politics in india project

8/7/2019 politics in India Project

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CONTENTS

SL.NO. DESCRIPTION

1. Introduction

2. Applications of Solar Technology

3. Architecture and Urban Planning

4. Agriculture and Horticulture

5. Solar Lighting

6. Solar Thermal

7. Electrical Generation

8. Experimental Solar Power

9. Solar Chemicals

10. Solar Vehicles

11. Energy Storage Methods

12. Development, Deployment and Economics


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PROJECT ON POLLUTION IN INDIA

Submitted By : Submitted To :

SOURAV RANJAN MOHANTY PRASANT KUMAR DAS

BRANCH: ELECTRICAL LECT. IN ENGLISH

SECTION:C

ROLL NO: F1004102036


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is a bonafide record to the project work done

satisfactorily at Bhubaneswar Polytechnic by Mr. SOURAV RANJAN

MOHANTY in partial fulfillment of his 1st Semester examination. This report

has not been submitted for any other examination and does not form part of

any other course undergone by the candidate.

Name: SOURAV RANJAN MOHANTY Guided By:PRASANT KUMAR DAS

Signature: Signature :


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my sincere thanks to all who co-operated and assisted me for the

successful accomplishment of this project work.

I express my gratitude to our college for providing us me opportunity to

achieve my vision. I am also indebted to my course coordinator Mr. Prasant

Kumar Das for his valuable guidance and evaluation my project by giving

valuable suggestions.


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INDIVIDUAL PROJECT SCHEDULE

SL. NO. ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION PLANNED ACTUAL STATUS

DATE DATE

1. PROJECT PLANNING,

DONE

PROJECT SCHEDULING

2. MODULE DESIGN, MENU

DONE

& SCREEN DESIGN

3. DIVIDING THE APPLICATION DONE

IN TO MODULES

4. CODING TO CUSTOMIZE DONE

MODULE TEMPLATES

5. DESIGNING REPORTS DONE

6 6. TESTING & DEBUGGING DONE

7. FINAL INSPECTION(AUDITOR)


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henceforth a group of such account numbers will be put under a

section called ledger folio. A customer when deposits certain money

or wants to withdraw money the ledger folio with his account number

will be taken out and transactions are carried out.

DRAWBACKS OF PRESENT SYSTEM :

1. Requires a lot of manual and paper work .

2. Time consuming

3. May not be accurate.

4. Generation of reports would be difficult and would need

maintenance of additional files which would be redundant.

5. A lot of maintenance should be required to keep the records safe

from external damages.

ADVANTAGES OF BANK INFORMATION SYSTEM

a) Bank information system is a continuous process

involving day to day transactions .each time a transaction is made

all the necessary details are updated in their respective files

automatically.

b) Computations of various accounts savings, current and recurring will

be easier and faster.

c) Coordination is brought about between various departments as the

information is centralized.

d) Reliable information can be obtained unlike the manual system which

is prone to errors while recording and calculating.


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e) Paper work is reduced highly.

f) Reports can be generated as and when required.

g) Several transactions are executed within few minutes. So it

reduces the time consuming process. All types of transactions are

processed very fast.

CONFIGURATION

HARDWARE: INTEL PENTIUM-I

32MB RAM

2.1HDD

OPERATING SYSTEM: MS-DOS (VER 6.2)

COMPILER: TURBO C OR QUICK C.

TERMINAL: IBM PC.

MONITOR: COLOR.

VDU MEMORY: 64 Kb


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BACKUP MEDIA: HARD DISK.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The project description is on the computerization of banking information

system. This project is a replica of the general banking system

followed. The project facilitates mainly in various transactions, deposits,

loans etc. On different accounts.

The various types of accounts maintained are :

1. Savings account

2. Current account

3. Recurring account

These have been programmed assuming the general regulations followed

by our banks. This project gives us full details about customers and

their transactions.

1. Savings account:

Savings account is one of the general accounts in a bank. Any

one can open a savings account in a bank. For a customer to

make a transaction, his account should show a minimum balance.


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Check book facility is another important feature of savings

account. In this account the interest will be paid only in June and

December.

2 . CURRENT ACCOUNT

Current account is mainly used by business people. It is just with a

savings account where the transactions are frequently made. Here

in this case the minimum balance maintained is more than the

minimum balance maintained in a savings account.

