pomegranate biology
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Pomegranate Biology Maxwell Norton
UC Cooperative Extension
Some slides from Jeff Moersfelder USDA-ARS
& Fruit Nut Research & Extension Center
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Punica granatum L.
Native to Iran and India
Grown throughout dry Mediterranean regions
Like hot, dry summers
Can be damaged by very cold temperatures
Rootstocks not commonly used
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Drought-tolerant but irrigation needed for good
yields and sizes – amount similar to citrus
More tolerant than most fruit crops to saline or
sodic soils, but they are more difficult to manage
Research suggests salinity tolerance due
to tolerance of tissues to salt, instead of
ability to exclude salt from its tissues.
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Wonderful week 1
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Wonderful week 1
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Wonderful week 2
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Wonderful week 3
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Monoecious Male and hermaphrodite “female” flowers
Borne terminally or laterally
One to several flowers/ twig
One terminally, other laterally
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Flowers mostly on tips of new growth
coming out of last year’s growth.
Some cultivars flower on spurs
Flowers are single or in clusters
Can bloom from early May into Fall
Most from mid May thru June
Flowers in late summer are fertile but fruit
will not mature
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Male and Hermaphrodite Flowers
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Stigma receptivity is only 2-3 days
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Some cultivars may develop an intermediate type -
seldom fruitful, or only develops defective fruit
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Can:
Self-pollinate
Cross pollinate from another flower
Cross-pollinate from another tree
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Do added bees increase set?
Don’t know for sure
Probably increasing the cross pollination from another tree
Bees will work pomegranate flowers
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All of the male flowers and any un-fertilized
female flowers will naturally drop after bloom.
This is not cause for alarm.
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Seed is surrounded by a fleshy receptacle called an aril
Depending on cultivar:
Seeds can be soft or hard; vary in color, vary in juice content
“Seedless” cv. have seeds that are very soft
Principle acids are malic and citric
Maturity standards set by packer or processor
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Fruit ripen 6-7 months after flowering
Most difference in harvest dates among cv is due to time
from flowering to ripening, not due to difference in
flowering date.
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Common to pick 1-3X for fresh and third for juice
Or wait and pick 1-2X for juice
Some experimenting with mech harvesting for juice
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Splitting is the last stage of normal ripening
At least partly genetically controlled
Early splitting worsened by a rain near end of a
dry period
Research has looked at gibb sprays and increasing
Boron to reduce split (CA soils may already be high)
Too little or excess irrigation can cause splitting (Turkey)
May be reduced by maintaining even moisture (drip)
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Pomegranates have a relatively short juvenile period
compared to other tree fruits and nuts
Low vigor site: may want to limit cropping first and
second years and put energy into root system.
First year fruits may be smaller
Fruit on young trees tends to mature later
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Natural tendency is to grow as a bush with many shoots from crown area
We adapt them to a variety of training systems
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4-5 multiple trunks
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4-5 multiple trunks
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Long trunk similar to a nut tree
2-4 scaffolds
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Short trunk similar to a fruit tree
3-5 scaffolds
Common in Israel
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Trained flat using training wire(s) to accommodate mechanization
2-3 trunks from ground
Or 1 Short trunk branching higher
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Hand-thinning may be needed in some cases for
fresh market
Does it pay?
Practiced in Israel to get larger and more uniform fruit
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More information:
ucanr.org/sites/pomegranates
FruitsAndNuts.ucdavis.edu
>Fruit & Nut Information >Pomegranates