfare of the specific groups they were designed to of the specific groups they were designed to help and to the well being of society and the help and to the well being of society and the economy as a whole.economy as a whole.

Involves a dramatic increase in federal spending; Involves a dramatic increase in federal spending; return to planned deficitsreturn to planned deficits

The governments anti poverty efforts- and the The governments anti poverty efforts- and the economic growth of the period- saw the most economic growth of the period- saw the most substantial decrease in poverty in the US of any substantial decrease in poverty in the US of any period in the nation’s history; in 1959, 22% of the period in the nation’s history; in 1959, 22% of the American people lived below the official American people lived below the official established poverty line; by 1969, only 12% established poverty line; by 1969, only 12% remained below.remained below.

But unfortunately the War on Poverty was But unfortunately the War on Poverty was jeopardized by spending on the Vietnam War, and jeopardized by spending on the Vietnam War, and eventually compromised eventually compromised

New Deal vs. Great Society New Deal vs. Great Society Context: Background Circumstances: FDR dealing Context: Background Circumstances: FDR dealing with catastrophe / depression / need for urgency…with catastrophe / depression / need for urgency…LBJ dealing with a more prosperous society, LBJ dealing with a more prosperous society, following 50s…following 50s…

Both believed in gov. Responsibility / interventionBoth believed in gov. Responsibility / intervention

FDR more concerned with jobs, dole, reform of FDR more concerned with jobs, dole, reform of banks and stock market…..FERA, PWA, WPA, banks and stock market…..FERA, PWA, WPA, Truth in Securities, SEC, Glass Steagall, FDIC Truth in Securities, SEC, Glass Steagall, FDIC etc…innovations of Soc Sec, AAA, TVA….features etc…innovations of Soc Sec, AAA, TVA….features of New Deal…….unemployed, youth, elderly, poorof New Deal…….unemployed, youth, elderly, poor

LBJ concerned with these but also with; LBJ concerned with these but also with; – Civil Rights: FDR backed off, not wanting to lose support Civil Rights: FDR backed off, not wanting to lose support

of Dixiecrats for New Dealof Dixiecrats for New Deal

– Pockets of Poverty, not general, wide spread poverty, Pockets of Poverty, not general, wide spread poverty, dealt specifically with inner cities, minoritiesdealt specifically with inner cities, minorities

– Immigration: FDR couldn’t worry about this during Immigration: FDR couldn’t worry about this during DepressionDepression

– Environment and Conservation: New Deal / AAA Environment and Conservation: New Deal / AAA contributed but again LBJ had the luxury of being able to contributed but again LBJ had the luxury of being able to deal with Water, Cities, Highways etc and many of these deal with Water, Cities, Highways etc and many of these highways had been added in the 50shighways had been added in the 50s

– Education; more committed; had more money to spend, Education; more committed; had more money to spend, and not dealing with a depression……and not dealing with a depression……

Warren Court Decisions on Key Issues of the Warren Court Decisions on Key Issues of the 1960s (other than “Brown”)1960s (other than “Brown”)

Reapportionment, School Prayer, Rights of the Reapportionment, School Prayer, Rights of the AccusedAccused

1. Reapportionment 1. Reapportionment

Gomillion v. Lightfoot,Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 1960; 1960; Outlawed racial Outlawed racial gerrymandering in case involving the city limits of gerrymandering in case involving the city limits of Tuskegee, AlabamaTuskegee, Alabama

Baker v. Carr, Baker v. Carr, 1962; 1962; Established federal authority Established federal authority to oversee that state voting districts ensure to oversee that state voting districts ensure equal equal representation for all citizensrepresentation for all citizens; the ruling opened the ; the ruling opened the door to Supreme Court involvement in what door to Supreme Court involvement in what previously had been seen as a ‘political’ issue previously had been seen as a ‘political’ issue outside the court’s jurisdictionoutside the court’s jurisdiction