3. RECURRING ACCOUNT

Recurring deposit is very useful for employees for saving their

money .in this the transactions are made on monthly basis. For

every month the customer has to pay fixed amount of money. At

the time of opening this account we have fixed the duration

and the monthly payable amount. The bank gives compound

interest on this total amount. Suppose in any case the customer is

not able to pay his monthly amount or in case he would like to

cancel his account, he is subjected to a penalty in the form of

interest. In such cases the bank reduces the interest rate on the

deposited amount. If the customer wants to withdraw his account

within the period of the maturity date then he will be paid interest

till date.


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THE LIST OF FEATURES IN THE PROJECT :

1. NEW ACCOUNT

2. CANCELLATION OF ACCOUNT.

3. DEPOSITS.

4. WITHDRAWALS.

5. INTEREST MODIFICATION.

6. MINIMUM BALANCE MODIFICATION.

7. RECORD MODIFICATION.

8. AUTOMATIC UPDATION.

9. REPORTS.


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ABOUT C LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION

The market was already flooded with so many languages, so why one more? What

was the need for another language in addition to the existing set of languages such as

Cobol, Fortran, Pascal, Basic etc.

The problem with most of these languages was of portability. Programs written in

these languages were not easily portable either to a new operating system or to a new

hardware platform. Thus began the quest for a language as much independent of the

Hardware as possible. Thus was born the C language.

HISTORY OF C

The History of C dates back to the times when Ken Thompson was working on

the space travel project. He had found the operating system he was working on and also the

languages supported by the machine he was working on unfit for his project. Hence he

went about writing his own operating system and a programming language. This operating

system was the UNIX operating system and the B language.

Sometime during this period Dennis Ritchie joined Thompson in his projects and

started work on improvements on B. The result was the C language.

The philosophy behind the Unix operating System and the C language are the same

and hence a person well versed with the Unix operating system and the C language would

easily see the similarity in their structure.

PROPERTIES OF THE C LANGUAGE


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1. As mentioned earlier, the language was born out of the need for a more easily

portable language. Thus C has been built such that it is easily portable. This has been

achieved by getting rid of all statements which relate to Input/ Output so that there are no

statements in the language dependent on the Hardware.

So how is Input/ Output achieved. This is done by calling the appropriate library

functions from the vast library of function available with the C language compiler. These

are standard functions whose utility and usage is the same across Hardware platforms.

1. Because the language is free of Input/ Output statement it follows that the language is

very small and thus

a) It is easier to learn

b) It is easier to build

c) The compiler is smaller and more compact.

2. C is a structured programming language. It offers the programmer control flow

constructs such as decision (If else ) , loops (while, if or do-while), multiple choice

branching (switch ) and other features, such as functional decomposition to enhance

modularity of the program. It also provides the feature to break up the program in to

groups of functions resident in separate physical files.

3. C provides certain operators which enable the programmer to manipulate bits and not

just bytes or words. Thus it also provides certain features of a low level languages.

There fore it is some times known as a middle level language.

4. C is a free formatted language. It doesnt impose any restrictions on the format in

which a C language program is coded ( unlike Fortran or Cobol).

5. C is case sensitive. The lower case letters are different from the upper case letters .

User defined variable names could have upper case letters in them. Thus a variablewith the name len can not be referred to as Len or LEN. This may seem to be

problematic in the beginning but C programmers do tend to get used to it. All standard

library functions and reserved words are in lower case only.


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NAMING CONVENTIONS

LIST OF STRUCTURES :

1. BANKMAST :Bank

Char Accno[15]

Char AcctypeChar Accname[27]

Char

Addhouseno[27]

CharAddcolno[27]

Char Addcity[27]

Char Addstate[27]

Char

Phoneno[10]Char

Occupation[27]

Char Nation[20]

Double IncomeStruct

Open_Date

Char Chequeyn

Longdoubl

e-Currbalan

ce

2. RDMAST: Recur

Char Accno[15]

Int No_Of_Months

Float Interestrate

Double Amountdeposit

Structdate Maturitydate

Longdouble Maturity_Amount

3.TRANSACTION: Trans

Char Accno[15]

Char

Payeename[27]Structdate

Trans_Date

Char Transtype

Char Transremark[27]

Longunsignedint Cheque_NoDouble Taamount

4. DATE

Int Da_YearChar Da_Day

Char Da_Month

5. PETTY_CASH

Longdouble Paamount


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Char Password [27]

LIST OF DATA FILES

1.Bankdtls.Dat

2.Transdtls.Dat

3.Recuring.Dat

4.Pettycash.Dat

5.Recordno.Dat


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9. Startend.h:

It is used to accept two dates and do checks. If date is not in

correct format then these two dates which are used in menu

31.h doesnt list the transactions in between these two

dates.

10. Usercurs.h:

It consists code for cursor.

