pollen typical of submontane forest zone mount ... · that existed during pleistocene age...

Winantris et al/ICG 2015

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Pollen Typical of Submontane Forest Zone Mount BukittunggulBandung - West Java

Winantris1; Lili Fauzielly1, Zamzam AJ Tanuwijaya2

1 Departement of Geology, Padjadjaran University2Department of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering, ITB

E:Mail:[email protected]

Abstract

Recent pollen from Bukittunggul Mountain, Bandung, Indonesia is examined from elevation range 1500-2209m. Theaim of this work is to detailed analysis of pollen composition were deposited in the sub montane forest zone.Systematically sampling with interval 50m was used for taking soil surface sample. Procedure of pollen extraction toseparate pollen from others material used acid method. Pollen assemblages were identified by transmission lightmicroscopes, at 400x until 1000x magnification. This study revealed different vertical variation in pollen characteristic.Podocarpaceae is an important element in lower montane forest zone-I, and Ericaceae is a particular element inlower montane forest-II. Lower montane forest zona-I is characterized by Podocarpus neriifolius, Biden pilosa andSiegebeckia orientalis. Lower montane forest zone-II is characterized by Arundinella setosa, Euphorbia, Podocarpusneriifolius and specifically by Ericaceae. The species composition of pollen at these zone show similarity with structureof forest vegetation especially lower mountain forest. The pollen that deposited at soil surface in this area came fromlocal vegetationKey world: Bandung, Bukittunggul, pollen typical

Introduction

Bukittunggul volcano is located in north part ofBandung This mount is remnant of the ancientMount Sunda. The plinian eruption caused collapsethe caldera of Mount Sunda which became theprecursor of Bukittunggul volcano. Sunda Volcano,that existed during Pleistocene age (Wikipedia,2015). Bukitittunggul is the highest peak of theMountains in that that area which reaches about2209 m that located around Lembang. (Fig 1.).

At least there are four land functions whichcan be used in Bukittunggul area from bottom to topas follow:

Agriculture, tea garden, forest industryparticularly Pinnus and natural forest. The naturalforest occupies the top of mountain. This researchwas done in natural forest which included in lowermontane forest zone, that location at 1500-2209 maltitude. Pollen of that zone was very attractive toinvestigate, because the forest condition was reallynatural. Research focused on knowing diversity andtypical pollen of lower montane forest zone that wasvaluable as an indicator of climate changes. The

classification of vegetation zone refer to Stuijts(1993), especially flora in west Java province (Table1).

Table 1.Vegetation zone in West Java (Stuijts 1993)Vegetation Zone CharacteristicSubalpine/Ericoid Scurb3000-3600 m

This zone is characterized bydrawft tree from ericoid forest,rushes, sedges and herb

Upper Montane/Ericoid Forest

2400-3000 m

Scrub, dominated by Ericaceae.Some arboreal species:Rapanea,Polyosma, Eurya,Ericaceae andMyrica

Lower MontaneForest II1800-2400 m

Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Podocarpus,neriifolius are abundant. The forestis less diverse than lower montaneforest II

Lower MontaneForest I1400- 1800m

Very rich ground flora, canopy isdominated by Fagaceae i.e:Castanopsis and Quercus bisedes it

Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Podocarpusneriifolius are emergents in this zone

Submontaneforest1000-1400 m

Alitingia exelsa become largeemergents tree. Arenga pinnataregularly found in this zone.Celtisis common in submontane forest


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Study Area

Physically research area stands in QuaternaryVolcano Zone, northern Bandung Basin(Brahmantyo, 2005).Physiography of MountBukittunggul included in Bandung Zone. This zoneis a depression zone which laid between east andwest mountains. Bandung zone represents the topand northern flank of the geanticline of Java and hasbroken down after or during its arching up at the endof the Tertiary (Bemmelen,1949). Study areacomposed of tuff, lava tongue, alternating volcanicbrecciaandlava (Silitonga,1973).