Wesberry v. Sanders, Wesberry v. Sanders, 1964; 1964; Required that states Required that states redraw their voting districts for the U.S. Congress redraw their voting districts for the U.S. Congress according to populationaccording to population; each district had to have ; each district had to have roughly the same number of people, so every roughly the same number of people, so every citizen’s vote carried the same weight, according to citizen’s vote carried the same weight, according to the ‘one person, one vote’ principlethe ‘one person, one vote’ principle

Reynolds v. Sims, Reynolds v. Sims, 1964; 1964; Applied the ‘one Applied the ‘one person, one vote’ standard to their state person, one vote’ standard to their state legislatures, requiring state elective districts to be legislatures, requiring state elective districts to be reapportioned; the ruling also demanded the reapportioned; the ruling also demanded the apportionment by population of both houses of a apportionment by population of both houses of a bicameral state legislaturebicameral state legislature

2. School Prayer2. School Prayer

Engel v. Vitale, Engel v. Vitale, 1962; 1962; Ruled unconstitutional a Ruled unconstitutional a non-denominational prayer drafted by the State of non-denominational prayer drafted by the State of New York and read voluntarily in school New York and read voluntarily in school classrooms; the decision banned prayer in public classrooms; the decision banned prayer in public schoolsschools

Abington v. Schempp,Abington v. Schempp, 1963; 1963; Banned Bible Banned Bible reading and other religions exercises in public reading and other religions exercises in public schools, saying this constituted the government schools, saying this constituted the government establishment of religionestablishment of religion

3. Rights of the Accused3. Rights of the Accused

Gideon v. Wainwright, Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963; 1963; Established that Established that people accused of a crime have the right to a people accused of a crime have the right to a lawyer, even if they cannot afford onelawyer, even if they cannot afford one

Escobedo v. Illinois, Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964; 1964; Ruled that one has Ruled that one has the right to a lawyer from the time of arrest or when the right to a lawyer from the time of arrest or when one becomes the subject of a criminal investigationone becomes the subject of a criminal investigation

Miranda v. Arizona, Miranda v. Arizona, 1966; 1966; Required that the Required that the accused be informed of their right to a lawyer and accused be informed of their right to a lawyer and their right not to testify against themselves, at the their right not to testify against themselves, at the time of arresttime of arrest

Civil Rights 1940s, 1950s, 1960sCivil Rights 1940s, 1950s, 1960s

BackgroundBackground

GainsGainsEmancipation, 1863Emancipation, 1863Civil War Amendments, 13, 14, 15Civil War Amendments, 13, 14, 15Reconstruction: 10 years of changeReconstruction: 10 years of change

ButBut

Redemption – Democrats regained control of Redemption – Democrats regained control of Southern legislaturesSouthern legislatures

Sharecropping – freed slaves were no better off Sharecropping – freed slaves were no better off than before slavery endedthan before slavery ended

KKK – intimidation, prevented freed men from KKK – intimidation, prevented freed men from voting…..denied 14voting…..denied 14thth Amendment rights Amendment rights

Literacy Test, Grandfather Clause, Poll Tax – Literacy Test, Grandfather Clause, Poll Tax – deprived freed men of 15th Amendment rightsdeprived freed men of 15th Amendment rights

Jim Crowe Laws – segregation lawsJim Crowe Laws – segregation laws

Plessey v Ferguson (Separate but Equal Plessey v Ferguson (Separate but Equal Doctrine) – gives force of law to segregation Doctrine) – gives force of law to segregation

De Jure Segregation in South (by law)De Jure Segregation in South (by law)

Se Facto Segregation in North (in reality, in Se Facto Segregation in North (in reality, in actuality, fact of life, customary segregation) actuality, fact of life, customary segregation) (Race Riots, Segregation)(Race Riots, Segregation)

Segregation of Armed ForcesSegregation of Armed Forces

Lynching was commonplace Lynching was commonplace

““Last to be Hired, first to be Fired” (especially Last to be Hired, first to be Fired” (especially during Great Depression)during Great Depression)

