pontoon bridge

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Pontoon bridge

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about temporary or permanent floating bridges. For the boat, see pontoon boat.Pontoon bridge

U.S. Army troops cross the Rhine on a heay pontoon bridge, !arch, "#$%&"'

Carries Pedestrian, automobile, truck

Span range Short to long

Material(arious) steel, concrete, boats, barrels, plastic floats, appropriate deckingmaterial

Movable *enerally not, but may hae moable sections for +atercraft passage

Design effort lo+

Falsework required o

A pontoon bridge -or ponton bridge, also kno+n as a floating bridge, uses floats or shallo+/draft boats to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and ehicle trael. The buoyancy of the supportslimits the ma0imum load they can carry.

!ost pontoon bridges are temporary, used in +artime and ciil emergencies. Permanent floating bridges are useful for sheltered +ater/crossings +here it is not considered economically feasible tosuspend a bridge from anchored piers. Such bridges can re1uire a section that is eleated, or can beraised or remoed, to allo+ +aterborne traffic to pass.

Pontoon bridges hae been in use since ancient times and hae been used to great adantage in many battles throughout history, among them the 2attle of *arigliano, the 2attle of 3udenarde, the crossingof the Rhine during World War 44, and during the 4ran54ra1 War 3peration 6a+n 7.

Contents

• " 6efinition • "." 8tymology

• 9 6esign • : ;istoric uses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falseworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_(nautical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano_(1503)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano_(1503)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oudenardehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Definitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Etymologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Historic_useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_crossing_the_Rhine_on_heavy_ponton_bridge_at_Worms,_March,_1945.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falseworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_(nautical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano_(1503)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oudenardehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Definitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Etymologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Historic_useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_boat


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• :." Ancient ugosla +ars • %.9 4nasion of 4ra1 • %.: Rail+ay pontoon bridge

• ? Failures and disasters • @ See also •

7 otes • # References • "= 80ternal links

Definition

A pontoon bridge is a collection of specialied, shallo+ draft boats or floats, connected together tocross a rier or canal, +ith a track or deck attached on top. The +ater buoyancy supports the boats,limiting the ma0imum load to the total and point buoyancy of the pontoons or boats.&9' The supporting boats or floats can be open or closed, temporary or permanent in installation, and made of rubber,metal, +ood, or concrete. The decking may be temporary or permanent, and constructed out of +ood,

modular metal, or asphalt or concrete oer a metal frame.

Etymology

The spelling BpontonB in 8nglish dates from at least "7@=.&:' The use continued in references found inU.S. patents during the "7#=s.&$' &%' &?' 4t continued to be spelled in that fashion through World War 44,&@' +hen temporary floating bridges +ere used e0tensiely throughout the 8uropean theatre. U.S.combat engineers commonly pronounced the +ord BpontonB rather than BpontoonB and U.S. militarymanuals spelled it using a single CoC.&7' The original +ord +as deried from 3ld French ponton, fromDatin ponto -BferryboatB, from pons -BbridgeB.'

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Ancient_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Greco-Roman_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Early_modern_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Early_20th_Centuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#United_States_of_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Britainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Galleryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Modern_military_useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Yugoslav_warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Yugoslav_warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Invasion_of_Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Railway_pontoon_bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Failures_and_disastershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Noteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_(nautical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-anderson-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Ancient_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Greco-Roman_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Early_modern_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Early_20th_Centuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#United_States_of_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Britainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Galleryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Modern_military_useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Yugoslav_warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Invasion_of_Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Railway_pontoon_bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Failures_and_disastershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Noteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_(nautical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-anderson-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-9


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Design

Span bet+een Russellille and 6ardanelle, Arkansas, at the time the longest pontoon bridge in the+orld.&citation needed ' -Photo c. "#":5"#9?