11. Structur.h:

It consists structures used in the project.

12. Numtocom.h:

It formats number by keeping commas between them and

it also formats the date.

13.Omenu.h:

It consists code to print different menu names and fill

certain

area with specified color and get key function. Get scan

code of key pressed.


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MAIN FUNCTIONS

BAR:

Draws a bar

Declaration: Void bar (int left, int top, int right, int bottom);

Remarks: Bar draws a filled in, Rectangular, two

dimensional bar.

The bar is filled using the current fill pattern and fill color

bar does not out line the bar.

To draw on outlined two-dimensional bar, we bar 3D with

depth=0.

Parameters What they are

(Left, Top) The Rectangles upper left corner

(Right, Bottom) The Rectangles lower right corner

BAR 3D:

Draws a 3-D bar.

Declaration: Void bar 3-D (int left, int top, int right, int

bottom , int depth , int top flag)

Remarks : Bar 3-D draws a three dimensional rectangular

bar , then fills it using the current fill pattern and fill color.


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The 3-D dimensional outline of the bar is drawn in the

current line style and color.

Parameters What it is / Does

Depth Bar s depth in pixels

Top flag Governs whether a three-

dimensional top is put on the bar

(Left, Top) The Rectangles upper left corner

(Right, Bottom) The Rectangles lower right corner

If top flag is non-zero, a top is put on the bar. If top flag is 0,

no top is put on the bars this makes if possible to stack several

bars on top of one another.

To calculate a typical depth for bar 3d take 25% of the width

of the bar, like this:

Bar 3d (left, top, right, bottom, (right-left)/ 4.1);

Return value: None

CLEAR DEVICE:

Clears the graphics screen

Declaration: Void clear device (void);

Remarks: Clear device erases the entire graphics screen

and moves the CP (current position) to home (0,0).

(Erasing consists of filling with current back ground color)

Return Value: None


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CLEAR VIEW PORT:

Clears the current view port

Declaration : Void clear view port (port)

Remarks: Clear view port erases the view port and moves

the CP (current position) to home (0,0), relative to the view

port.

Return value: None.

CLOSE GRAPH:

Shuts down the graphics system

Declaration: Void close graph (void);

Remarks: Close graph de-allocates all memory allocated by

the graphics system.

It then restores the screen to the mode it was in before youcalled initgraph.

(The graphics system de-allocate memory, such as the

drivers, fonts and an internal buffer, through a call to-graph

free memory.)

Return value: None

INITGRAPH:

Initializes the graphic system.

Declaration: Void initgraph (int * graph driver, int * graph

mode, char * path driver)


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Remarks: To start the graphics system you must first call

initgraph.

Initgraph initializes the graphics system by loading a

graphics driver from disc(or validating a registered driver ).

Then putting the system in to graphics mode initgraph also

resets all graphics settings (color, pallet, current-position,

view port etc.) to their default, then resets the graph result to

zero.

Return value: Initgraph always sets the internal error code.

On success initgraph sets the code to zero.

FLOOD FILL:

Flood fills a bounded region.

Declaration: Void flood fill (int x, int y, int border);

Remarks: Flood fills an enclosed area on bit map devices.

The area bounded by the color boarder is flooded with the

current fill pattern

and fill color.

(x, y) is a Seed Point.

If the seed is within an enclosed area, the inside will be

filled .

If the seed is outside the enclosed area, the exterior will be

filled

Return value: If an error occurs while flooding a region,

graph returns 7.

INSTALL USER FONT:


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Loads a font file ( .chr ) that is not built in to the BGI

system.

Declaration: Int installuserfont (char * name)

Remarks:

Parameters What it is / does

Name Path name to a font file

containing a stroked font.

You can install up to 20 fonts at one time. Installuserfont

returns a font ID number that can then be passed to

seltextstyle to select the corresponding font,

Return value: On success returns a font ID number.

LINE:

Line draws a line between two specified points.

Declaration: Void line ( int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);

Remarks: Line draws a line from (x1,y1) to (x2,y2)

using current color, line style

and thickness. It does not up date the current position

(CP).

Return value: None

OUTTEXTXY:

Outtextxy displays a string at the specified location

(graphics mode).

Declaration: Void outtextxy (int x, int y, char *text

string);


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Remarks: Outtextxy display a text string, using current

justification settings and the current font, direction and

size. Outtextxy displays text string in the view port at

the position (x, y). Outtextxy are for using graphics

mode; They will not work in text mode.

Return value: None

RECTANGLE:

Draws a rectangle (graphics mode).