Beginning of Civil RightsBeginning of Civil Rights

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Washington Washington

Du Bois, NAACP, Legal ChallengesDu Bois, NAACP, Legal Challenges

Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey

Jane Adams, Ida B. Wells-BarnettJane Adams, Ida B. Wells-Barnett

1940s1940s

A Philip Randolph, MOWM, Double V, COREA Philip Randolph, MOWM, Double V, CORE

NAACP; Smith v Allwright NAACP; Smith v Allwright

FDR’s Black Cabinet, FEPC in response to MOWMFDR’s Black Cabinet, FEPC in response to MOWM

FDR put New Deal before Civil Rights (didn’t move FDR put New Deal before Civil Rights (didn’t move on Desegregation of Armed Forces, or Federal on Desegregation of Armed Forces, or Federal Anti-Lynching law, faced criticism of discrimination Anti-Lynching law, faced criticism of discrimination in hiring practices of New Deal agencies, such as in hiring practices of New Deal agencies, such as TVA)TVA)

Truman’s Commission on Civil RightsTruman’s Commission on Civil RightsDesegregation of Armed ForcesDesegregation of Armed ForcesEnd to discrimination in government hiring End to discrimination in government hiring practicespracticesEnlists aid of Supreme Court in battle for Civil Enlists aid of Supreme Court in battle for Civil RightsRights

Eisenhower; 1950sEisenhower; 1950sOpposed Civil Rights reform – timing was wrong Opposed Civil Rights reform – timing was wrong (Cold War), and pace needed to be a lot slower: (Cold War), and pace needed to be a lot slower: defied by Supreme Courtdefied by Supreme Court

1954: Brown vs Board of Education: ordered 1954: Brown vs Board of Education: ordered desegregation of public schools “with all deliberate desegregation of public schools “with all deliberate speed”, followed by other public facilities (Liberal speed”, followed by other public facilities (Liberal Warren Court): Eisenhower not happy with the Warren Court): Eisenhower not happy with the decision, or with Warren, whose appointment he decision, or with Warren, whose appointment he said was the “worse damn fool mistake I ever said was the “worse damn fool mistake I ever made.” made.”

NAACP attorney, Thurgood Marshall successfully NAACP attorney, Thurgood Marshall successfully fought the Brown Casefought the Brown Case

Warren’s Explanation: "Does segregation of children Warren’s Explanation: "Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other tangible though the physical facilities and other tangible factors may be equal, deprive children of the factors may be equal, deprive children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe it does. To separate them from others of We believe it does. To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may afflict their hearts status in the community that may afflict their hearts and minds in a way very unlikely ever to be undone. and minds in a way very unlikely ever to be undone. We conclude that in the field of public education the We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”unequal.”

Warren: Warren: Brown v Board of Ed., 1954Brown v Board of Ed., 1954

Southern Manifesto: signed by 101 Southern Southern Manifesto: signed by 101 Southern Congressmen, asserting that Supreme Court Congressmen, asserting that Supreme Court Brown decision was unconstitutional and Brown decision was unconstitutional and unacceptable: LB Johnson was one of three who unacceptable: LB Johnson was one of three who did not sign it – shows how unpopular it was in did not sign it – shows how unpopular it was in south and how difficult it would be to implement south and how difficult it would be to implement it…it…

1955-1956: Montgomery (Alabama) Bus Boycott: 1955-1956: Montgomery (Alabama) Bus Boycott: Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat: Arrested Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat: Arrested for violation of segregation ordinance: led to for violation of segregation ordinance: led to boycott: emergence of 27 year old Baptist boycott: emergence of 27 year old Baptist Minister Martin Luther King as leader of Civil Minister Martin Luther King as leader of Civil Rights Movement: lasted 381 days (used taxis, Rights Movement: lasted 381 days (used taxis, church buses): finally a federal court ruled church buses): finally a federal court ruled discrimination on buses illegal; a great success discrimination on buses illegal; a great success for the movement, added to “Brown” successfor the movement, added to “Brown” success

