portrait of abraham lincoln taken around the time he wrote the gettysburg address (1863)
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The Civil War Begins, 1861–1862. The Civil War begins and develops into a stalemate during the first two years. Both Union and Confederate soldiers suffer many hardships. Portrait of Abraham Lincoln taken around the time he wrote the Gettysburg Address (1863). NEXT. The Civil War Begins, - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Portrait of Abraham Lincoln taken around the time he wrote the Gettysburg Address (1863).
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The Civil War begins and develops into a stalemate during the first two years. Both Union and Confederate soldiers suffer manyhardships.
The Civil War Begins,1861–1862
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
War Erupts
Life in the Army
No End in Sight
The Civil War Begins,1861–1862
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Section 1
War EruptsThe secession of the Southern states quickly lead to armed conflict between the North and the South.
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First Shots at Fort Sumter
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War Erupts
• Federal troops hold Fort Sumter, harbor of Charleston, South Carolina
• Abraham Lincoln decides to send supply ships to Fort Sumter
• Southern states take over most federal forts within their borders
• Confederates attack fort before supplies arrive, start Civil War
• U.S. troops defend fort for 34 hours, then surrender
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Lincoln Calls Out the Militia
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• President Lincoln asks states for militiamen to put down uprising
• Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join Confederacy
• In the upper South, state leaders refuse request
• Volunteers rush to enlist in both North and South
• Confederate capital is moved to Richmond, Virginia (May, 1861)
• Robert E. Lee becomes commanding general of Northern Virginia
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Choosing Sides
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• Border states—slave states that border states in which slavery illegal
• Maryland stays in Union, keeps Washington D.C. within the Union
• Include Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
• Western counties, Virginia break away, form Union state, West Virginia
• Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware stay in Union
• 24 states make up the Union, 11 states join the Confederacy
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Strengths and Weaknesses
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• North has 22 million people, South has 9 million people
• North has more railroad mileage, all the naval power, shipyards
• 85 percent of nation’s factories located in the North
• Union has great leader, President Abraham Lincoln
Map
Continued . . .
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Continued Strengths and Weaknesses
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• Confederacy has able generals
• Confederates defending homes, have more will to fight than invaders
• Union supply lines will have to stretch far to invade the South
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The Confederate Strategy
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• Confederacy takes defensive position, does not want to conquer North
• Hopes to force Britain, France to aid the Confederates
• Uses King Cotton to win foreign support, withholds cotton exports
• Europeans have cotton surplus, don’t want to get involved
• South becomes offensive, tries for big victories to demoralize North
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The Union Strategy
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• North develops offensive strategy • General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan—
smother the South’s economy • Use naval blockade of South’s coastline • Blockade— armed forces stop goods, people
into or out of an area • Gain control of the Mississippi River, split
Confederacy in two • Scott’s plan takes time, Lincoln decides to
invade Virginia (1861)
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Battle of Bull Run
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• Confederates defeat Union troops at First Battle of Bull Run (1861)
• Victory thrills South, North has underestimated their opponent
• Lincoln sends militia home, calls for real army of 500,000 volunteers
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Section 2
Life in the Army Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War.
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Those Who Fought
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• Most Civil War soldiers are between 18 and 30 years of age
• Some immigrants serve, most are from Germany, Ireland
• Most soldiers are farmers, majority are born in U.S.
• African Americans want to fight, not accepted in North, South armies
• Later, North accepts African Americans into its ranks
Life in the Army
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Continued . . .
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Continued Those Who Fought
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• Most Civil War soldiers are volunteers, they volunteer to:- escape boredom of factory, farm work- join friends, neighbors- seek adventure, glory- get recruitment money- show loyalty to country, state
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Turning Civilians into Soldiers
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• After enlisting, a soldier is sent to training camp, usually lives in tent
• Follows training schedule, gets uniform, clothing often poor quality
• At camp, soldiers get plenty of food; in the field, get limited food
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Hardships of Army Life
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• Civil War soldiers in field, often wet, cold, live in crude shelters
• Causes widespread sicknesses
• Results in poor hygiene—conditions, practices that promote health
• Camps are unsanitary, soldiers often go for weeks without bathing
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Changes in Military Technology
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• Weapons improve, results in:- higher casualty rate- battle tactics change
• Use rifles—guns with grooved barrel, cause bullets to spin
• Minié ball—bullet with hollow base • Rifles using minié balls shoot farther, more
accurately than muskets
Continued . . .
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• Ironclads—warships covered with iron, better than wooden warships
• First ironclad battle off coast of Virginia (1862) includes:- Confederate Virginia (Merrimack)- Union Monitor
Continued Changes in Military Technology
• After about four hours, battle ends in a draw
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Section 3
No End in Sight In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other.
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Union Victories in the West
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• Ulysses S. Grant, Union general in the West
3SECTION
• Grant’s forces capture two Confederate river forts in Tennessee
• Residents of Nashville flee, Union troops march into Nashville (1862)
No End in Sight
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The Battle of Shiloh
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• Union army fights Confederate army at Battle of Shiloh (1862)
• Confederate commanding general Albert S. Johnston is killed
• Union troops are lead by Ulysses S. Grant
• Fresh Union troops arrive, South retreats • 13,000 Union soldiers are killed, 11,000
Confederates are killed
Interactive
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The Fall of New Orleans
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• Admiral David Farragut, Union fleet capture New Orleans
• Confederates control stretch of river near their fort at Vicksburg
• Union controls most of the Mississippi River
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Lee Claims Victories in the East
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• General George McClellan, Union troops attempt to capture Richmond
• Report size of Union army, Robert E. Lee’s army attacks Union army
• Confederate Jeb Stuart, cavalry (soldiers on horseback) spy McClellan
• Both sides clash for a week
• Lee ends the Union threat in Virginia
• Confederates defeat Union army at Seven Days’ Battles (1862)
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Lee Invades the North
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• General Lee, troops invade Maryland (September 1862)
• Several reasons for taking war to the North: - hopes victory in North will force President Lincoln to talk peace- gives Virginia farmers a rest from war during harvest- Confederates could plunder Northern
farmers for food- hopes invasion will convince Britain, France to aid Confederacy
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Bloody Antietam
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• General McClellan’s army fights Lee’s army, Battle of Antietam (1862)
• Lee’s crippled army retreats into Virginia, McClellan fails to pursue
• After 1 day, neither side gains ground, 25,000 men are killed, wounded
• President Lincoln fires McClellan
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