Declaration: Void rectangle (int left, int top, int right, int

bottom);

Remarks: Rectangle draws a rectangle in the current line

style, thickness and drawing color.

Return value: None

SETBKCOLOR:

Setbkcolor sets the current background color using the

palette

Declaration: Void for setbkcolor (int color);

Remarks: Setbkcolor sets the background to the color

specified by color.

SETCOLOR:

Setcolor sets the current drawing color.

Declaration: Void setcolor ( int color);


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Remarks: Setcolor sets the current drawing color to

color, which can range from 0 to get men color.

Return value: Setcolor does not return.

SETFILLPATTERN:

Setfillpattern selects a user-defined fill pattern

Declaration: Void setfillpattern (color * u pattern, int

color);

Remarks: Setfillpattern sets the current fill pattern to a

user-defined 8 x 8 pattern.

Return value: None

SETFILLSTYLE:

Sets the fill pattern and color.

Declaration: Void setfillstyle ( int pattern, int colr);

Remarks: setfillstyle sets the current fill pattern and fill

color.

Return value: None.

SETPALETTE:

Changes one palette color.

Declaration: Void setpalette ( int colornum, int color);

Remarks: Setpalette changes the colornum entry in the

palette to color.


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Return value: If invalid input is passed to setpalette,

graph result returns 11, and the current palette remains

unchanged.

SETTEXTSTYLE:

Sets the current text characteristics.

Declaration: Void settextstyle (int font, int direction, int

charsize);

Remarks: Settextstyle sets the text font, the direction in

which text is displayed and the size of the characters.

Return value: None.

SETVIEWPORT:

Sets the current viewport for graphics out put.

Declaration: Void setviewport (int left,int top,int

right,int bottom,int clip);

Remarks: Setviewport establishes a new viewport for

graphics output.

Return value: Setviewport does not return.

SPRINTF:

Sprintf sends formatted output to a string.

Declaration: int sprintf (char * bufer,const char *

format[ , argument,]);

Return value: On success, the . Printf function return

the number of bytes output.


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Springf does not include the terminating null byte in the

count.

FUNCTIONS IN HEADER FILES:

1. Datecur.h:

a) Maindates (5) Accept date from the user as the

date format required.

b) Inputdate (5) Input date from the user.

c) Convertdate (0) Converts format accepted date

in specified manner.

d) Xstrcpy (4) Copies one string in to another.

Copying of source string from specified position and

ends at specified position or at end of string.

2. Menu12.h:

a) Mainoptionmenua12 (0) It contains code of

option 2 in main menu. That is modification of records.

b) Menu12(0) This function is used to draw

modification screen.

c) Help12(1) This function provides help, it

displays different help texts depending up on different

arguments passed in this function.

d) Choice12(1) This function is used to draw

different options in modifications screen.


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e) Block12(0) This function is used to block

options in modification screen with color to get a option

that has been highlighted.

f) Clear12(0) This function is used to clear options

in modification screen with blue color to get that the

option has been de-highlighted.

g) Option11(0) This function is used to draw

contents of account information which is choice in the


h) Option12(0) This function is used to draw

contents of account holder address which is a choice in


i) Dispcursor(2) This function is used to clear and

specified area after the cursor has accepted some

contents from the user then the cursor will be displayed

at the end of contents so its area is cleared and text is

printed over that area again.

j) Option11file(0) This function is used to accept

contents in first choice that is account information.

k) Choice12(1) This function is used to draw

savings, current , recurring, yes, no on the

screen.

l) Blockopta121(0) This function is used to clear

current, savings, recurring with specified color.

So that we may get feeling that the text has been de-

highlighted


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m) Clearopta121(0) This function is used to clear

yes, no with specified color . So that we may feel

that the text has been de-highlighted.

n) Option12file(0) This function is used to accept

contents in choice that is account holder address.

3. Menu13.h:

a) Optionmenu13(0) This function contains code

to delete records.

b) Anoexit1(0) This function contains code to

print delete another record, exit.

c) Menua31(0) - This function contains code to

accept account number and check if the account number

exists, if exists deletes the record.

d) Blocka31(0) - This function contains code which

blocks two choices in deletion form to get a feel that thechoices have been highlighted.

e) Cleara31(0) This function contains code to clear

two choices to get a feel that the choices have been de-

highlighted.

f) Helpc13(1) Provides help by printing the

message regarding the arguments passed .

g) Printyesno(1) Prints yes, no

h) Blocka131(0) Blocks yes, no with specified

color.


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i) Cleara131(0) To get a feel that yes, no

have been de-highlighted.

j) Deleterecord(0) This function consists code for

deleting a specified record.

