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CONTENTS
SL.NO. DESCRIPTION
1. Introduction
2. Applications of Solar Technology
3. Architecture and Urban Planning
4. Agriculture and Horticulture
5. Solar Lighting
6. Solar Thermal
7. Electrical Generation
8. Experimental Solar Power
9. Solar Chemicals
10. Solar Vehicles
11. Energy Storage Methods
12. Development, Deployment and Economics
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PROJECT ON POLLUTION IN INDIA
Submitted By : Submitted To :
SOURAV RANJAN MOHANTY PRASANT KUMAR DAS
BRANCH: ELECTRICAL LECT. IN ENGLISH
SECTION:C
ROLL NO: F1004102036
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is a bonafide record to the project work done
satisfactorily at Bhubaneswar Polytechnic by Mr. SOURAV RANJAN
MOHANTY in partial fulfillment of his 1st Semester examination. This report
has not been submitted for any other examination and does not form part of
any other course undergone by the candidate.
Name: SOURAV RANJAN MOHANTY Guided By:PRASANT KUMAR DAS
Signature: Signature :
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe my sincere thanks to all who co-operated and assisted me for the
successful accomplishment of this project work.
I express my gratitude to our college for providing us me opportunity to
achieve my vision. I am also indebted to my course coordinator Mr. Prasant
Kumar Das for his valuable guidance and evaluation my project by giving
valuable suggestions.
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INDIVIDUAL PROJECT SCHEDULE
SL. NO. ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION PLANNED ACTUAL STATUS
DATE DATE
1. PROJECT PLANNING,
DONE
PROJECT SCHEDULING
2. MODULE DESIGN, MENU
DONE
& SCREEN DESIGN
3. DIVIDING THE APPLICATION DONE
IN TO MODULES
4. CODING TO CUSTOMIZE DONE
MODULE TEMPLATES
5. DESIGNING REPORTS DONE
6 6. TESTING & DEBUGGING DONE
7. FINAL INSPECTION(AUDITOR)
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henceforth a group of such account numbers will be put under a
section called ledger folio. A customer when deposits certain money
or wants to withdraw money the ledger folio with his account number
will be taken out and transactions are carried out.
DRAWBACKS OF PRESENT SYSTEM :
1. Requires a lot of manual and paper work .
2. Time consuming
3. May not be accurate.
4. Generation of reports would be difficult and would need
maintenance of additional files which would be redundant.
5. A lot of maintenance should be required to keep the records safe
from external damages.
ADVANTAGES OF BANK INFORMATION SYSTEM
a) Bank information system is a continuous process
involving day to day transactions .each time a transaction is made
all the necessary details are updated in their respective files
automatically.
b) Computations of various accounts savings, current and recurring will
be easier and faster.
c) Coordination is brought about between various departments as the
information is centralized.
d) Reliable information can be obtained unlike the manual system which
is prone to errors while recording and calculating.
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e) Paper work is reduced highly.
f) Reports can be generated as and when required.
g) Several transactions are executed within few minutes. So it
reduces the time consuming process. All types of transactions are
processed very fast.
CONFIGURATION
HARDWARE: INTEL PENTIUM-I
32MB RAM
2.1HDD
OPERATING SYSTEM: MS-DOS (VER 6.2)
COMPILER: TURBO C OR QUICK C.
TERMINAL: IBM PC.
MONITOR: COLOR.
VDU MEMORY: 64 Kb
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BACKUP MEDIA: HARD DISK.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project description is on the computerization of banking information
system. This project is a replica of the general banking system
followed. The project facilitates mainly in various transactions, deposits,
loans etc. On different accounts.
The various types of accounts maintained are :
1. Savings account
2. Current account
3. Recurring account
These have been programmed assuming the general regulations followed
by our banks. This project gives us full details about customers and
their transactions.
1. Savings account:
Savings account is one of the general accounts in a bank. Any
one can open a savings account in a bank. For a customer to
make a transaction, his account should show a minimum balance.
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Check book facility is another important feature of savings
account. In this account the interest will be paid only in June and
December.
2 . CURRENT ACCOUNT
Current account is mainly used by business people. It is just with a
savings account where the transactions are frequently made. Here
in this case the minimum balance maintained is more than the
minimum balance maintained in a savings account.
3. RECURRING ACCOUNT
Recurring deposit is very useful for employees for saving their
money .in this the transactions are made on monthly basis. For
every month the customer has to pay fixed amount of money. At
the time of opening this account we have fixed the duration
and the monthly payable amount. The bank gives compound
interest on this total amount. Suppose in any case the customer is
not able to pay his monthly amount or in case he would like to
cancel his account, he is subjected to a penalty in the form of
interest. In such cases the bank reduces the interest rate on the
deposited amount. If the customer wants to withdraw his account
within the period of the maturity date then he will be paid interest
till date.
