POSITIVISM LEGAL RULES CREATED BY HUMAN INSTITUTION

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SEJARAH POSITIVISM(Eightteenth Century, age of Reason)

• Hukum Alam ( jaman kuno hingga abad Pertegahan ): Ia merumuskan dirinya pada usaha untuk menemukan metoda yang dapat digunakan untuk menciptakan peraturan yang mampu untuk menghadapi keadaan yang berlainan – ia tidak mengandung norma, tetapi hanya memberitahu bagaimana membuat peraturan yang baik.

• Hukum Alam (Abad 17 dan 18): Hukum alam yang dapat digunakan untuk menciptakan peraturan berdasarkan asas-asas (HAM)

• Positivisme (Awal abad 19) Lahir untuk menentang hukum alam. Pada pertengahan abad 19 ia gagal karena tidak mampu mengatasi hak kebebasan individu dan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan.

• Hukum Alam yang didasarkan kepada konsep “relativitas”. Adalah satu keinginan untuk menyatakan suatu idealisme moral.

PERKEMBANGAN TEORI HUKUM• NATURAL LAW THEORIES (6SM – 18; 20 - )• MODERN AND LIBERALISM ( ABAD 17 - SKRG )• LEGAL POSITIVISM ( ABAD 19 - SKRG)• MARX ( ABAD 20 - SKRG )• SOCIOLOGICAL LEGAL THEORIES (ABAD 19 USA -

SKRG )• FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY (1950 - )• CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES (1960 – 1990)• POST MODERISM (1960 - )• CRITICAL RACE THEORIE POST COLONIAL THEORIE• EMERGING THEORIE

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THE COMMAND THEORY OF LAW

• Thomas Hobbes ( 1588-1679)( The Leviathan, 1651)

LAW IS THE COMMAND LAW OF THE SOVEREIGN : the civil law are the commands of him who hath the chief authority for direction of the future actions of his citizens. ... The citizens must do

Jeremy Bentham ( 1789 ) John Austin ( 1832 )

Jeremy BenthamPositivism and Common Law

• The term law should be applied to every expression of will, the uttering of which was an act of legislation, an exertion of legislative power.

• Law is the command of a sovereign backed by a sanction.

a. Command – the will conceived by the sovereign is manifestly imperative.

b. Sovereignty, andc. Sanction: in the attachment of motivations to

compliance in the form of anticipated consequences.

Jeremy Bentham

• Bentham’s aims was to create a complete code of laws which he eventually called the ‘pannomion’ ( meaning ‘all the laws’).

• Legislation (or codification) fits better the ‘commands of the sovereign’ model of law than the vagueness and uncertainties of the common law.

(Anthony D’Amato (ed) ; Analitytic JURISPRUDENCE ANTHOLOGY), p.39)

Jeremy Bentham P C I

P = Parliament C = Court I = Individual

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John AustinJurisprudential Positivism

• Laws proper, or properly so called, are commands; laws which are not commands, are laws improper or improperly so called.

• The matter of jurisprudence is positive law; law, simply and strictly so called: or law set by political superiors to political imperiors. But positive law ... Is often confounded with objects to which it is related by resemblance, and whith objects to which it is related in the way of anlogy; with objects which are also signified, properly and improperly, by the large and vague expression law.

• Every law or rule is a command. Or rather, laws or rules, properly so called, are a species of commands

JOHN AUSTIN• The law was essentially the result of the ‘commands of

the sovereign’ . • Two fundamental questions: (a) who is the sovereign ?

And (b) what has the sovereign commanded ?• The law of any society could be distinguished from the

norms of morality, religion and custom of that society. ... The virtue of law is that it forms a public and dependable set of standards for the guidance of officials and citizens whatever the disagreements in that society over the dictates of morality, religions, or custom. ... That the law is to be identified by ‘social sources’ – that is, the law can be identified by asking certain questions about human behaviour .

(Anthony D’Amato; Analitytic JURISPRUDENCE aNTHOLOGY), p.43)

John Austin P C I

P = Parliament C = Court I = Individual

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JOHN CHIPMAN GRAY

P = Parliament

C = Court I = Individual

P C I

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HANS KELSEN

P C I

P = ParliamentC = CourtI = Individual

RAZ : The sources thesis (as the key of doctrine of legal positivism)

• A jurisprudential theory is acceptable only if its test for identifying the content of the law and determining its exitence depends exclusively on facts of human behaviour, capable of being described in value-neutral terms, and applied without resort to moral argument.

• The heart of legal positivism is not about denying necessary connections between law and morality, but merely that the identification of law is separate question from its moral merit.

H.L.A. HART (RULE OF RECOCNATION)Lon Fuller : A Theory of Judicial Interpretation

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CORE

PENUMBRA

RONALD M. DWORKIN• When lawyers reason or dispute about legal

rights and obligations, particularly in those hard cases when our problems with these concepts seem most acute, they make use of standards that do not function as rules, but operate differently as principles, policies, and other sorts of standards. Positivism, I shall argue, is a model of and for a system of rules, and its central notion of a single fundamental test for law forces us to miss the important roles of these standards that are not rules.

• The difference between legal principles and legal rules is a logical distinction.Both sets of standards point to particular decisions about legal obligation in particular circumstances, but they differ in the character of the direction they give. Rukesapplicable in all-or-nothing fashion.If the facts a rule stipulates are given, then either the rule is falid, in which case the answer it supplies must be accepted, or it is not, in which case it contributes nothing to the decision.