4. Menu31.h:

a) Option

menuc31(0)

b) Tab12

3(3)

c) Rectab

(4)

d)Menuc31(0)

e) Blockcopt31(0)

f) Clearcopt31(0)

g) Conc31(0)

h) Exitc31(0)

i) Blockc3

12(0)

j) Clearc31

2(0)

k) Transinf

o(0)

l) Helpc31(

0)

m) Recpayv

iew(1)

n)Accntinfo

(0)

o)Addressinf

o(0)

p)Recordrea

d(0)

q) Sumpayr

ec(0)

Addpayrec(0)

Subpayrec(0)

Calpay(2)

5. Menu32.h

a) Optionm

enuc32(0)

b) Mainme

nu31(0)

c) C

onexit(

1)

d) Blockc1(0)

e) Clearc1(0)

f) Getrecord

info(0)

g) Show

record(0)

6. Menu33.h


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a) Optinme

nuc33(0)

b) Mainme

nuc33(0)

c) P

ettypars

(1)

d) Blockc

331(0)

e) Clearc331

(0)

Helpc33(1)

g) Chan

gepass(0)

7. Numtocom.h

a) Numtoc

omma(1)

b) Findpoint(1)

c) Cdate(

1)

8. Omenu.h

a) Getkey(0)

b)Bmaster(0)

c) Trans(0)

d)Reports(0)

e) Bmastermenu(0)

f) Mainme

nu(0)

Fillmenu1(0)

Reportsmenu(0)

Arrowmenu(1)

Checkmenug1(1)

Fillstyle(5)

Fillmenu3(0)

m) Normal(0

)

n) Clearmen

u(1)

9. Smenu11.h

a) Optionmenua11(0)

b) Pdate(2)

c) Mainmenu11(0)

d) Choice12345(1)

e) Draw(0)

f) Clear(0)

g) Menua12(0)

h) Cursreput(4)

i) Helpa12(1)

j) Menua11(0)

k) Save

l) Savecurrec1(1)

m) Chequeyesno

(1)

n) Blocka1(0)


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o) Recurmenu(0)

p) Soundhelp(1)

q) Firstmenu(0)

r) Helpmenu(0)

s) Accdisplay(0)

t) Accbodydisplay(0)

u) Threemenu(0)

v) Twomenu(0)

w) Rewritefile(0)

x) Freenumber(0)

y) Recnumber

(0)

z) Helpyesno(

1)

aa) Helpbloc

ka11(0)

bb) Helpclea

ra11(0)

cc) Restorestr

uct(0)

10. Smenu21.h

a) Optionmenub21(0)

b) Mainmenu2(0)

c) Choice21234(1)

d) Block21(0)

e) Clear21(0)

Menub2(0)

Menub22(0)

Tranchoice123(1)

Blockb21(0)

Clearb21(0)

Helpb21(1)

Restoretrans(0)

Clearcounters(0)

11. Startend.h

a) Begindate(0)

12. Structur.h

There are no functions only declarations.

14. Usercurs.h

a) Cursor(5)

b) Enp(0)


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DATA FLOW DIAGRAM


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CONTEXT ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

REQUEST

CUSTOMERS

CASH / RECEIPT

CUSTOMERS

BANKING

SYSTEM

MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

REQUEST REPORTS


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DECISION TABLES

Statement:

If the account type is saving or current then the cheque facility isavailable else if it is recurring then cheque facility is not available .

Account type as S or C Y N

Account type as R N Y

Cheque facility isAvailable

X _

Cheque facility is not

available

_ X

S Savings

C Current

R Recurring


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STATEMENT :

IF THE ACCOUNT TYPE IN BANK MASTER MAINTAINCE IS AS

SAVINGS OR CURRENT I, E. S OR C THEN THE CURRENT BALANCE IS

ACCEPTED FROM THE USER ELSE IT IS GENERATED DEPENDING ON THE

AMOUNT DEPOSITED.

Account type as S or C Y N

Account type as R N Y

Current balance accept fromthe user

X _

Current balance generated _ X

S SavingsC Current


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Statement:

In transaction menu for persons who have cheque facility should have minimum

amount ofRs.500 for current account and Rs.250 for savings Account.

Cheque facility available Y N

Minimum amount of Rs.500 inCurrent account

X _

Minimum amount of Rs.250 for savingsaccount.

X _

S SavingsC Current

R Recurring

Statement :


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In transaction menu for persons who do not have cheque facility shouldhave minimum amount of Rs . 250 for current account and Rs.100 for savings

Account .

