Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush 1, Clinton, and Bush 2

Cold War to the War on Terrorism

1952-2007

EISENHOWER’S PRESIDENCYI. Election of 1952

A. Candidates.

B. Issues

C. Results

II. Major Events of “Ike’s” 1st Term:

A. Korean War Armistice 1953

B. The “New Look” Foreign Policy

C. Problems in Southeast Asia 1953-1954

D. Formosa Crisis

E. Creation of SEATO, ANZUS and CENTO

F. European Relations

Temporary thaw in Cold War

Geneva Summit Conference

Paris Agreement

EUROPEAN RELATIONS CONTD

St. Lawrence Seaway openedHungarian RevoltSuez Crisis

Domestic IssuesPeacetime ProsperityMcCarthy Hearings endModern Civil Rights Movement beginsSCLC formed“Declaration of Constitutional Principles” publishedIke’s first heart attackAFL-CIO mergerHEW createdAgricultural Act of 1956Fast Food Revolution—McDonalds Corp. 1956

Ike’s Second Term

• Election of 1956– Candidates

– Issues

– Results

– Congressional elections

• Major Events of Ike’s 2nd Term– Foreign Affairs

• Eisenhower Doctrine• Space Race• Berlin Crisis• Latin American problems• Cuban Revolution• U-2 Affair 1960

Ike’s 2nd Term

• DOMESTIC AFFAIRS 1957-1960– Civil Rights Legislation 1957

• Strom Thurmond’s filibuster

– Little Rock School Crisis– Civil Rights Act of 1960– Woolworth’s Sit-In Greensboro, NC 1960– SNCC Created– Federal Highway Act– Recession of 1958– Sherman Adams scandal– National Defense Education Act 1958– NASA created 1958– Alaska, Hawaii join the union 1959– Landrum-Griffin Labor Reform Act– Eisenhower’s Farewell Address

KENNEDY’S PRESIDENCY• THE VIETNAM ERA 1960-1974• ELECTION OF 1960• Candidates

– Issues– Results

• MAJOR EVENTS OF KENNEDY’S PRESIDENCY 1961-1963• “ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU, ASK

WHAT CAN YOU DO FOR YOUR COUNTRY”• DOMESTIC AFFAIRS (New Frontier)

– Inaugural Address– Civil Rights Movement “Freedom Rides”, “Freedom Now”– Integration of University of Mississippi– Birmingham Riots– March on Washington “I have a dream speech”– Integration of University of Alabama (George Wallace)– Supreme Court decisions

• Engel v. Vitale, • Abbington v. Schempp• Gideon v. Wainwright

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

• BAY OF PIGS INVASION APRIL 1961– CIA PLAN MADE DURING EISENHOWER’S TERM TO

OVERTHROW CASTRO– KENNEDY CHANGED PLAN TO BE SPEARHEADED BY

CUBAN PATRIOTS NOT CIA OPERATIVES– KENNEDY WITHHELD AIR SUPPORT– CASTRO’S ARMY CAPTURED OR KILLED ALL ATTACKERS.

• BERLIN WALL– BERLIN WALL SPEECH “Ich bin ein Berliner”

• PEACE CORPS– AMERICAN VOLUTEERS IN POOR COUNTRIES

• CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS OCT. 1962– 3 DAY STAND OFF OVER OFFENSIVE MISSLES IN CUBA

• US SPACE PROGRAM– BE ON THE MOON BY 1969.– May, 1961 Alan Shepard

JFK CONTINUED

• Sept. 1963—Nuclear Test Ban Treaty• OFFICIAL BEGINNING OF VIET NAM:

– Laos 1962– Viet Nam (1961)

• 15,000 advisers sent to support Diem• 1963 Diem overthrown and assassinated by coup d’etat

• KENNEDY ASSASSINATION

• Nov. 22, 1963—Dallas, Texas• Lee Harvey Oswald• Jack Ruby

• Swearing in of Lyndon Johnson

JOHNSON’S FIRST TERM 1963-1965

• Domestic Issues:• Civil Rights Movement

– “Freedom Summer”—voters registration drive• 24th Amendment• Civil Rights Act 1964 • 1964 “War on Poverty” Program

– Taxes– Job Corps– “Vista”

• Appalachia Bill• Warren Court continues

– Impeach Warren movement

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

• Space Race 1963-1965– Russia launches 3 man capsule– Aleksey Leonov “walk in space”

• Panama Crisis 1964• Viet Nam War Expands 1964

– Gulf of Tonkin incident Aug.– Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• Election of 1964– Candidates– Issues– Results– Importance

• Johnson’s 2nd Term 1965-1969• Domestic Issues

– “Great Society” programs

Johnson’s 2nd Term

• 25th Amendment• Civil Rights Movement

– Assassination of Black Leaders• Voting Rights Act• Civil Rights Act 1968

Foreign Affairs:• US takes lead in Space Race• Intervention in Santo Domingo• Nuclear Proliferation Treaty• 1965-1968—Vietnam War Escalates

– Operation Rolling Thunder 1965– Public Opinion– Jan 1968 Tet Offensive– My Lai massacre– Public opinion turns against LBJ, almost loses NH primary– RFK announces his candidacy for president-anti-war platform– June 5, 1968—RFK assassinated.