1957: King forms SCLC (Southern Christian 1957: King forms SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), with Rev. Ralph Leadership Conference), with Rev. Ralph Abernathy, to continue with momentum, Abernathy, to continue with momentum, challenge for Civil Rights, using peaceful, non-challenge for Civil Rights, using peaceful, non-violent, but active protest (Gandhi, Thoreau and violent, but active protest (Gandhi, Thoreau and Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience))

1957: Little Rock Arkansas: Gov. Orval Faubus 1957: Little Rock Arkansas: Gov. Orval Faubus used National Guard to prevent 9 African used National Guard to prevent 9 African American students entering Central High School. American students entering Central High School. Opposed Integration. Difficulty of implementing Opposed Integration. Difficulty of implementing laws: Eisenhower forced to implement Browne laws: Eisenhower forced to implement Browne decision and send federal troops (101st decision and send federal troops (101st Airborne) and federalized the National Guard, to Airborne) and federalized the National Guard, to protect the 9 studentsprotect the 9 students

Kennedy: 1960sKennedy: 1960sKennedy promised Civil Rights reform but held off – Kennedy promised Civil Rights reform but held off – Dixiecrats – wanted to pass other New Frontier Dixiecrats – wanted to pass other New Frontier measuresmeasures

1960: Student Sit In’s, organized by SNCC 1960: Student Sit In’s, organized by SNCC (Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee): (Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee): began in Greensboro, North Carolina, at a began in Greensboro, North Carolina, at a Woolworths lunch counter: spread to other student Woolworths lunch counter: spread to other student cities: restaurants conceded: success. King cities: restaurants conceded: success. King convinces SNCC to use only non-violent methodsconvinces SNCC to use only non-violent methods

1960; Freedom Rides (organized by CORE): 1960; Freedom Rides (organized by CORE): Vicious attacks on freedom riders captured on TV. Vicious attacks on freedom riders captured on TV. Kennedy administration forced to step in (slow to Kennedy administration forced to step in (slow to follow up on his election promises) and orders ICC follow up on his election promises) and orders ICC to desegregate interstate transportation; successto desegregate interstate transportation; success

1962: James Meredith had to receive federal 1962: James Meredith had to receive federal army protection, ordered by Kennedy, so he army protection, ordered by Kennedy, so he could attend the University of Mississippi: could attend the University of Mississippi: successsuccess

1963: George Wallace, Gov. of Alabama, tried to 1963: George Wallace, Gov. of Alabama, tried to prevent integration of University of Alabama, prevent integration of University of Alabama, stood in doorway blocking African American stood in doorway blocking African American student entry: federal troops forced student entry: federal troops forced desegregation…successdesegregation…success

1963 (April); King organized huge protests in 1963 (April); King organized huge protests in Birmingham, Alabama, “the most segregated city in Birmingham, Alabama, “the most segregated city in America.” Vicious treatment of protestors, ordered America.” Vicious treatment of protestors, ordered by police chief Eugene “Bull” Connor, captured on by police chief Eugene “Bull” Connor, captured on TV, seen by Kennedy, forced him to respond to his TV, seen by Kennedy, forced him to respond to his campaign promise to write a major Civil Rights Bill, campaign promise to write a major Civil Rights Bill, sent it to Congress; King arrested: wrote “Letter sent it to Congress; King arrested: wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” (freedom now, to wait from a Birmingham Jail” (freedom now, to wait means never, freedom would not come easily, had means never, freedom would not come easily, had to be demanded, non-violently)to be demanded, non-violently)