The tuff which formed Mount Bukittungul consistsof volcanic material that had produced by theactivity of Tangkuban Perahu volcano. Producteruption of it spread to Mount Burangrang, MountCanggak, Dago hills until Maribaya. The volcanicmatter had caused the soil to become fertile

Material and Methodology

The material of research was the soil surface.The moist of soil condition, friable, dark brown,there are very fine roots and leaf remnant. The soilwas decaying product of volcanic breccia.

Procedure of sampling was vertically followmount altitude with 50 m intervals. Fifteen sampleshave been taken from top area Mount Bukittunggul(Table 2).Sample preparation for the palynologicalanalysis that was done using acid treatment method,a constant weight of each sample is 10 gr.Twosamples among its barren.

Pollen identification used light binocularmicroscope under high magnification x100, 400xand 1000x, depend on pollen size, pollenobservation used LO analysis method. To get aclear pollen morphology the picture was taken undermagnification 1000x. All pollens in slide werecounted for getting level of richness in each sample.

Ratio Podocarpaceae to Ericaceae was neededto know the fluctuations of both pollens verticallywhich relates to altitude. Podocarpaceae pollen wasgenerally a marker of montane forest zone-I, andEricaceae a marker montaneforest zone-II, so that

the ratio of both pollens is very important forreconstructing the paleoclimate.

Table 2. Samples coordinate

Sample Latitude

(ºS)

Longitude

(º E )

Elevation

(m)

1 6º48'39.8'' 107º43'43.6'' 2209

2 06º 48’ 41,7” 107º 43’ 31,7” 2200

3 06º48’ 43,6” 107o 43’ 29,2” 2150

4 06o 48’ 45,6” 107o 43’ 26,7” 2100

5 06º 48’ 48” 107º 43’ 24,3” 2050

6 06º 48’ 51,0” 107º 43’ 22,9” 2000

7 06º 48’ 52” 107º 43’ 20,4” 1950

8 06º48’ 54,2” 107º 43’ 19,1” 1900

9 06º 48’ 56,7” 107º 43’ 17,1” 1850

10 06º 49’ 0,4” 107º 43’ 14,3” 1800

11 06º 49’ 6,8” 107º 43’ 7,9” 1750

12 06º 49’ 7,7” 107º 43’ 0,6” 1700

13 06º 49’ 42” 107º 42’ 49,8” 1550

14 06º 49’ 17,6” 107º 42’ 35,5” 1450

15 06º 49’ 5” 107º 42’ 43,4” 1400

Result and discussion

1. Vegetation submontane forest zone-I

Samples of this zone was taken from an altitude1500-1800 masl. 24 taxa could be identified. In thisarea (Fig.1)., that consist of 5 families gymnospermand 35 families angiosperm.

Podocarpusneriifolius is a gymnosperm whichdominates in this zone, and followed byBidenspilosa,Siegebeckiaorientalis,Epipremnumpinnatum,Wedeliabiflora.Podocarpusneriifolius pollen that was spread evenlyover the surface, which was approved by founded ofit in the all sample. Other species found in this zonewasPodocarpus spicatus and Podocarpusdacrydioides. Podocarpus was a Gondwana element


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thatwas the fisrt apperance in Sunda region atmiddle/upper Eocene as collision product of Indianand Asian plate( Morley.1998). Podocarps aretypically infrequent components of lowland andlower montane tropical forests, but maystronglydominate in upper montane forests, alpineshrublands, andsome swamp forest associations atboth low and high elevations (Enright and Jaffré,2010).The Existence of Podocarpus in this zone wasconformable to fact in West Java vegetation thatwas presented by Stuijts (1993), thatPodocarpusneriifolius is typically of submontaneforest-I. Besides it Juniperus,Chamaecyparisformosensis and Thuja orientalis areimportance pollen that characterize this zone.

Ericaceae pollen was the element of submontaneforest-II, that pollenwas very few found in this area,it was only found once at sample of 1800 masl, itapproximately coincides with the zone boundaries.Vaccinium istaxon ofEricaeae which found at thiszone could be derived from the above zone. Theresult of calculation diversity index Shannon-Wiever (H') was low, only around 0,603-0,855,thisvalue did not include fern and mosses.

