port of los angeles november 23 -25, 2008wpci.nl/docs/presentations/esi_tiedo vellinga.pdf · port...
TRANSCRIPT
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Environmental Ship IndexDraft Proposal
Tiedo VellingaDirector Environment Safety and Spatial Planning Maasvlakte 2Port of Rotterdam
Port of Los AngelesNovember 23 -25, 2008
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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Content of the presentation
• Introduction• Environmental Ship Index (ESI) study• Proposed index• Organisation and verification • Next steps• Goals of the development of the ESI
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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Introduction
• World Ports Climate Conference July 2008, Rotterdam
• 55 ports endorsed the Climate Declaration as a guide to take action
• One of the actions is to develop an ESI for ocean going shipping forair pollutants and greenhouse gasses
• An ESI as a base for incentives to stimulate a better environmental performance of sea going shipping
• Lead port: Rotterdam
• Ports of Antwerp, Bremen, Le Havre and Hamburg joined to make this proposal
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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ISE study
• Requirements for the index
• Existing legislation and developments
• Overview existing indexes for maritime transport
• Examples indexes road and air transport
• Development ESI
• Organisation and verification of the ESI
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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Requirements for the index• Fit criteria UN / IMO / MEPC
• Simple
• Transparent and easy to verify / certify
• Linked to ship, not fleet
• Involve NOx, SOx, PM and CO2
• Stepwise development / improvement
• Ready to use from 01- 01- 2010
• Effect on emissions at sea and at berth
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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Legislation and recent developments• New standards MEPC / IMO for NOx and SOx in October 2008
• NOx: tiered approach, I, II and III: increasing demands for new built ships
• New limits for sulphur content in fuel oil, globally, in ECA’s and at berth
• No emission standards for PM, but PM is strongly linked to SOx
• Greenhouse gas not yet regulated but IMO developed a CO2 monitoring index
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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New IMO standards NOx
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
rpm
NO
X em
issi
ons
(g/k
Wh)
Tier ITier IITier III
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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New IMO / EU sulphur limitsGlobally:4,5 % until 1 January 20123.5 % from 1 January 20120.5 % from 1 January 2020
In ECA’s:1.5 % until 1 March 20101.0 % from 1 March 2010 0.1 % from 1 January 2015
At berth: Max 0.1 % in EU from 1 January 2010
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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PM strongly linked to SOx
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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Existing indexes maritime transport
• 10 indexes reviewed on 7 different criteria ( pollutant, application, control, incentive etc.)
• Indexes in use ( Green Award, Der Blaue Engel) or proposed (Clean Shipping)are complex
• In Sweden indexes for NOx and SOx differ in application by the ports • Currently no other experience with CO2 index then for monitoring and
reporting
• IMO CO2 baseline index is currently being designed
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
Conclusions and lessons learned
Tl1
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Slide 10
Tl1 Tiedo laptop, 11/21/2008
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Examples of indexes road transport
• EU passenger car labelling
• Vehicle registration tax
• Environmental zoning for trucks
• Differentiation of infrastructure charges (Germany, Switserland)
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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Example index air transport
• ERLIG recommendations
• Environmental differentiation landing charges on NOx emissions
• Continuous scale in differentiation
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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Existing indexes road and air transport
• All relatively simple and cover only one theme
• Data availability of key importance
• Emission standards and type approval data used as a basis
• CO2 only type approved for passenger cars
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
Conclusions
Tl2
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Slide 13
Tl2 Tiedo laptop, 11/21/2008
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Development of ESI-NOxNOx: respect different engines and situation (open sea or port area)
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
∑∑ =
=
×−×=
n
i ix
iixixn
ii
x valueitNOPratingNOvalueitNO
PNOESI
1
1
_lim_)_lim(100_
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
engine revolutions (rpm)
NOX
emis
sion
s (g
/kW
h)
Tier II - 20%
Main Engine
Average of aux. engines-30%
-10%
ESI NOx = index value NOx (1 – 100)
Pi = power engine i
NOx rating i = certified emissions engine i
NOx limit value i = max. allowable NOxemissions engine i (Tier II – 20%)
n = number of engines
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Development of ESI-SOxSOx: respect different fuels used at different places
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
at berth (Ba) SECA (Bb) high sea (Bc)
Sul
phur
con
tent
(%)
a% below baseline
c% below baseline
b% below baseline
100*%*%*%*_CBA
CBA
WWWcWbWaWSOxESI
++++
=
a%,b%,c% = relative improvements of in zones used fuel compared to baseline
WA, WB, WC = factors to weigh emission different in different zones
Weighing can be equal (W=1) or on fuel bunkered per zone per year or weighing on fuel bunkered x baseline sulphur content (calculates relative amount reduced)
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Weighing between NOx and SOxBased on damage costs €/kg and emission level:
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
Damage costs according to CAFE: refers to Clean Air For Europe:
€/kg
SOx 5.6
NOx 4.4Note: the damage costs of SO2 also include the contribution to secondary PM.
Per unit of output (kWh) NOx emission is roughly 2 x SOx emission
Proposal weighing NOx versus SOx is 2:1
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CO2 index (1)No baseline reference available
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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CO2 index (2)Reward the reporting of the energy efficiency performance with an additional score of 10 points, compared to NOx max 200 and SOx max 100
Data to be reported:• Fuel consumption (measure for emitted mass of CO2) • Ship type / GT• Shipped cargo and distance• IMO / CO2 index:
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
∑= cedismassocworkTransport tan*_arg_
workTransportCOmassEmittedIMO INDEX _
__ 2=
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Overall ESI formula
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
( )2___*21.3
1 CORRSOESINOESIESI xx ++=
Features:• Integrated approach NOx, SOx (includes secondary PM) and CO2
• Balanced for emissions at sea (high sea and ECA) and berth
• Engine certification data (EIAPP-certificate) and allowed and used fuel sulphur contents as baselines for individual ships
• Range 0 (meets current average performance and no CO2 registration) to 100(no NOx and SOx emissions and adequate CO2 reporting)
• Continuous scale
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Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
ESIadministration Ship
Classificationsociety
Port
Ship applies for ESI
Insp
ects
repor
ts E
SI
Set c
riter
ia
PortPortPort
PortPort
ESI admin assigns ESI
ESI organisation and verification
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Next steps• Establish the baselines
(average NOx rating of current engines as function of engine power and average fuel sulphur content used inhigh seas and ECA’s and determine the weighing)
• Test the formula on a number of ships
• Further specify the ESI administration (e.g. ISO certified) and get the approval onthe ESI organisation
• All in close corporation with the relevant Stakeholders (see below)
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008
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Goals of the development of the ESI• Reliable index that on a worldwide scale is widely used to stimulate better
environmental performance of sea going shipping
• Ports, shippers and carriers that as a result together indirectly and directly effectively invest in cleaner engines and cleaner fuels
• Cleaner air and further awareness of the need for CO2 management
• A further development of ESI especially with a baseline CO2 index
• Leading not only to cleaner but also to more energy efficient and climatefriendly shipping
Proposal for an Environmental Ship Index, World Ports Climate Initiative Meeting in Los Angeles, November 23 – 25, 2008