Cheque facility availableY N

Minimum amount of Rs.250 inCurrent account

_ X

Minimum amount of Rs.100 for savings

account.

_ X

S SavingsC Current

R Recurring

Statement:


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In transaction menu the recurring deposit holder should pay the amount

with in 10TH

of every month if he fails he will be charged a penal interest.

Amount paid before 10TH of a month Y N

Penal interest is charged _ X

Penal interest is not charged. X _

S Savings

C Current

R Recurring


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CORRUPTION IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION

Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.

It is not easy to define corruption. But in a narrow sense, corruption is mostly concerned with bribery and it

takes several forms. Corruption is a global phenomenon and it is omnipresent. Corruption has progressively

increased and is now rampant in our society.

Political corruption in India is a major concern. However, according to Transparency International's Corruption

Perception Index (CPI), India is one of the least corrupt governments in South Asia. It has a CPI score of 3.3 (rank

87th), compared to Pakistan (2.3, rank 143th), Bangladesh (2.4, rank 134th), Nepal (2.2, rank 146th), and Sri Lanka

(3.2, rank 92nd) in 2010. A 2005 study done by Transparency International in India found that more than 75% of the

people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get any type of job done in a public office.

Taxes and bribes are a daily life fact, common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that

truckers pay annually US$5 billion in bribes. For 2010, India was ranked 87th of 178 countries in Transparency

International's Corruption Perceptions Index, with a CPI score of 3.3, which is a slight worsening of it's 2009 score of

3.4 (rank 84th). India compares favorably with other BRIC countries, with China having a CPI score of 3.5

(decreasing from 3.6 in 2009) rank 78th, Brazil 3.7 (rank 69th), and Russia 2.1 (rank 154th, the worst of the BRICs).

Criminalization of Indian politics is a major setback as well as a serious problem. In July 2008 The Washington Post

reported that nearly a fourth of the 540 Indian Parliamentmembers faced criminal charges, "including human

trafficking, immigration rackets, embezzlement,rape and even murder".An international watchdog conducted a

study on the illicit flight of money from India, perhaps the first ever attempt at shedding light on a subject steeped

in secrecy, concludes that India has been drained of $462 billion (over Rs 20 lakh crore) between 1948 and 2008.

The amount is nearly 40% of India's gross domestic product..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perception_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perception_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_traffickinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_traffickinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perception_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perception_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_traffickinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_traffickinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption


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Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2010

HISTORY

The economy of India was under socialist-inspired policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until the late

1980s. The economy was subject toextensive regulation,protectionism, and public ownership, leading to pervasive

corruption and slow growth. License Raj was often at the core of corruption.

The Vohra Report was submitted by the former Indian UnionHome Secretary, N.N. Vohra, in October 1993. It

studied the problem of the criminalisation ofpolitics and of the nexus among

criminals, politicians and bureaucrats in India.

The report contained several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network which was virtually

running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs who enjoyed the patronage of politicians, of

all parties, and the protection of government functionaries. It revealed that political leaders had become the

leaders of gangs. They were connected to the military. Over the years criminals had been elected to local

bodies,State Assemblies and Parliament. The unpublished annexures to the Vohra Report were believed to contain

highly explosive material.

According to Jitendra Singh, "in the bad old days, particularly pre-1991, when the License Raj held sway, and by

design, all kinds of free market mechanisms were hobbled or stymied, and corruption emerged almost as anillegitimate price mechanism, a shadowy quasi-market, such that scarce resources could still be allocated within

the economy, and decisions could get made. [...] These were largely distortions created by the politico-economic

regime. While a sea change has occurred in the years following 1991, some of the distorted cultural norms that took

hold during the earlier period are slowly being repaired by the sheer forces of competition. The process will be long

and slow, however. It will not change overnight." One of the major problems and obstacles to development
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POLITICS

Criminalization of Indian politics is a problem.

In July 2008 The Washington Post reported that nearly a fourth of the 540 Indian Parliament members faced

criminal charges, "including human trafficking, immigration rackets,embezzlement,rape and even murder".At state

level, things are often worse. In Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections 2002, candidates with criminal records won the

majority of seats.

BUREAUCRACY

A 2005 study done byTransparency International (TI) in India found that more than 50% of the people had firsthand

experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office. Taxes and bribes are common

between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually US$5 billion in bribes. A

2009 survey of the leading economies of Asia, revealed Indian bureaucracy to be not just least efficient out of

Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, Philippines and Indonesia;

further it was also found that working with India's civil servants was a "slow and painful" process.

