Pollution & Solutions

Water Pollution

• Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water.– The two main underlying causes of water

pollution are industrialization and rapid human population growth.

Water Pollution• Despite progress in cleaning up many polluted

water supplies, some water is still dangerously polluted in the US and other countries.

• In developing countries the major cause of pollution is not industry, but often the only water available for drinking is polluted with sewage and agricultural runoff.

• To prevent water pollution, people must understand where pollutants come from– Water pollutions comes from two types of sources:

point and nonpoint sources.

Point-Source Pollution

• Pollution discharged from a single source:– A Factory– Leaking septic-tank systems– Unlined landfills– Leaking underground storage tanks that contain

chemicals or fuels– Polluted water from abandoned and active mines– Public and Industrial wastewater treatment plants

Nonpoint-Source Pollution

• Comes from many different sources that are often difficult to identify:– Chemicals added to road surfaces (salt & other de-

icing agents)– Water runoff from city and suburban streets that

may contain oil, gasoline, animal feces, and trash)– Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer from

residential lawns, golf courses, and farmland– Precipitation containing air pollutants

Point vs. Nonpoint Sources of pollution:Which one is harder to regulate and control?

• Nonpoint pollutants are extremely difficult to regulate and control because they come from many different sources and are difficult to trace– The accumulation of small amounts of pollution

from many sources is a major pollution problem– 96% of the polluted bodies of water in the US were contaminated by nonpoint sources.

More Than Just Bad Drinking Water

• Biomagnification is the accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain– Primary consumers take in small amounts of pollution– Secondary consumers feed on numerous primary

consumers, thus accumulating all of the pollutants from each primary consumer

– Biomagnification has alarming consequences for organisms at the top of the food chain

– What organism is at the top of most food chains?

Biomagnification

1. Soil tainted with pesticides washes into a river system where it enters the bodies of zooplankton

DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm

Biomagnification

1. Soil tainted with pesticides washes into a river system where it enters the bodies of zooplankton

2. A hundred of these small organisms are eaten by one small fish

DDT in zooplankton: 0.04 ppm DDT in small fish: 0.5 ppm

Biomagnification

1. Soil tainted with pesticides washes into a river system where it enters the bodies of zooplankton

2. A hundred of these small organisms are eaten by one small fish

3. A hundred of these small fish are eaten by one large fish

DDT in zooplankton: 0.04 ppm DDT in small fish: 0.5 ppm

DDT in large fish: 2 ppm

Biomagnification

1. Soil tainted with pesticides washes into a river system where it enters the bodies of zooplankton

2. A hundred of these small organisms are eaten by one small fish

3. A hundred of these small fish are eaten by one large fish

4. A predatory bird eats 10 large fish

DDT in zooplankton: 0.04 ppm DDT in small fish: 0.5 ppm

DDT in large fish: 2 ppmDDT in eagle: 25 ppm

Each organism stores the pesticide in its tissues, so at each step along the food chain, the amount of the pesticide passed on to the next organism increases.

Preventing Pollution

• Controlling pollution greatly depends on public awareness of the effects of activities such as spraying lawn chemicals and improper disposal of household wastes

• Many Federal Laws are designed to improve water quality– Clean Water Act of 1972– Oil Pollution Act of 1990

With freshwater pollution and shortages, why don’t we just turn seawater into safe drinking water?

Desalination

• Desalination is the process of removing salt from salt water.– Seawater desalination facilities are already vital in

many arid areas of the world, but many of these desalination plants have been overly expensive, poorly designed, or inaccurately promoted.

Advantages of Desalination

• Supply of water is very reliable• Potential to produce high-quality water• May provide a solution to current and future

political and economic conflicts concerning control of available water

Disadvantages of Desalination

• Desalination is substantially more expensive than most other water supply and demand management options, and future costs may actually increase rather than decrease.

• It is an energy-intensive process, and is more sensitive to changes in energy prices than other sources of water.

• Desalination has significant environmental impacts just like any other major industrial process.

What Now?

• The potential benefits of ocean desalination are great for human needs, but the economic, cultural, and environmental costs of worldwide commercialization remain high.

• The best thing you can do, as an individual, is to conserve water in your everyday life.

What can you do to conserve water?

• Take shorter showers and avoid taking baths unless you keep the water level low

• Install a low-flow shower head

• Install a low flow toilet, or simply place a water-filled bottle inside your toilet tank to reduce the water used for each flush.

• Do not let the water run while you brush your teeth.

• Fill up the sink instead of letting it run while shaving, or washing dishes, etc.

• Wash only full loads in your dishwasher and washing machine.

• Water your lawn sparingly

http://jeopardylabs.com/play/water276