Post-Cold War American Post-Cold War American Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Part I: The Bush and Part I: The Bush and Clinton YearsClinton Years

What have been three What have been three goals of American goals of American

foreign policy during the foreign policy during the post-Cold War era?post-Cold War era?

• Foreign aidForeign aid

• Humanitarian aidHumanitarian aid

• Support for human rightsSupport for human rights

Has involvement in Has involvement in conflicts in other areas of conflicts in other areas of

the world been part of the world been part of American foreign policy American foreign policy

since 1988?since 1988?

• YESYES

Who was president Who was president when the when the

Cold War ended?Cold War ended?

• George Herbert Walker George Herbert Walker BushBush

During the Cold War, what During the Cold War, what were the six East European were the six East European communist satellites of the communist satellites of the

Soviet Union?Soviet Union?

• 1) East Germany1) East Germany

• 2) Poland2) Poland

• 3) Hungary3) Hungary

• 4) Romania4) Romania

• 5) Bulgaria5) Bulgaria

• 6) Czechoslovakia6) Czechoslovakia

To what defensive military To what defensive military alliance did the six Soviet alliance did the six Soviet

satellites in Eastern satellites in Eastern Europe belong?Europe belong?

• The Warsaw PactThe Warsaw Pact

What the most important What the most important symbol of the Cold War symbol of the Cold War division of Europe from division of Europe from

1961 until 1989?1961 until 1989?

• The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall

What happened to the What happened to the Berlin Wall in 1989?Berlin Wall in 1989?

• German citizens tore German citizens tore down the Berlin Walldown the Berlin Wall

Where did communist Where did communist governments collapse governments collapse

during the presidency of during the presidency of George H. W. Bush?George H. W. Bush?

• Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

• The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union

Into what two countries did Into what two countries did Czechoslovakia split after Czechoslovakia split after

the communists lost the communists lost control of the government?control of the government?

• The Czech RepublicThe Czech Republic

• SlovakiaSlovakia

What two beliefs did What two beliefs did Eastern Europe adopt after Eastern Europe adopt after

the fall of communism?the fall of communism?

• DemocracyDemocracy

• Free market capitalismFree market capitalism

What European country What European country reunified in late 1990 under reunified in late 1990 under a democratic government?a democratic government?

• GermanyGermany

What communist nation What communist nation broke up into fifteen broke up into fifteen

separate nations by the end separate nations by the end of 1991?of 1991?

• The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union

What was the situation What was the situation in Yugoslavia in 1990, in Yugoslavia in 1990, during George H. W. during George H. W. Bush’s presidency?Bush’s presidency?

• Yugoslavia was Yugoslavia was showing signs of showing signs of collapse.collapse.

What kind of government What kind of government did Yugoslavia have from did Yugoslavia have from

the end of World War II the end of World War II until 1990?until 1990?

• CommunistCommunist

What did it mean for What did it mean for Yugoslavia to be Yugoslavia to be

non-aligned during non-aligned during the Cold War?the Cold War?

• Was neutralWas neutral

• Sided with neither the Sided with neither the United States nor the United States nor the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

What defensive military What defensive military alliance did the United alliance did the United States lead during the States lead during the

Cold War?Cold War?

• NATONATO

What defensive military What defensive military alliance did the Soviet Union alliance did the Soviet Union

lead during the lead during the Cold War?Cold War?

• The Warsaw PactThe Warsaw Pact

Where was Yugoslavia Where was Yugoslavia located?located?

• Europe’s Balkan Europe’s Balkan PeninsulaPeninsula

What type of government What type of government did Yugoslavia have after did Yugoslavia have after

World War II?World War II?

• CommunistCommunist

What did four of the six What did four of the six republics of Yugoslavia do republics of Yugoslavia do

in 1991 and 1992?in 1991 and 1992?

• Declared their Declared their independence from independence from YugoslaviaYugoslavia

What two republics What two republics remained part of the remained part of the Federal Republic of Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia?Yugoslavia?