LAND AND PROPERTY

Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen . In cities

and villages throughout India, Mafia Raj consisting of municipal and other government officials, elected politicians,

judicial officers, real estate developers and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal

ways.

TENDERING PROCESSES AND AWARDING CONTRACTS

Government officials having discretionary powers in awarding contracts engage in preferential treatment for

selected bidders, display negligence in quality control processes.Many state-funded construction activities in India,

such as road building, are dominated by construction mafias, which are groupings of corrupt public works officials,

materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors. Shoddy construction and material substitution (e.g.

mixing sand in cement while submitting expenses for cement) result in roads and highways being dangerous, and

sometimes simply washed away when India's heavy monsoon season arrives.
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MEDICINE

In Government Hospitals, corruption is associated with non availability of medicines (or duplicate/fake medicines),

getting admission, consultations with doctors and availing diagnostic services. There have been cases of diversion of

medical supplies from government hospitals and clinicsas well as supply and distribution of medicines of inferior

qualitysome hospitals are charging extra amounts from rich peoples. in india there is a unfair co-operation for medi-

insurance companies and hospital.

DEATH CERTIFICATES

The greiving families are often asked to pay a bribe to get their loved one's Death Certificates in the offices run by

the Government. It happens in the open and yet nobody cares.

TRANSPORT

Officials who oversee transportation regulations, safety norms, traffic violations engage in rent seeking activity.Typically a lenient treatment for an offending driver or vehicle is accompanied by expectation of a bribe.India has

multiple jurisdictions for vehicular laws as well as overlapping laws at the central government and state

government level which worsens bureaucratic complications. This leads to facilitation payments to accelerate

normal government processes].

INCOME TAX

There have been several cases of collusion of officials of the income tax department of India for a favorable tax

treatment in return for bribes

Preferential award of public resources

As detailed earlier, land in areas with short supply is relatively common with government entities awarding public

land to private concerns at negligible rates. Other examples include the award of mining leasesto private

companies without a levy of taxes that is proportionate to the market value of the ore].

JUDICIARY

Corruption is rampant in the judicial system of India. According to Transparency International, judicial corruption in

India is attributable to factors such as "delays in the disposal of cases, shortage of judges and complex procedures,

all of which are exacerbated by a preponderance of new laws".

On the basis of various reports in media like Times of India [www.timesofindia.com], Hindustan Times

[www.hindustantimes.com]---various allegations of corruption against Balakrishnan, currently chairman of the

National Human Rights Commission and also the former chief justice of India (CJI) As A local TV channel of

Thiruvananthapuram has reported that former Chief Justice K G Balakrishnans son-in-law P V Srinijan, who did not

have any land asset four years ago, is now worth a fortune. Srinijan, a member of the Kerala Pradesh Congress
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Bold text===Educational Institutions=== Don't know why the semester system of education has been adopted by the

State, as well as Central Governments. The system of semester is nothing else parrotlessoning. In the semester type

of education, there are internal assessment tests, attendance, practical test marks will be awarded to the students.

For awarding these the teachers are collecting money from the students. Some students, though they are poor,

adjusting the required money in the fear that otherwise they will get less marks. The absentee student or poorperformed students will find out this type of shortcut way to get more marks from the teacher may comeforward to

pay the reqquired money to the teacher and will succeed. Though it is shameful on the part of teachers but also

dirty teachers will do this type of unhealthy practices and work against their ethics. ducational Institutions=== Don't

know why the semester system of education has been adopted by the State, as well as Central Governments. The

system of semester is nothing else parrotlessoning. In the semester type of education, there are internal assessment

tests, attendance, practical test marks will be awarded to the students. For awarding these the teachers are

collecting money from the students. Some students, though they are poor, adjusting the required money in the fear

that otherwise they will get less marks. The absentee student or poor performed students will find out this type of

shortcut way to get more marks from the teacher may comeforward to pay the reqquired money to the teacher and

will succeed. Though it is shameful on the part of teachers but also dirty teachers will do this type of unhealthy

practices and work against their ethics.

Anti-corruption efforts

RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT

The Right to Information Act (2005) and equivalent acts in the states, that require government officials to furnish

information requested by citizens or face punitive action, computerisation of services and various central and state

government acts that established vigilance commissions have considerably reduced corruption or at least have

opened up avenues to redress grievances. The 2006 report by Transparency International puts India at the 70th

place and states that significant improvements were made by India in reducing corruption.

OMBUDSMEN

The LokAyukta is an anti-government corruption organization in the Indian states [34][35]. These institutions are based

on the Ombudsman in Scandinavian countries. An amendment to the Constitution has been proposed to implement

the Lokayukta uniformly across Indian States as a three-member body, headed by a retired Supreme Court judge orhigh court chief justice, and comprise of the state vigilance commissioner and a jurist or an eminent administrator

as other members .

