the road to gettysburg: 1863
DESCRIPTION
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863. Gettysburg Set-Up. Army of Northern VA – Lee Key commanders = Longstreet (Lee’s Key subordinate) Ewell (replaced Stonewall Jackson) A.P Hill Jeb Stuart Cavalry leader. Army of the Potomac - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Gettysburg Set-Up• Army of Northern VA – Lee
• Key commanders = • Longstreet (Lee’s Key subordinate)• Ewell (replaced Stonewall Jackson)• A.P Hill• Jeb Stuart Cavalry leader
• Army of the Potomac • June 27th Joseph Hooker resigns b/c Lincoln refused to give him additional troops• George G. Meade takes over command • John Buford Cavalry leader
The Road to Gettysburg• Lee crosses the Potomac river above
Harper’s Ferry and moves quickly through MD to PA
• John Buford and cavalry arrive at Gettysburg• Key defensive location• 10 roads converge – key transportation hub• Strategically great location
• Meade is in MD• Prefers to fight a defensive battle• He wants to fight Lee at Pipe Creek• Orders get confused and troops move
towards Gettysburg to help Buford
Gettysburg Day One
Gettysburg Day 2
Gettysburg Day 3
Gettysburg Casualties
Runaway inflation – almost 9,000% Class resentment
Those w/20+ slaves exempt from service
Upper class could afford substitutes 50,000 were purchased
High desertion rates 1/4 of the slaves escaped to Union
lines – the rest were increasingly disobedient
Peace movements spring up
Problems in the South
Northern Society
Decline in sale of products consumed/supplied by South – cotton goods, shoes for slaves, construction
Plentiful jobs but high inflationQuarter master Dept. single largest
U.S. employer w/thousands of manufacturing contracts
Union • Lower paid at first - 54th Massachusetts
refuse pay and their officers join protest• Given menial jobs• Segregated units with white officers• A few came from other places besides the
North – Canada, Africa, France, escaped from South
Violent attacks on black businesses, orphanages, homes
Also attacked homes of upper-class whites who could afford to pay a substitute to avoid the draft• A reflection of the gap between rich and
poor
Changing Roles of Women
South• Clerk jobs• School teachers for the first time
• North• Form the backbone of U.S Sanitary
Commission – nutrition/1st aid• Professionalization of nursing
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act -
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
Emancipation
March 1862 – gradual emancipation - states choice• Wanted to colonize African Americans in
Caribbean/South America• Confiscation act (1862) take property of anyone
supporting the rebellion
• September 1862 – Post-Antietam = threat to Confederacy put down arms or lose slaves
• Jan 1, 1863 – formal Emancipation Proclamation for Confederate States Only
• 1864 Election – Republican Platform contained 13th Amendment proposition
Chickamauga/Chattanooga• September 1863 – November 1863• If Union can capture Chattanooga they can go
down Railroad to Deep South
• Union – Army of the Cumberland = Rosecrans
• Confederate = Army of TN = Bragg
• Initial Confederate victory – Bragg then institutes a siege on Chattanooga where Union has fallen back to
• Part of Army of the Potomac arrive in TN• Grant is now in overall command of West –
fires Rosecrans
Chattanooga
• Another decisive battle for the Union in the West
• Chattanooga was now PERMANENTLY in Union Control• November 26th – coincientally the day
following the end of the Battle of Chattanooga, was declared as a national day of Thanksgiving by President Lincoln
• This date had been set on Oct. 3, 1863 following Gettysburg in the middle of the siege on Chattanooga
Chattanooga & Atlanta
Atlanta Campaign
Atlanta – July1864• Atlanta = 2nd most important Confederate city
left
• Confederacy – Army of TN – Johnston• 60,000 men
• Union – Grand Federal Army – Sherman• 100,000 men• Contained the Armies of THE Cumberland,
TN, & OH• 10 weeks of fighting following the railroad down to Atlanta• Union forced Johnston back across the
Chattahoochie River towards Atlanta
Atlanta Continued
• 3 separate battles around Atlanta• Confederates lose each one
• Part of Union Army goes South around Atlanta to cut off Southern RR in
• Confederates incorrectly believe it’s a diversion
• By September 2, 1864 Atlanta is evacuated and in Union control
Types of WarfareLimited War – Make war on armies not
armies, civilians, and property Total War – Everything (armies, civilians, property) consumed by the war or involved in it
War of Attrition – the side with the greatest resources uses their power to wear down the other side
Sherman’s
Marchthroug
hGeorgiato theSea, 1864
March to the SeaNov. 1864 – Dec. 1864
• Atlanta to Savannah = 300,000 miles
• Tore up the landscape • Property damage emphasized – not harm to
civilians• Took livestock, crops, burned factories,
homes,etc• Goal was to undermine the morale of the
Confederacy and destroy the economy
Sherman’s March Overall• 650,000 Miles
• Under 100 marching days
• Captured 3 state capitals – GA, SC, NC
• Lost less than 600 men
Presidential
Election of 1864
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865
South had abandoned Richmond=capital
Not a courthouse Unconditional Surrender
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other
Wars
John Wilkes Booth – Ford’s Theater Confederate Sympathizers
Conspiracy Same day as a ceremony at Fort
Sumter – Lincoln chose to see a play instead of attending