• SerbiaSerbia

• MontenegroMontenegro

What three ethnic groups What three ethnic groups lived in Bosnia-lived in Bosnia-Herzegovina?Herzegovina?

• BosniansBosnians

• SerbsSerbs

• CroatsCroats

What was the religion of What was the religion of the Bosnians?the Bosnians?

• MuslimsMuslims

What was the religion of What was the religion of the Serbs?the Serbs?

• Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodox ChristiansChristians

What was the religion of What was the religion of the Croats?the Croats?

• Roman CatholicsRoman Catholics

What ethnic group did not What ethnic group did not want Bosnia-Herzegovina want Bosnia-Herzegovina to become independent to become independent

from Yugoslavia?from Yugoslavia?

• The SerbsThe Serbs

What broke out in Bosnia-What broke out in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1992?Herzegovina in 1992?

• Civil war between the Civil war between the Serbs, Croats, and Serbs, Croats, and BosniansBosnians

What two American What two American presidents had to deal with presidents had to deal with

the civil war in Bosnia?the civil war in Bosnia?

• George H. W. BushGeorge H. W. Bush

• Bill ClintonBill Clinton

When did the civil war in When did the civil war in Bosnia attract worldwide Bosnia attract worldwide

attention?attention?

• When it became known When it became known that Serbian forces that Serbian forces were practicing “ethnic were practicing “ethnic cleansing” against cleansing” against Bosnian, Muslims, and Bosnian, Muslims, and CroatsCroats

What did Serbian troops do What did Serbian troops do to more than two million to more than two million

Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Muslims and Croats?Croats?

• Took them from their Took them from their homes and put them into homes and put them into refugee campsrefugee camps

What did the press report What did the press report about “ethnic cleansing” about “ethnic cleansing”

in Bosnia?in Bosnia?

• 1) Mass murders of 1) Mass murders of civilianscivilians

• 2) Massacres of Muslim 2) Massacres of Muslim men and boysmen and boys

• 3) Existence of 3) Existence of concentration campsconcentration camps

To what was the Serbian To what was the Serbian “ethnic cleansing” of “ethnic cleansing” of

Bosnia Muslims Bosnia Muslims compared?compared?

• Nazi Germany’s attempted Nazi Germany’s attempted genocide of European genocide of European Jews during World War IIJews during World War II

What is genocide?What is genocide?

• The intentional The intentional destruction of an entire destruction of an entire racial, religious, or racial, religious, or cultural groupcultural group

Who else started killing Who else started killing Muslims in Bosnia?Muslims in Bosnia?

• CroatsCroats

What are atrocities?What are atrocities?

• Acts of violenceActs of violence

Did either President Bush Did either President Bush or President Clinton or President Clinton

intervene directly in Bosnia intervene directly in Bosnia by sending American by sending American ground troops there?ground troops there?

• NoNo

How did Presidents Bush How did Presidents Bush and Clinton try to stop the and Clinton try to stop the

civil war in Bosnia?civil war in Bosnia?

• Tried to work through the Tried to work through the United NationsUnited Nations

• Tried to work through Tried to work through NATONATO

When was a peace treaty When was a peace treaty signed in Bosnia?signed in Bosnia?

• 19951995

What was the role of NATO What was the role of NATO under the terms of the under the terms of the

peace treaty that ended the peace treaty that ended the civil war in Bosnia?civil war in Bosnia?

• NATO would enforce NATO would enforce peace in Bosnia-peace in Bosnia-HerzegovinaHerzegovina

How did NATO enforce peace How did NATO enforce peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina?in Bosnia-Herzegovina?

• NATO sent a NATO sent a peacekeeping force of peacekeeping force of 60,000 troops to the 60,000 troops to the Balkans, including 20,000 Balkans, including 20,000 Americans.Americans.

What country invaded What country invaded Kuwait in 1990?Kuwait in 1990?

• IraqIraq

Who was the dictator of Who was the dictator of Iraq?Iraq?