COMPUTERIZATION
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Bhoomi is a project jointly funded by the Government of India and the Karnataka local government to

digitize the paper land records and create a software mechanism to control changes to the land registry in

Karnataka. The project was designed to eliminate the long-standing problem of inefficiency and corruption.

Introduction of smart cards for vehicle registration and drivers licenses by Karnataka Regional Transport

Organization.

Enforcement automation of traffic violations by Bangalore Traffic Police.

Whistleblowers

Whistleblowers play a major role in the fight against corruption. India currently does not have a law to protect

whistleblowers, which was highlighted by the assassination of Satyendra Dubey.

CREATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICE AND COURTS

Some have called for the Central Government to create an anti-theft law enforcement agency that investigates and

prosecutes corruption at all levels of government, including state and local level. Special courts that are more

efficient than the traditional Indian courts with traveling judges and law enforcement agents are being proposed.

The proposal has not yet been acted upon by the Indian government. Certain states such as Andhra Pradesh (Andhra

Pradesh Anti-corruption Bureau) and Karnataka (Lokayukta) have similar agencies and courts. The creation of a

central agency with specialized courts with broad powers, however, is likely to have greater impact in curbing

corruption at all levels

PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVES

Several new initiatives have come up in the private sector to raise awareness about Corruption related issues and tobuild anti-corruption platforms. http://5thpillar.org is one such organization that is promoting the use ofZero

Rupee Notes to fight corruption by shaming the officials who ask for bribe. Another popular initiativeJaago Re!One

Billion Votes fromTata Tea has now changed its focus from voter registration to fighting corruption [. nobribe.org is

another platform for corruption free India and advocates the use of direct and regular measurement of corruption

to force the hands of the leadership into dealing with corruption related issues.

NATIONAL SCENARIO

Corruption in India is a consequence of the nexus between Bureaucracy, politics and criminals. India is now nolonger considered a soft state. It has now become a consideration state where everything can be had for aconsideration. Today, the number of ministers with an honest image can be counted on fingers. At one time, bribewas paid for getting wrong things done but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoomi_(Software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoomi_(Software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_Transport_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_Transport_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalore_Traffic_Police&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalore_Traffic_Police&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Dubeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh_Anti-corruption_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh_Anti-corruption_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokayuktahttp://5thpillar.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_rupee_notehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_rupee_notehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_rupee_notehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaago_Re!One_Billion_Votes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaago_Re!One_Billion_Votes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaago_Re!One_Billion_Votes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoomi_(Software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_Transport_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_Transport_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalore_Traffic_Police&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Dubeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh_Anti-corruption_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh_Anti-corruption_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokayuktahttp://5thpillar.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_rupee_notehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_rupee_notehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaago_Re!One_Billion_Votes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaago_Re!One_Billion_Votes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-40


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Funding of elections is at the core of political corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in this regard. Severalreforms like: State funding of election expenses for candidates; strict enforcement of statutory requirements likeholding in-party elections, making political parties get their accounts audited regularly and filing income-taxreturns; denying persons with criminal records a chance to contest elections, should be brought in.

Responsiveness, accountability and transparency are a must for a clean system. Bureaucracy, the backbone ofgood governance, should be made more citizen friendly, accountable, ethical and transparent.

More and more courts should be opened for speedy & inexpensive justice so that cases dont linger in courtsfor years and justice is delivered on time.

Local bodies, Independent of the government, like Lokpals, Lokadalats, CVCs and Vigilance Commissions shouldbe formed to provide speedy justice with low expenses.

A new Fundamental Right viz. Right to Information should be introduced, which will empower the citizens to askfor the information they want. Barring some confidential information, which concerns national and internationalsecurity, other information should be made available to general public as and when required. Stringent actionsagainst corrupt officials will certainly have a deterrent impact.

CONCLUSION

Corruption is an intractable problem. It is like diabetes, can only be controlled, but not totally eliminated. Itmay not be possible to root out corruption completely at all levels but it is possible to contain it within tolerablelimits. Honest and dedicated persons in public life, control over electoral expenses could be the most importantprescriptions to combat corruption. Corruption has a corrosive impact on our economy. It worsens our image ininternational market and leads to loss of overseas opportunities. Corruption is a global problem that all countries ofthe world have to confront, solutions, however, can only be home grown. We have tolerated corruption for so long.The time has now come to root it out from its roots.

politics in india project

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