The 2ergsEysund 2ridge uses concrete pontoons

When designing a pontoon bridge, the ciil engineer must take into consideration the ArchimedesC principle looking at the ma0imum amount of load that it is intended to support. 8ach pontoon cansupport a load e1ual to the mass of the +ater that it displaces, but this load also includes the mass of the bridge itself. 4f the ma0imum load of a bridge section is e0ceeded, one or more pontoons becomesubmerged and +ill proceed to sink. The road+ay across the pontoons must also be able to support the

load, yet be light enough not to limit their carrying capacity.&"='Surey to determine the best location. The connection to shore often causes problems, re1uiring thedesign of approaches&""' that are not too steep, keep the bank from crumbling and +hen tidal, can beused at all states of the tide.

Floating bridges +ere typically constructed using +ood. Such a +ooden floating bridge could be builtin a series of sections, starting from an anchored point on the shore. Pontoons +ere formed using boatsseeral barrels lashed together rafts of timbers, or some combination of these. 8ach bridge sectionconsisted of one or more pontoons, +hich +ere maneuered into position and then anchored, usingunder+ater, land based andGor oerhead anchors. These pontoons +ere then linked together using+ooden stringers called balks. The balks +ere then coered by a series of cross planks called chesses toform a road surface,&"9' and the chesses +ere held in place +ith side guard rails. !ore modern pontoons use pre/fabricated floating structures&":'

The e0pected life of a pontoon bridge is normally short, from a fe+ hours, to +eeks or months, and thedesign has to take account of the e0pected life. Some bridges hae been designed and suried muchlonger. 4n ;obart a long pontoon bridge built in "#$: +as only replaced after 9" years. &"$' The fourth*alata 2ridge that spans the *olden ;orn in 4stanbul, Turkey +as built in "#"9 and operated for 7=years.

Precautions are needed to protect a pontoon bridge from becoming damaged. The bridge can bedislodged or inundated +heneer the load limit of the bridge is e0ceeded. A pontoon bridge can also

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes'_principlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes'_principlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(fluid)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(fluid)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringer_(aircraft)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_railhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_railhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galata_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hornhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bergs%C3%B8ysundbrua.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_longest_pontoon_bridge_in_the_world,_spanning_Russellville_and_Dardanelle,_Arkansas._-_NARA_-_516537.tifhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes'_principlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes'_principlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(fluid)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringer_(aircraft)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_railhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galata_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hornhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey


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-transersely across them, +hich is Hust the same as the pontoon bridge of today. Tu >ualso thought this. ...


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four of the papyrus ropes. The thickness and beauty of make +as the same for both, but thefla0en ropes +ere heaier in proportion, and of this rope a cubit +eighed one talent. Whenthe passage +as bridged oer, they sa+ed up logs of +ood, and making them e1ual inlength to the breadth of the bridge they laid them aboe the stretched ropes, and haing setthem thus in order they again fastened them aboe. When this +as done, they carried on brush+ood, and haing set the brush+ood also in place, they carried on to it earth and

+hen they had stamped do+n the earth firmly, they built a barrier along on each side, sothat the baggage/animals and horses might not be frightened by looking out oer the sea.&"7'

A relief of a Roman bridge of boats by


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permanent bridges.&9=' According to the chronicles, the earliest floating bridge across the 6nieperRier in the area +as built in the """%. 4t +as located near (yshhorod, Kie.

To+ards the end of the medieal period, pontoon bridges became once again a standard part of militaryengineering -e.g. 2attle of


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present significant obstacles.&9"' The early modern period in pontoon use +as dominated by the +arsof the "7th and "#th centuries during +hich the art and science of pontoon bridging barely changed.This ho+eer did not stop all innoation, in "@=7 a S+edish army used a leather pontoon bridge tocross a rier before the 2attle of ;olo+cyn

6uring the Peninsular War the 2ritish army transported Btin pontoonsB&99'):%: that +ere light+eightand could be 1uickly turned into a floating bridge.