                                                                                                    

FOREIGN AFFAIRS CONT’D

• Mar. 1968 LBJ’s “Broadcast to America”• USS Pueblo incident• 6 Day War Israel v. Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon• Soviet Union invades Czechoslovakia• THE ’60S

» Music: Mo Town, British Invasion, California Beach Music, Protest songs, Woodstock Music Festival

– Counter-Culture• Hippies

• Election of 1968– Candidates– Problem with Democratic Party– Issues– Campaign– Results– Importance

Richard Nixon’s Presidency 1st term

• Foreign Affairs:– Man Landed on the Moon July 20, 1969

– Vietnam War continued

– “Vietnamization” Program announced

– The Cambodian Incursion• Kent State• Jackson State

– Pentagon Papers published

– Sec. of State Kissinger’s “Peace at Hand” 1972

– Escalation of the war Nov. 1972– Visit to China-- Détente with USSR-- SALT I Treaty

Nixon’s First Term (continued)Domestic Issues:

Nixon and the Supreme CourtRoe v. Wade, 1971.Environmental Crusade “Silent Spring” Rachel Carson

1st Earth Day— April 2226th AmendmentRevenue Sharing Program “New Federalism”1971 Economic Policy

Causes:

PoliciesAssassination attempt on George WallaceWatergate Scandal breaks (June 1972)

Election of 1972Candidates, Issues, Results

NIXON’S 2ND TERM 1973-1974

• FOREIGN AFFAIRS:– Nixon visited Russia May 1973 – Nixon visited China Feb. 1973– Peace talks intensify in Paris– Jan 27, 1973—Vietnam War ends Paris Peace Accord– Yom Kippur War Oct. 1973– Arab Oil Embargo OPEC

• DOMESTIC ISSUES:– Draft ended– The War Powers Act– Watergate scandal widened– Justice Dept. investigation of Nixon’s presidency– VP Spiro Agnew resigns Oct. 1973– Gerald Ford appointed VP.– Special Prosecutor appointed “Saturday Night

Massacre”– House Hearings—3 counts of impeachment passed– Aug 8, 1974-- Nixon resigns– Gerald Ford sworn in as the new president.

FORD’S PRESIDENCY

• America breathed a collective sigh of relief when Ford became president. The agony of Watergate was over.

• Domestic events:– Appointed Nelson Rockefeller as VP– Pardoned Nixon of all federal crimes he committed or may have

committed as president– 1974—Draft Amnesty announced.– Inflation reached 12%--vetoed 50 spending bills designed to

stimulate the economy—”WIN”—voluntary action to end inflation.– He opposed tax cuts, favored reducing government spending, and

favored tight money policies.– 1975 US was in a deep recession: industrial output dropped by

10%, unemployment reached 9%.– March– IU defeated Michigan to win its 3rd NCAA title– US Bicentennial celebration—July 4, 1976 – NOW formed—Betty Friedan Feminine Mystique Equal Rights

Amendment• Foreign Affairs

– April 1975—South Vietnam falls, 140,000 Vietnamese fled to the US.– May 1975—Mayaguez Incident—36 marines died in a needless show

strength.– Helsinki Accords– Ford agreed to recognize officially Soviet control

of Eastern Europe in return USSR promised to respect human rights.

– ELECTION OF 1976• Candidates, Issues, Results

CARTER’S PRESIDENCY• Highlights 1977-1981

– Energy policy= moral equivalent of war.– Camp David Accords Sept. 1978-March 1979.– Panama Canal Treaty– Bakke v. University of California, 1978.

(affirmative action)– Iran Hostage Crisis-Nov. 1979.– Russia invaded Afghanistan (US boycotted 1980

Olympics in Moscow)– “Stagflation” worsened—Humphrey-Hawkins “Full

Employment” Act– 2nd Energy Crisis– instability in Middle East.– July 1979—”Malaise” Speech– Carter’s approval rating dropped to 21% by 1980– 3 mile island disaster– Dept. of Education created– Chrysler “bail out”

