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The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro, Castro…

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Page 1: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981

Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro, Castro…

Page 2: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Questions to Consider• Was U.S. Latin American policy guided by ideology or

economic interest?

• Assess the policies of President Truman, containment and its implication for the Americas.

• Review the policies of President Eisenhower and U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles: the reasons for the New Look and its repercussions in the region.

• Evaluate the foreign policies of presidents Kennedy to Carter, the characteristics and reasons behind policies.

• Understand the effects of the Cold War in Chile.

Page 3: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Harry Truman 1945-1953

• Democrat• First U.S. Cold War

president• Truman Doctrine,

Containment• Hands full with Europe

and Asia• Latin American policy

emphasis on keeping commies out of the region

Page 4: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Truman 1945-1953 • Latin American leaders expected continued U.S.

support of Good Neighbor Policy in return for their support to the U.S. during WWII– Reciprocal Trade Agreements– Nonintervention – Economic support (Marshall Plan for Latin America

• Pan- American (Regional) Conferences– L.A. leaders emphasis on economic development, U.S.

emphasis on anti-communism and national security– Act of Chapultepec (1946) self determination, sovereignty– Rio Treaty (1947) – mutual defense for American states

Page 5: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Truman 1945-1953 • Truman admin. Interprets Rio Treaty as extension of

containment policy, positive U.S.–L.A. relations based on being anti-communism– 1947, U.S. pressures Brazil, Chile, Cuba to ban communist

organizations and break diplomatic relations with USSR– “Compulsory, automatic (Cold War) allies of the U.S.”– Many in Latin America saw Rio as a return to pre-Good

Neighbor

• School of the Americas– Established 1945 by US in Panama to train LA military units– National Guard units in Central America used to protect

dictatorships in Central America (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Dominican Republic )

Page 6: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Truman 1945-1953 • Organization of American States (OAS)

– Formalization of regional defense pact – Once again administration emphasis on Cold War defense

and anti-communist pledges (in spite of State Dept calls for security through economic development)

• Truman’s 1949 Inaugural Address “Four Point Program” – Point Four- scientific, technical and financial aid to the

developing world. – Less 3% of US aid goes to Latin American states– Louis Halle (US State Dept) Mr. Y Foreign Affairs

Page 7: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Truman 1945-1953 • Bolivia

– 1952 Revolution – Election won by left-leaning

Victor Estenssoro, (land reform, universal suffrage)

– Truman refuses recognition of Estenssoro government

• NSC-141– “seek first..orderly political and

economic development which will make LA nations resistant to internal growth of communism and Soviet political warfare.”

– “seek hemispheric solidarity in support of our world policy.”

Page 8: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961

• Republican• Hands full with budget

deficits• New Look, Domino Theory• CIA covert operations• Guatemala, Cuba• The Dulles brothers

Page 9: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Ike 1953-1961 • National Security Act 1947, creation

of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)– Collect intelligence and data on foreign

governments– Section 102 cl. 5 “fifth function” …to

perform other functions and duties related to intelligence affecting the national security as the NSC may from time to time direct..

– Eisenhower under advice of Sec. of State John Foster Dulles and CIA director Allen Dulles used covert ops in Iran, Guatemala and planned action for Cuba

– Plausible deniability

Page 10: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Ike 1953-1961 • New Look

– Shift in military budget from large army and navy to building the air force and nuclear stockpile.

– More bang for the buck. 1953= 1,200 nukes, 1961=22,000– USSR building its own stockpile since 1949– Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)– Brinksmanship– John Foster Dulles’ moral crusade against communism, shift

from mere containment to freeing oppressed peoples of the world (Guatemala, Vietnam)

– Growing reliance on CIA covert operations (cheap, fast, deniable)

Page 11: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Ike 1953-1961 • New Look in Canada

– North Amercan Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) 1958

– Early warning system of potential Soviet air raid (bombers and missiles)

– Preemptive move by Canadian government

Page 12: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Ike 1953-1961 • New Look in Latin America

– John Foster Dulles, communism on the rise in Latin America– Domino Theory (his proof, China)

• Hindsight is 20/20– U.S. perceives everything through pinko Cold War glasses– Leftist leaders in LA may have had Marxist ideas but did not

support Stalin or his methods– Land reform was a major political/economic issue in LA. More

about nationalism than communism• Haciendas and plantations• Ejido• United Fruit Company (el pulpo)

Page 13: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Ike, The Dulles Brothers & Guatemala