1963 (August) King organized huge March on 1963 (August) King organized huge March on Washington to help speed up the stalled Civil Washington to help speed up the stalled Civil Rights Bill. 250,000 attended. Famous “I Have a Rights Bill. 250,000 attended. Famous “I Have a Dream” speech. King won Nobel Peace Prize in Dream” speech. King won Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. (Kennedy Assassinated Nov. 1963)1964. (Kennedy Assassinated Nov. 1963)

1964: Freedom Summer: huge voter registration 1964: Freedom Summer: huge voter registration campaign in south – killing by KKK of 3 student campaign in south – killing by KKK of 3 student volunteers in Mississippi, total of 15 volunteers volunteers in Mississippi, total of 15 volunteers killed: failed, only 1,600 registrations in summer killed: failed, only 1,600 registrations in summer monthsmonths

1964: Civil Rights Act1964: Civil Rights Act: Johnson got it passed: : Johnson got it passed: coalition builder: Comprehensive bill, banned coalition builder: Comprehensive bill, banned discrimination in public accommodation or discrimination in public accommodation or employment based on race, religion, national employment based on race, religion, national origin, or sex…(Title VII)origin, or sex…(Title VII)

1964: 24th Amendment1964: 24th Amendment: outlawed the Poll Tax: outlawed the Poll Tax

1965: Voting Rights Act1965: Voting Rights Act: after march on Selma, : after march on Selma, Alabama: Banned Literacy Tests; voting Alabama: Banned Literacy Tests; voting registration and process placed under federal registration and process placed under federal control. Success; By the 70s African American control. Success; By the 70s African American voter registration in the South increased voter registration in the South increased substantially…substantially…

1968: Civil Rights Act: banned discrimination in 1968: Civil Rights Act: banned discrimination in sale or renting of housingsale or renting of housing

Johnson adds Affirmative Action principle to help Johnson adds Affirmative Action principle to help African Americans recover from effects of past African Americans recover from effects of past discrimination (includes quota system for hiring discrimination (includes quota system for hiring and college admissions) (and college admissions) (Proposition 209 Proposition 209 abolished affirmative action in college abolished affirmative action in college admissions; prohibit public institutions from admissions; prohibit public institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity )considering race, sex, or ethnicity )

Civil Rights movement had succeeded in Civil Rights movement had succeeded in dismantling legal Segregation (housing, education, dismantling legal Segregation (housing, education, hiring), and restoring Voting Rights – But….Poverty hiring), and restoring Voting Rights – But….Poverty continued… “slow pace of change” - how was this continued… “slow pace of change” - how was this problem going to be tackled? Civil Rights problem going to be tackled? Civil Rights movement split / splintered over this issue….movement split / splintered over this issue….

Stokely Carmichael became the new chairman of Stokely Carmichael became the new chairman of SNCC, he discouraged white membership and SNCC, he discouraged white membership and broke with King and SCLC, and demanded “Black broke with King and SCLC, and demanded “Black Power” through black militancy….frustration with Power” through black militancy….frustration with continuing poverty among African Americanscontinuing poverty among African Americans

1966: emergence of Black Panthers for Self 1966: emergence of Black Panthers for Self Defense, led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale: Defense, led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale: goal was to protect African American community goal was to protect African American community from police brutality. Merged with SNCC in 1968.from police brutality. Merged with SNCC in 1968.

1964-1968: Long Hot Summers: race riots in 1964-1968: Long Hot Summers: race riots in Harlem (NY), 1964, Watts (CA), 1965, 22 different Harlem (NY), 1964, Watts (CA), 1965, 22 different cities in 1967, supported by Black Power / cities in 1967, supported by Black Power / Panthers, movement away from non-violent tacticsPanthers, movement away from non-violent tactics

The Kerner Report /Commission reported that the The Kerner Report /Commission reported that the riots were the result of the riots were the result of the Slow Pace of ChangeSlow Pace of Change, , and result of a new militancy in the Civil Rights and result of a new militancy in the Civil Rights movement: recommended the elimination of racial movement: recommended the elimination of racial barriers in jobs, housing, education, and a barriers in jobs, housing, education, and a massive spending campaign to clear inner city massive spending campaign to clear inner city slums…slums…