– ELECTION OF 1980• Candidates, issues, results, importance

REAGAN’S PRESIDENCY 8.4

• Highlights: 1981-1989– Iranian hostages released-Jan. 20, 1981.– Reaganomics– deregulation, tax cuts and “supply-side” economics– Assassination attempt Mar. 1981—John Hinckley, Jr.– Indiana defeats North Carolina to win its 4th NCAA B-Ball title. – Air Traffic controllers strike– Sandra Day O’Connor—appointed to Sup. Ct.– Reagan heightens “Cold War” –massive military spending, B-1, Star Wars

initiative, Cruise Missiles.– Polish “Solidarity” movement—Lech Walesa– Breakdown of Geneva Conference– Falkland Islands War Eng-Argentina– Lebanon Crisis– Civil Wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua– Invasion of Grenada– 1986 GRAMM-RUDMAN-HOLLINGS ACT– Tax Cut– Iran-Contra Affair

REAGAN CONTINUED 8.5

• JAN 1986 SPACE SHUTTLE “CHALLENGER” EXPLODED SHORTLY AFTER LIFT-OFF. KILLED ALL 7 ON BOARD.

• AIDS EPIDEMIC BEGINS IN US– 1987• FOREIGN AFFAIRS 2ND TERM

• SOVIET LEADER MIKHAIL GORBACHEV STARTS:– GLOSNOST– PERESTROIKA

• US AND USSR ELIMINATES INTERMEDIATE MISSILES—GENEVA CONFERENCE 1985-1988-- ENDS COLD WAR

• PHILLIPINE REVOLT• LIBYAN CRISIS• PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT 103 LOCKERBIE, SCOTLAND

• PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 1988• REPUBLICAN GEORGE HW BUSH• DEMOCRAT MICHAEL DUKAKIS• ISSUES• OUTCOME

BUSH 1 CONTINUED

• MAR. 1989– EXXON VALDEZ DISASTER.• AUG. 1989– SAVINGS AND LOAN “BANKING” CRISIS.• COLIN POWELL– CHAIRMAN OF JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF.• DOUGLAS WILDER ELECTED GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA.• Sept. 1989– HURRICANE HUGO• AUG. 1990– IRAQ INVADED KUWAIT• JAN. 1991- FEB. 1991 “OPERATION DESERT STORM• JULY 1990 AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT• APRIL 1992 RODNEY KING “LA RIOTS”

ELECTION OF 1992:

DEMOCRAT BILL CLINTON DEFEATS THE REPUBLICAN GEORGE BUSH 370-168 IN THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE.

Clinton’s Health Care Proposal fails.

Clinton accused of being part of a real estate scandal in Arkansas,

“Whitewater-gate”.

Oklahoma City federal building bombing—Timothy McVeigh.(Domestic Terrorism)

1994 Repubs. take control of Congress– Newt Gingrich– “Contract with

America”

• Economy expands due to Internet “boom”. (.com boom)

• Welfare system overhauled:– 1. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996– 2. Temporary Assistance to Needy Families

• Election of 1996

• Democrats: Bill Clinton

• Republicans: Bob Dole

• Issues:

• Results:

• 2nd term:

• Balanced budget

• Monica Lewinsky Scandal

• Intervention in Somalia failed.

• NATO intervention in Kosovo and attack on Yugoslavia successful.

• “.com boom” accelerating.

• NAFTA enacted.

• Environmental awareness increased.

• Clinton impeached but found not guilty– popularity increased.

ELECTION OF 2000 8.6• CANDIDATES:• REPUBLICANS: GEORGE W. BUSH/DICK CHENEY• DEMOCRATS: AL GORE/JOE LIEBERMAN• ISSUES:• RESULTS: Bush v. Gore, 2000. (5-4 decision)• RETURN TO CONSERVATIVE DOMESTIC POLITICS:• 2001 .COM BOOM ENDED. US ENTERED INTO A RECESSION.• REVENUE SURPLUSES DWINDLED.• “BUSH TAX CUTS” LOWERED TAXES FOR THE UPPER 20%.• DEFICIT SPENDING RETURNED.• GOVT. ENERGY POLICY BENEFITTED BIG OIL COMPANIES, OIL PRICES ROSE

AND SO DID GASOLINE PRICES. EXXON TURNED A RECORD PROFIT.• DRILL IN THE ANWAR, AND YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.• EDUCATION: “NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND” PASSED.• FOREIGN AFFAIRS:• SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 TERRORIST ATTACKS ON THE WORLD TRADE

CENTER AND THE PENTAGON. AL QAEDA LED BY OSAMA BIN LADEN TAKES CREDIT FOR ATTACKS. BUSH DECLARES WAR ON TERRORISM.

• “BUSH DOCTRINE”—’IF YOU ARE NOT FOR US, YOU ARE AGAINST US’.• ECONOMIC CONDITIONS WORSENED.-STOCK MARKET DROPPED.• 2003 “IRAQI FREEDOM”—WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION.• 2007 BUSH’S APPROVAL RATINGS LOWEST OF ALL TIME -- 17%