population theories
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction of Introduction of StudentStudent Submitted By : Muhammad AfzalMuhammad Afzal
Roll # 30 Submitted To: Sir Zahid Mehmood MS.c Anthropology MS.c Anthropology
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan…!Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan…!
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Population growth andMALTHUS theory
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population
• A population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species which live in the same geographical area and have the capability of interbreeding
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Thomas Malthus
• The world population in 1798 was at nine million people. We have now passed the seven billion mark.
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The Core Principles of Malthus:
¤ Food is necessary for human existence
¤ Human population tends to grow faster than the power in the earth to produce subsistence
¤ The effects of these two unequal powers must be kept equal
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Malthus recognised that population grows at a geometric or exponential rate…
1 2 4 8 16 32 However, food only increases at an
arithmetic or linear rate…1 2 3 4 5 6
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and therefore he said….
War, famine, disease.
Malthusian Catastrophe
TIME
food population
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CHECKS
Malthus suggested that once this ceiling (catastrophe) had been reached, further growth in population would be prevented.
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1. Negative checks (decreased birth rate)….
• abstinence/ postponement of marriage which lowered the fertility rate.
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2. Positive checks (increased death rate)
• events such as famine, disease, war - increasing the mortality rate and reducing life expectancy.
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'J' Curve - Population Crash Model
What goes up, must come down. When population exceeds carrying capacity, population increase crashes.
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Was Malthus right?
• There has been a population explosion• Africa – repeated famines, wars, food
crisis, environmental degradation, soil erosion, crop failure and disastrous floods – so was he right?
Neo-Malthusians think so...
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They say, he didn’t have all the info…..
• Technological improvements which he could not have foreseen
• The increased amount of cropland due to irrigation
• Reduced population growth as countries move through the DTM; cultural decision not to have children
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The Club of Rome
• Group of industrialists, scientists, economists and statesmen from 10 countries
• Published ‘The Limits to Growth’ in 1972
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Esther Boserup 1965
• Opposite to Malthus • Boserup believed that people have the
resources of knowledge and technology to increase food supplies.
Yummy, food is
everywhere!
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i.e…..
• Demographic pressure (population density) promotes innovation and higher productivity in use of land (irrigation, weeding, crop intensification, better seeds) and labor (tools, better techniques).
• Green Revolution
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Was she right?
Boserup argued that the changes in technology allow for improved crop strains and increased yields.
• GM crops• ‘Green revolution’
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But….• Boserup admits overpopulation can lead to
unsuitable farming practices which may degrade the land
• population pressure as one of the reasons for desertification in the Sahal region (so fragile environments at risk)
• Potential consequences of Green Revolution
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THE END