Emergence anther militant group – the Nation of Emergence anther militant group – the Nation of Islam / Black Muslims, led by Elijah Muhammad, Islam / Black Muslims, led by Elijah Muhammad, calling for Black Nationalism, militancy, black calling for Black Nationalism, militancy, black separation / racism, self defense, self reliance, separation / racism, self defense, self reliance,

Malcolm X, originally a Black Muslim, broke with Malcolm X, originally a Black Muslim, broke with Elijah Muhammad and expressed support for King Elijah Muhammad and expressed support for King and his beliefs in harmony, integration, and non and his beliefs in harmony, integration, and non violent methods: Malcolm X assassinated in violent methods: Malcolm X assassinated in February 1965February 1965

King: campaigns to end residential segregation, King: campaigns to end residential segregation, poverty, against economic injustice and inequality, poverty, against economic injustice and inequality, spoke out against Vietnam War: assassinated by spoke out against Vietnam War: assassinated by James Earl Ray, April 4, 1968, which set off James Earl Ray, April 4, 1968, which set off demonstrations in 40 citiesdemonstrations in 40 cities

Civil Rights Movement never the same, split, Civil Rights Movement never the same, split, leaderless..leaderless..

Thurgood Marshall appointed to Supreme Court in Thurgood Marshall appointed to Supreme Court in 1967 – first African American supreme court 1967 – first African American supreme court justicejustice

Overall: the Civil Rights Movement had gotten Overall: the Civil Rights Movement had gotten legal segregation abolished. Desegregation of legal segregation abolished. Desegregation of armed forces, more opportunities in terms of jobs, armed forces, more opportunities in terms of jobs, education, housing, voting rights restored. education, housing, voting rights restored.

But Poverty, Racism, did not end. Movement split, But Poverty, Racism, did not end. Movement split, lost its leader, and fizzled out….the nation became lost its leader, and fizzled out….the nation became more concerned with Vietnam, Nixon did not more concerned with Vietnam, Nixon did not support Civil Rights reform and slowed the pace of support Civil Rights reform and slowed the pace of change even more…..held up funding of projects change even more…..held up funding of projects that would have helped….that would have helped….

Civil Rights Essay QuestionsCivil Rights Essay Questions

May be on achievements of Civil Rights movement May be on achievements of Civil Rights movement decade by decade….decade by decade….

May be on methods…..court cases (Brown), sit ins, May be on methods…..court cases (Brown), sit ins, freedom rides, boycotts (buses), demonstrations / freedom rides, boycotts (buses), demonstrations / marches (Birmingham, Washington)marches (Birmingham, Washington)

May be on contributions of each president: FDR, May be on contributions of each president: FDR, Truman, Eisenhower (reluctant) – Warren --Kennedy, Truman, Eisenhower (reluctant) – Warren --Kennedy, Johnson to Civil Rights Reform….or achievements in Johnson to Civil Rights Reform….or achievements in each decade….each decade….

May be on success and failure of Civil Rights May be on success and failure of Civil Rights movement or on reasons for successes movement or on reasons for successes (Presidents support, Leadership / King, Media..)(Presidents support, Leadership / King, Media..)

May be on splintering / split of movement in mid May be on splintering / split of movement in mid 60s (slow pace of change, disagreement over 60s (slow pace of change, disagreement over methods, emergence of Black Power, Black methods, emergence of Black Power, Black Panthers, impatience / frustration, assassination Panthers, impatience / frustration, assassination of King / leaderless movement, society moved on of King / leaderless movement, society moved on to Vietnam to Other issues, election of Nixon / to Vietnam to Other issues, election of Nixon / conservative, little interest in Civil Rights conservative, little interest in Civil Rights issues….Southern Strategy / soft-pedaling)issues….Southern Strategy / soft-pedaling)