• Saddam HusseinSaddam Hussein

What is the major source of What is the major source of wealth in Kuwait?wealth in Kuwait?

• OilOil

How did the United States How did the United States react to Iraq’s invasion of react to Iraq’s invasion of

Kuwait?Kuwait?

• President Bush said the President Bush said the Iraqi invasion violated Iraqi invasion violated Kuwait’s national Kuwait’s national sovereigntysovereignty

What did world leaders fear What did world leaders fear Hussein might do as a result Hussein might do as a result

of the invasion of Kuwait?of the invasion of Kuwait?

• Threaten Saudi Arabia Threaten Saudi Arabia and its oil reservesand its oil reserves

What action did the United What action did the United Nations Security Council Nations Security Council take regarding the Iraqi take regarding the Iraqi

invasion of Kuwait?invasion of Kuwait?

• Said the invasion was Said the invasion was wrongwrong

• Imposed economic Imposed economic sanctions or penalties on sanctions or penalties on IraqIraq

Why did some world Why did some world leaders fear Iraqi control leaders fear Iraqi control

over Kuwait?over Kuwait?

• Saddam Hussein might Saddam Hussein might control the world oil control the world oil marketmarket

What did President Bush What did President Bush put together to oppose the put together to oppose the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait?Iraqi invasion of Kuwait?

• A coalition or alliance of A coalition or alliance of nations that were against nations that were against Iraq’s invasion of KuwaitIraq’s invasion of Kuwait

What three major countries What three major countries supported the American-led supported the American-led coalition that opposed the coalition that opposed the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait?Iraqi invasion of Kuwait?

• Great BritainGreat Britain

• FranceFrance

• The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union

What was the first phase of What was the first phase of Operation Desert Storm?Operation Desert Storm?

• A massive air assault A massive air assault on Iraqi forces on Iraqi forces occupying Kuwaitoccupying Kuwait

What was Operation Desert What was Operation Desert Storm’s second phase?Storm’s second phase?

• A ground attack on A ground attack on Kuwait and IraqKuwait and Iraq

What was the result of What was the result of the coalition’s invasion the coalition’s invasion

of Kuwait and Iraq?of Kuwait and Iraq?

• Iraqi resistance collapsedIraqi resistance collapsed

• Coalition forces took Coalition forces took control of Kuwait’s capital control of Kuwait’s capital Kuwait CityKuwait City

• Iraqi troops retreated to Iraqi troops retreated to IraqIraq

What war ended in What war ended in February 1991?February 1991?

• Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War

What were three results of What were three results of the Persian Gulf War?the Persian Gulf War?

• Saddam Hussein stayed in Saddam Hussein stayed in power in Iraqpower in Iraq

• American-led coalition American-led coalition achieved its goal of achieved its goal of freeing Kuwait from Iraqi freeing Kuwait from Iraqi rulerule

• Coalition restored self-rule Coalition restored self-rule to Kuwait’s leadersto Kuwait’s leaders

What was the trade policy What was the trade policy of Presidents George H. W. of Presidents George H. W.

Bush and Bill Clinton?Bush and Bill Clinton?

• Free tradeFree trade

What does free trade What does free trade mean?mean?

• The removal of tariff The removal of tariff barriers to trade with barriers to trade with other nationsother nations

Why did Presidents Why did Presidents Bush and Clinton want Bush and Clinton want

to eliminate tariffs?to eliminate tariffs?

No Tariffs:No Tariffs:

• Would increase tradeWould increase trade

• Would lead to economic Would lead to economic growth in United Statesgrowth in United States

• Would create new jobs for Would create new jobs for AmericansAmericans

What president What president persuaded Congress to persuaded Congress to

pass NAFTA?pass NAFTA?

• Bill ClintonBill Clinton

For what does NAFTA For what does NAFTA stand?stand?

• North American Free North American Free Trade AgreementTrade Agreement

What was NAFTA and What was NAFTA and what did it do?what did it do?