Dt


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The First World War sa+ deelopments on BtrestlesB to form the link bet+een a rier bank and the pontoon bridge. Some infantry bridges in WW" used any material aailable, including petrol cans asfloatation deices.&9:'

The Kapok Assault 2ridge for infantry +as deeloped for the 2ritish Army, using kapok filled canasfloat and timber foot +alks. America created their o+n ersion.&9:'

Folding 2oat 81uipment +as deeloped in "#97 and +ent through seeral ersions until it +as used inWW9 to compliment the 2ailey Pontoon. 4t had a continuous canas hinge and could fold flat forstorage and transportation. When assembled it could carry "% men and +ith t+o boats and someadditional toppings it could transport a :/ton truck. Further upgrades during WW9 resulted in it moingto a


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of $ inches -"== mm thick ply+ood could carry up to := short tons -9@ t. The +ider, heaier tanksused the outside steel tread+ay +hile the narro+er, lighter Heeps and trucks droe across the bridge+ith one +heel in the steel tread+ay and the other on the ply+ood.&:"' &:9'

American 8ngineer Tread+ay 2ridge


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A tread+ay bridge could be built of floating spans or fi0ed spans.&:7' An !9 tread+ay bridge +asdesigned to carry artillery, heay duty trucks, and medium tanks up to $= short tons -:? t.&:=' Thiscould be of any length, and +as +hat +as used oer maHor rier obstacles such as the Rhine and!oselle. 6octrine stated that it +ould take % "G9 hours to place a :?9/foot section of !9 tread+ayduring daylight and @ "G9 hours at night. Pergrin says that in practise %= ftGhour of tread+ayconstruction +as e0pected, +hich is a little slo+er than the speed specified by doctrine.&:#'

2y "#$:, combat engineers faced the need for bridges to bear +eights of :% tons or more. To increase+eight bearing capacity, they used bigger floats to add buoyancy. This oercame the capacitylimitation, but the larger floats +ere both more difficult to transport to the crossing site and re1uiringmore and larger trucks in the diisional and corps trains.&$='

*ritain

A Whale floating road+ay leading to a Spud pier at !ulberry A off 3maha 2each

The Kite Anchor monument uneiled on ? Lune 9==# in Arromanches to the memory of Allan 2eckett

6onald 2ailey inented the 2ailey 2ridge, +hich +as made up of modular, pre/fabricated steel trussescapable of carrying up to $= short tons -:? t oer spans up to "7= feet -%% m. While typicallyconstructed point/to/point oer piers, they could be supported by pontoons as +ell.&:#'

The 2ailey 2ridge +as used for the first time in "#$9. The first ersion put into serice +as a 2aileyPontoon and Raft +ith a := feet -#." m single/single 2ailey bay supported on t+o pontoons. A keyfeature of the 2ailey Pontoon +as the use of a single span from the bank to the bridge leel +hicheliminated the need for bridge trestles.&9:'

For lighter ehicle bridges the Folding 2oat 81uipment could be used and the Kapok Assault 2ridge+as aailable for infantry.&9:'

An open sea type of pontoon, another 2ritish +ar time inention, kno+n by their code names, the!ulberry harbours floated across the 8nglish


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+hich ships +ere unloaded each consisted of a pontoon +ith four legs that rested on the sea bed toanchor the pontoon, yet allo+ed it to float up and do+n freely +ith the tide. B2eetlesB +ere pontoonsthat supported the BWhaleB piers. They +ere moored in position using +ires attached to BKiteB anchors+hich +ere also designed by Allan 2eckett. These anchors had a high holding po+er &$"' as +asdemonstrated in 6O": ormandy storm +here the 2ritish !ulberry suried most of the storm damage+hereas the American !ulberry, +hich only had 9= of its Kite Anchors deployed, +as destroyed.