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THE LIST OF FEATURES IN THE PROJECT :
1. NEW ACCOUNT
2. CANCELLATION OF ACCOUNT.
3. DEPOSITS.
4. WITHDRAWALS.
5. INTEREST MODIFICATION.
6. MINIMUM BALANCE MODIFICATION.
7. RECORD MODIFICATION.
8. AUTOMATIC UPDATION.
9. REPORTS.
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ABOUT C LANGUAGE
INTRODUCTION
The market was already flooded with so many languages, so why one more? What
was the need for another language in addition to the existing set of languages such as
Cobol, Fortran, Pascal, Basic etc.
The problem with most of these languages was of portability. Programs written in
these languages were not easily portable either to a new operating system or to a new
hardware platform. Thus began the quest for a language as much independent of the
Hardware as possible. Thus was born the C language.
HISTORY OF C
The History of C dates back to the times when Ken Thompson was working on
the space travel project. He had found the operating system he was working on and also the
languages supported by the machine he was working on unfit for his project. Hence he
went about writing his own operating system and a programming language. This operating
system was the UNIX operating system and the B language.
Sometime during this period Dennis Ritchie joined Thompson in his projects and
started work on improvements on B. The result was the C language.
The philosophy behind the Unix operating System and the C language are the same
and hence a person well versed with the Unix operating system and the C language would
easily see the similarity in their structure.
PROPERTIES OF THE C LANGUAGE
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1. As mentioned earlier, the language was born out of the need for a more easily
portable language. Thus C has been built such that it is easily portable. This has been
achieved by getting rid of all statements which relate to Input/ Output so that there are no
statements in the language dependent on the Hardware.
So how is Input/ Output achieved. This is done by calling the appropriate library
functions from the vast library of function available with the C language compiler. These
are standard functions whose utility and usage is the same across Hardware platforms.
1. Because the language is free of Input/ Output statement it follows that the language is
very small and thus
a) It is easier to learn
b) It is easier to build
c) The compiler is smaller and more compact.
2. C is a structured programming language. It offers the programmer control flow
constructs such as decision (If else ) , loops (while, if or do-while), multiple choice
branching (switch ) and other features, such as functional decomposition to enhance
modularity of the program. It also provides the feature to break up the program in to
groups of functions resident in separate physical files.
3. C provides certain operators which enable the programmer to manipulate bits and not
just bytes or words. Thus it also provides certain features of a low level languages.
There fore it is some times known as a middle level language.
4. C is a free formatted language. It doesnt impose any restrictions on the format in
which a C language program is coded ( unlike Fortran or Cobol).
5. C is case sensitive. The lower case letters are different from the upper case letters .
User defined variable names could have upper case letters in them. Thus a variablewith the name len can not be referred to as Len or LEN. This may seem to be
problematic in the beginning but C programmers do tend to get used to it. All standard
library functions and reserved words are in lower case only.
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NAMING CONVENTIONS
LIST OF STRUCTURES :
1. BANKMAST :Bank
Char Accno[15]
Char AcctypeChar Accname[27]
Char
Addhouseno[27]
CharAddcolno[27]
Char Addcity[27]
Char Addstate[27]
Char
Phoneno[10]Char
Occupation[27]
Char Nation[20]
Double IncomeStruct
Open_Date
Char Chequeyn
Longdoubl
e-Currbalan
ce
2. RDMAST: Recur
Char Accno[15]
Int No_Of_Months
Float Interestrate
Double Amountdeposit
Structdate Maturitydate
Longdouble Maturity_Amount
3.TRANSACTION: Trans
Char Accno[15]
Char
Payeename[27]Structdate
Trans_Date
Char Transtype
Char Transremark[27]
Longunsignedint Cheque_NoDouble Taamount
4. DATE
Int Da_YearChar Da_Day
Char Da_Month
5. PETTY_CASH
Longdouble Paamount
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Char Password [27]
LIST OF DATA FILES
1.Bankdtls.Dat
2.Transdtls.Dat
3.Recuring.Dat
4.Pettycash.Dat
5.Recordno.Dat
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9. Startend.h:
It is used to accept two dates and do checks. If date is not in
correct format then these two dates which are used in menu
31.h doesnt list the transactions in between these two
dates.
10. Usercurs.h:
It consists code for cursor.
11. Structur.h:
It consists structures used in the project.