2.Vegetation submontane forest zone-II

Seventy-one taxa was found from this zone thatwas taken at an altitude 1800-2209 masl (Fig. 3).Arundinella setosais was the dominant species inthis zone of Poaceae family. This speciesincreasedsignificantly from previous zone, andspread evenly over this zone which indicated allsamples which can be found.The Enhancement ofArundinella setosais thereflection of micro climatein this zone particualy temparature and humiditythat indicates colder and arid than submontanezone-I, that condition has something to do with thecharacteristics of their habitat at an altitude of 1800-2600 masl which is dry and cold.Contrary to Bidenpilosa, this species decreases dramatically, ascosmopolitan herb it requires moist and hotatmosphere, so that this zone is unfavorableconditions for growing.

Podocarpus neriifolius significanly decreases whilesimultaneously increases of Rododendron andVaccinium taxon of Ericaceae family ( Fig. 3).Those pollens are important element submontane

forest-II, which characterize that zone. TheEricaceae pollens is found first times at altitude1800 masl, gradually the increase began 1900 masland reach maximum at the top mount at an altitude2209 msal. From graphic Ratio of Podocarpaceae toEricaceae shows that at an altitude 1800-1900 maslis a transition zone from submontane forest-I tosubmonante forest-II, the place where occurredthedecline of pollen Podocarpaceae quantity andincrease Ericaceae pollen.

The value of ratio Podocarpaceae to Ericaceaeillustrate that at an altitude 1800-1900 masl is atransition zone from submontane forest-I tosubmonante forest-II, that position is the placewhere occurred the decline of pollen Podocarpaceaequantity and increase Ericaceae which accordancewith an increase altitude (Fig.5).

Conclusion

Pollens which were found in Bukittunggul area withhigh altitude 1800-1900 masl came from localplant. Those species grew naturally on submontaneforest zone.

The species variety of pollen that was found inmontane zone fores-I and II were different.Submontane forest-Iare dominated by Podocarpusneriifolius, Bidens pilosa, Siegebeckia orientalis,Epipremnum pinnatum. Submontane forest-IIisdominated by Arundinella setosa, Euphorbia,Podocarpus neriifolius, Antidesma bunius.

In the transition zone between submontaneforest-I to submontane forest-II was characterize bythe increase of Ericaceae pollen and the decrease ofPodocarpaceae pollen.Rhododendron, Vacciniumwere Ericaceae that was a typical of submontaneforest-II.

Acknowledgments

Thank you Silmi Avina and the entire crewBukittunggul field for your support in this study.


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References

Bartsra, G.J., and Casparie, W.A. 1993. Late Pleistocene AndHolocene Vegetation Of West Java, Indonesia. Balkema:Rotterdam.

Bemmelen, van, R.W., 1949, The Geology of Indonesia,Martinus Nyhoff, The Haque, Nederland.

Brahmantyo. B., 2005. Gologi Cekungan Bandung,Departemen Teknik Geologi, ITB

Enright and Jaffré, 2010. Ecology and Distribution of the

Malesian Podocarps. Smithsonian contributions to Botan,no 95

Erdrtman, G., 1966. An Introduction To Pollen Analysis. TheChronica Botanica Company, USA.

Faegri, K. and J. Iversen. 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis.Hafner Press, New York.

Huang, Tseng-chieng. 1972. Pollen of Taiwan. Departement ofBotany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Moore, P. D. and Webb, J. A., 1978. An Illustrated Guide toPollen Analysis. Hodden and Stoughton, London.

Morley, R. J., 1990. Short Course Introduction to PalynologyWith Empasis on Southeast Asia. Unpublished Report.