Soviet )nion

Amongst other pontoon bridges designed by the Soiet Union during World War 44. The P!P Floating2ridge design enables for a 1uick assembly of its parts.&$9' 4t has a carrying capacity of ?= tons.&$9'

"allery

• Pontoon bridges during World War 44

•

Smaller, lighter pneumatic pontons piggy/backed upon large aluminum heay pontons forcombined transport

•

Pneumatic pontons support a tread+ay bridge

•

Pneumatic pontons being carried by heay ?Q? transports

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Becketthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-SGF-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-SGF-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-SGF-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6%C3%976https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inflatable_pontons_headed_for_the_Danube_in_Germany,_April_1945.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3rd_Armored_Division_vehicles_cross_the_Seine_River.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heavy_and_pneumatic_pontons_loaded_for_transport_to_Remagen.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Becketthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-SGF-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#cite_note-SGF-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6%C3%976


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•

;eay ponton bridge supported by large aluminum pontons

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Tread+ay bridge atop pneumatic pontons

•

4nfantry support bridge supported by light aluminum pontoons

•

Tread+ay being installed using truck mounted crane

•

4nfantry footbridge supported by pontons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Footbridge_on_the_Roer.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge-construction-korea.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infantry_support_bridge_over_Saar_River_erected_by_289th_Engineers_at_Volklingen.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engineers_bridging_the_wide_but_placid_Po.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhine_River_pontoon_bridge_wwii.png


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•

Tread+ay style infantry support bridge built on light aluminum pontons

•

!9 Tread+ay bridge supported by pneumatic floats

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2ritish troops crossing the Seine at (ernon, France on 97 August "#$$

•

;eay ponton bridge

•

2ailey 2ridge supported by pontons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bailey_Bridge_over_the_River_Maas.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pontonbruecke.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B9743.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M2_Treadway_Bridge_on_the_Rhine_at_Boppard_near_Koblenz,_Germany,_March_1945.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infantry_support_bridge_built_by_549th_Light_Ponton_Company.jpg


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•

*erman engineers building a pontoon bridge across the Prut Rier during the adance to+ardsUman, "#$"

Modern military uses

Pontoon bridges +ere e0tensiely used by both the armies and ciilians throughout the first half of the9=th century and both World Wars. The longest military pontoon bridge eer constructed across a rier+as built in "##% by the %=9nd and :7th 8ngineer


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into 4ra1 on 9= !arch 9==:.

$ailway pontoon bridge

Russia has deeloped a reolutionary railroad pontoon bridge the !DJh(T, that can also be used as aroad bridge.&$?' &$@'

Failures and disasters

The Saint 4saacCs 2ridge across ea rier in St.Petersburg suffered t+o disasters, one natural, a gale in"@::, and then a fire in "#"?.

Floating bridges can be ulnerable to inclement +eather, especially strong +inds. The U.S. state ofWashington is home to some of the longest permanent floating bridges in the +orld, and t+o of thesefailed in part due to strong +inds.&$7'

4n "#@#, the longest floating bridge crossing salt +ater, the ;ood


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,otes

".

• 2eck, Alfred !., et al, The Corps of Engineers The !ar "gainst #er$an%,


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• &!hat The% Did Building Bridges and Roads& , !! 77 :00th Co$bat Engineers, Retrie-ed .

Dece$ber /012, • Beck6 "lfred M, >Dec :16 1;4=?, The Corps of Engineers9The Technical Ser-ices The !ar

"gainst #er$an% >'nited States "r$% in !orld !ar 77?, Center for Militar% Histor%, p, /;:, 7SB/002?, Battle Bridges Co$bat Ri-er Crossings !orld !ar 77 , ictoria6 B,C,

Trafford, 7SB*ebruar% /;6 /01/?, &!ashington *loating bridge capitol of the orld& ,

Seattle Post97ntelligencer , Retrie-ed Jul% /:6 /01=, $#.&Pontoon Bridges& ,

$eferences

• 2rook, Timothy. -"##7. The Confusions of Pleasure Co$$erce and Culture in Ming China.2erkeley) Uniersity of


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World War T+o article +ith rare photos of setting up of a pontoon bridge• !ilson6 Ja$es Harrison >145;?, & Bridge6 Militar%&, The "$erican C%clopdia,

pontoon bridge

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