• United Fruit Co.(UFCO)– US company est.1889. Invest in LA,

cheap land, labor and taxes = big profits– Invest in railroads and ports to support

exports– LA dictators (ex. Jorge Ubico) welcome

UFCO investment with low taxes, anti-union policies, and national guard troops

– UFCO amasses millions of acres of prime growing land but only cultivates 15% of its holdings

Page 14: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Ike, The Dulles Brothers & Guatemala• First Democratic Elections in

Guatemala 1945– Jacobo Arbenz campaigns as a left leaning

reformer, becomes president in 1951

• Agrarian Reform Bill/Decree 900– Expropriation of uncultivated land– Purchased at tax value, paid for with sale

of bonds– 1.5 million acres redistributed to 100,000

families– UFCO refused Guatemalan gov. offer, US

State Dept intervenes on behalf of UFCO– Dulles connection

Page 15: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Ike, The Dulles Brothers & Guatemala

• US (Dulles Bros.) see Arbenz as a communist– Pressures Organization of American States (OAS)to issue

Caracas Declaration (1945) in which member states vow to stop Marxist influence within their governments.

– US declares an embargo on Guatemala

• Operation PBSUCCESS– CIA covert operation to overthrow Arbenz– Arbenz fearful of a coup requests arms sales from US (unaware

that the CIA is behind coup)– US refuses arms sales, Arbenz seeks weapons from Poland

(Soviet Satellite state)– US uses arms sale as proof that Arbenz is communist

Page 16: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Ike, The Dulles Brothers & Guatemala

• The Coup– Honduras base of operation,

CIA funds a small army led by exiled General Castillo Armas

– Ahead of Armas CIA launches psyops: radio broadcasts of false troop movements, CIA pilots in false marked aircraft buzz Guatemala City

– Panic ensues, Guatemalan army refuses to fight

– Arbenz resigns an goes into exile

Page 17: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Ike, The Dulles Brothers & Guatemala

• The Coup Aftermath– Armas is installed as the

new president and reverses Decree 900, restoring all expropriated land to UFCO

– Operation PBHISTORY– Armas marks the beginning

of a string of brutal dictators to rule Guatemala until 1999.

– Today, Guatemala is poorest state in Central America

Page 18: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Glorious Victoryartist Diego Rivera

Page 19: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Vice-Pres. Nixon Visits Latin America

• May 1958 Ike sends Nixon to LA– Shocked by widespread anti-

US protests (students) – Caracas and Lima students

turn violent– US State Dept blames

communists agitators– Nixon urges Ike increase

economic aid to LA– US recession and deficit

spending force Ike to cut economic aid to LA

Page 20: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Revolucion• July 26th, 1953: Fidel Castro and 160 rebels

are defeated in their attack on the Moncada army barracks in attempt to overthrow dictator Fulgencio Batista

• Fidel and brother Raul are arrested and sentenced to 15 yrs. prison, only to be released in 1955.

• Castro bros. meet Ernesto “Che” Guevara in Mexico, organize the 26th July Movement, and launch another attack in 1958.

• Castro’s revolutionary army retreats to Sierra Maestra & builds peasant support for the revolution.

• Eisenhower cuts ties with Batista and embargoes arms shipments to Cuban government (Why?)

Page 21: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Post-Revolution 1959-1960• Castro begins to purge the military

and police of Batista loyalists• While visiting the U.S., Castro says

"I know the world thinks of us, we are Communists, and of course I have said very clear that we are not Communists; very clear."

• Eisenhower officially recognizes Castro’s post-revolution Cuban government.

Page 22: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

Post-Revolution Period 1959-1960

• U.S. concerned by Cuban agrarian reforms including redistribution of land, tries to pressure Cuba economically by cutting Cuba’s sugar imports and oil exports from the U.S. to Cuba

• March 1960, the Le Coubre explodes in Havana harbor.(sound familiar)

• March 1960: Eisenhower authorizes the CIA to recruit and train Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro.

• October 1960: U.S. imposes trade embargo. So, Cuba began to open trade relations with the Soviet Union.

• January 3, 1961: US withdrew diplomatic recognition of the Cuban government and closed the embassy in Havana

• Kennedy is elected president Nov. 1960

Page 23: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 Truman, Eisenhower, Castro, Kennedy, Castro, LBJ, Castro, Nixon, Castro, Carter, Castro, Reagan, Castro, Castro,

More to Come…