• A trade agreement A trade agreement between the United States, between the United States, Canada, and MexicoCanada, and Mexico

• Reduced all trade tariffsReduced all trade tariffs

• Reduced most business Reduced most business restrictions over the next restrictions over the next fifteen yearsfifteen years

What effect did NAFTA have What effect did NAFTA have on trade in North America?on trade in North America?

• Created one market or Created one market or regional trading block, regional trading block, larger than the European larger than the European communitycommunity

What type of jobs did What type of jobs did NAFTA opponents fear NAFTA opponents fear

would be eliminated in the would be eliminated in the United States if NAFTA United States if NAFTA

became law?became law?

• Manufacturing jobsManufacturing jobs

What was the main What was the main argument used against argument used against

NAFTA?NAFTA?

• Removal of tariffs on Removal of tariffs on Mexican imports would Mexican imports would cause many American cause many American manufacturers to move manufacturers to move their factories to Mexicotheir factories to Mexico

Why did NAFTA opponents Why did NAFTA opponents believe American business believe American business would move their factories would move their factories

to Mexico?to Mexico?

• Mexican workers were Mexican workers were paid lower wages than paid lower wages than American workersAmerican workers

What were three foreign What were three foreign policy successes of the policy successes of the Clinton administration?Clinton administration?

• Senate ratified the NAFTA Senate ratified the NAFTA TreatyTreaty

• Restored full diplomatic Restored full diplomatic relations with communist relations with communist VietnamVietnam

• Lifted economic sanctions Lifted economic sanctions against South Africa, when against South Africa, when apartheid was endedapartheid was ended

What did it mean for the What did it mean for the Clinton administration to Clinton administration to

restore full diplomatic restore full diplomatic relations with Vietnam?relations with Vietnam?

• 1) United States 1) United States recognized the communist recognized the communist government as the government as the legitimate or lawful legitimate or lawful government of Vietnamgovernment of Vietnam

• 2) United States 2) United States exchanged ambassadors exchanged ambassadors with Vietnamwith Vietnam

What country had a policy What country had a policy of racial apartheid?of racial apartheid?

• South AfricaSouth Africa

Define the term apartheid?Define the term apartheid?

• South Africa’s brutal South Africa’s brutal system of racial system of racial segregation and segregation and discrimination against the discrimination against the nation’s black majoritynation’s black majority

Why did South Africa Why did South Africa follow the policy of follow the policy of

apartheid?apartheid?

• So that the small white So that the small white minority would rule the minority would rule the countrycountry

Who was released from Who was released from prison in South Africa, prison in South Africa, when the South African when the South African

government ended government ended apartheid?apartheid?

• Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

What organization did What organization did Nelson Mandela lead?Nelson Mandela lead?

• The African National The African National Congress or ANCCongress or ANC

What type of organization What type of organization was the ANC?was the ANC?

• An organization An organization committed to racial justice committed to racial justice and equal rights for black and equal rights for black South AfricansSouth Africans

What group came to power What group came to power when apartheid ended in when apartheid ended in

South Africa?South Africa?

• The black majorityThe black majority

When apartheid ended, When apartheid ended, who became the new who became the new

leader of the South African leader of the South African government?government?

• Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

What did the Clinton What did the Clinton administration lift, when administration lift, when

apartheid ended?apartheid ended?

• Economic sanctions Economic sanctions against South Africaagainst South Africa

What economic sanctions What economic sanctions did the United States place did the United States place

against the Republic of against the Republic of South Africa in 1986?South Africa in 1986?

• Severe restrictions on Severe restrictions on trade between the United trade between the United States and South AfricaStates and South Africa

What was the purpose of What was the purpose of the United States’ the United States’

economic sanctions economic sanctions against South Africa?against South Africa?

• To condemn apartheidTo condemn apartheid

• To pressure the white To pressure the white South African government South African government to repeal its racially to repeal its racially discriminatory lawsdiscriminatory laws