Morley,R.J.,1998. Playnological evidence for Tertiary plantdispersal in the SE Asian region in relation to plate tectonicand climate. Biogeography and geology evolution of SEAsia, PP.211-234,Backhyus Publishers, Leiden, TheNetherlands

Silitonga, P.H., 1973. Peta Geologi Lembar Bandung,Departemen Geologi ITB

Stuijts,.I.,1933. Late Pleistocene And Holocene Vegetation OfWest Java, Indonesia. Modern Quarternary Research inSoutheast Asia, Vol 12, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema


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Fig.1 Study area and sample location at Gunung Bukittunggul (Silmi, 2015)


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Fig.2 Pollen taxa of lower montane forest zone-I

0 20 40 60 80 100

Rhoeo discolorCyanotis sp

Eclipta postrataVaccinium sp

Quercus accuminatissimaHomalanthus fastuosus

Disporum shimadaiHeloniopsis umbellata

Rhodea watanabeiPassiflora violacea

Podocarpus dacrydioidesThuja orientalis

Tilia cordataTilia tomentosa

LoranthaceaeEmilia sonchifolia

Petasites formasanusAntidesma bunius

Digitaria microbachneEucalyptus globulus

SchisandraPinus merkusii

Arisaema consanguineumJuniperus

Borreria hispidaCastanopsis

Musa sapientumLiliaceae

Chamaecyparis formosensisHedychium spicatum

Cephalotaxus wilsonianaCirsium japanicumArundinella setosa

Smilax perfoliataPodocarpus spicatus

Wedelia bifloraEpipremnum pinnatumSiegebeckia orientalis

Bidens pilosaPodocarpus neriifolius


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Fig.3 Pollen taxa of lower montane lower forest zone-II

0 20 40 60 80 100

Achyranthes longifoliaAchyranthes rubrofusca

Pinella ternataCacalia subglabrataGynura formosana

Momordica charantiaRhyncospora chinensisGaultheria cumingianaCodiacum variegatum

Hernendia ovigeraScleria parvula

Cassia garambiensisSmilacina formosana

Aeginetia indicaPolygonum barbatum

Lysimachia fortuneiGordonia axillaris

Justicia procumbensAchyranthes bidentata

Goniothalamus amunyonCampanumoea lancifolia

Artemisia lactifloraCucurbitaceae

Juniperus spDrypetes hieranensis

Coridalis koidzumianaDerris laxiflora

Desmodium buergeriPodocarpus dacrydioides

Schizandra arisanensisTilia tomentosa

Trema cannabinaArisaema consanguineumCunninghania lanceolata

Floscopa scandensRicinus communis

Moghania lineataLiriope spicata

LiliaceaeRhodea watanabei

Tricyrtis formosanaPodocarpus imbricatus

Petasites formasanusCymbopogon tortilis

Crotalaria incanaDonax cannaeformis

Allophylus timorensisBidens pilosa

Calocedrus farmosanaLipocarpha senegalensis

Dendrobium moniliformeEntada koshunensis

Psidium guajavaGrewia rhombifoliaEucalyptus globulus

Smilax perfoliataCasuarina junghuhniana

Podocarpus spicatusThymelaeceae

Eustigma oblongifoliumVaccinium

Hedychium spicatumCastanopsis sp

Rhododendron spHomalanthus fastuosusSiegebeckia orientalis

Cassia glaucaAntidesma bunius

Podocarpus neriifoliusEuphorbia sp

Arundinella setosa


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Fig.4 Diversity index of pollen

Fig.5 Podocarpaceae VS EricaceaeThe graphic show alternation of quantity Podocarpaceae

as element lower montane forest-Ito Ericaceae element of lower montane forest-II

0.9580.619

0.8390.855

0.8850.647

0.6890.943

1.0481.102

1.0450.986

0.935

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

1500 m1700 m1750 m1800 m1850 m1900 m1950 m2000 m2050 m2100 m2150 m2200 m2232 m

INDEX H'

ELEVATION

0 20 40

1500 m

1700 m

1750 m

1800 m

1850 m

1900 m

1950 m

2000 m

2050 m

2100 m

2150 m

2200 m

2209 m

Quantity of Pollen

ELEVATION

Podocarpaceae

Ericaceae


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Fig.6. Pollen of Bukitunggul mountain1.Podocarpus neriifolius, this pollen dominant in lower montane forest-I 2. Gaultheria cumingiana one of Ericaceaewhic is typical pollen of lower montane forest zone-II 3. Loranthaceae. These picture taking under magnification

1000x

pollen typical of submontane forest zone mount ... · that existed during pleistocene age...

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