12. Numtocom.h:
It formats number by keeping commas between them and
it also formats the date.
13.Omenu.h:
It consists code to print different menu names and fill
certain
area with specified color and get key function. Get scan
code of key pressed.
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MAIN FUNCTIONS
BAR:
Draws a bar
Declaration: Void bar (int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
Remarks: Bar draws a filled in, Rectangular, two
dimensional bar.
The bar is filled using the current fill pattern and fill color
bar does not out line the bar.
To draw on outlined two-dimensional bar, we bar 3D with
depth=0.
Parameters What they are
(Left, Top) The Rectangles upper left corner
(Right, Bottom) The Rectangles lower right corner
BAR 3D:
Draws a 3-D bar.
Declaration: Void bar 3-D (int left, int top, int right, int
bottom , int depth , int top flag)
Remarks : Bar 3-D draws a three dimensional rectangular
bar , then fills it using the current fill pattern and fill color.
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The 3-D dimensional outline of the bar is drawn in the
current line style and color.
Parameters What it is / Does
Depth Bar s depth in pixels
Top flag Governs whether a three-
dimensional top is put on the bar
(Left, Top) The Rectangles upper left corner
(Right, Bottom) The Rectangles lower right corner
If top flag is non-zero, a top is put on the bar. If top flag is 0,
no top is put on the bars this makes if possible to stack several
bars on top of one another.
To calculate a typical depth for bar 3d take 25% of the width
of the bar, like this:
Bar 3d (left, top, right, bottom, (right-left)/ 4.1);
Return value: None
CLEAR DEVICE:
Clears the graphics screen
Declaration: Void clear device (void);
Remarks: Clear device erases the entire graphics screen
and moves the CP (current position) to home (0,0).
(Erasing consists of filling with current back ground color)
Return Value: None
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CLEAR VIEW PORT:
Clears the current view port
Declaration : Void clear view port (port)
Remarks: Clear view port erases the view port and moves
the CP (current position) to home (0,0), relative to the view
port.
Return value: None.
CLOSE GRAPH:
Shuts down the graphics system
Declaration: Void close graph (void);
Remarks: Close graph de-allocates all memory allocated by
the graphics system.
It then restores the screen to the mode it was in before youcalled initgraph.
(The graphics system de-allocate memory, such as the
drivers, fonts and an internal buffer, through a call to-graph
free memory.)
Return value: None
INITGRAPH:
Initializes the graphic system.
Declaration: Void initgraph (int * graph driver, int * graph
mode, char * path driver)
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Remarks: To start the graphics system you must first call
initgraph.
Initgraph initializes the graphics system by loading a
graphics driver from disc(or validating a registered driver ).
Then putting the system in to graphics mode initgraph also
resets all graphics settings (color, pallet, current-position,
view port etc.) to their default, then resets the graph result to
zero.
Return value: Initgraph always sets the internal error code.
On success initgraph sets the code to zero.
FLOOD FILL:
Flood fills a bounded region.
Declaration: Void flood fill (int x, int y, int border);
Remarks: Flood fills an enclosed area on bit map devices.
The area bounded by the color boarder is flooded with the
current fill pattern
and fill color.
(x, y) is a Seed Point.
If the seed is within an enclosed area, the inside will be
filled .
If the seed is outside the enclosed area, the exterior will be
filled
Return value: If an error occurs while flooding a region,
graph returns 7.
INSTALL USER FONT:
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Loads a font file ( .chr ) that is not built in to the BGI
system.
Declaration: Int installuserfont (char * name)
Remarks:
Parameters What it is / does
Name Path name to a font file
containing a stroked font.
You can install up to 20 fonts at one time. Installuserfont
returns a font ID number that can then be passed to
seltextstyle to select the corresponding font,
Return value: On success returns a font ID number.
LINE:
Line draws a line between two specified points.
Declaration: Void line ( int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
Remarks: Line draws a line from (x1,y1) to (x2,y2)
using current color, line style
and thickness. It does not up date the current position
(CP).
Return value: None
OUTTEXTXY:
Outtextxy displays a string at the specified location
(graphics mode).
Declaration: Void outtextxy (int x, int y, char *text
string);
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Remarks: Outtextxy display a text string, using current
justification settings and the current font, direction and
size. Outtextxy displays text string in the view port at
the position (x, y). Outtextxy are for using graphics
mode; They will not work in text mode.
Return value: None
RECTANGLE:
Draws a rectangle (graphics mode).
Declaration: Void rectangle (int left, int top, int right, int
bottom);
Remarks: Rectangle draws a rectangle in the current line
style, thickness and drawing color.
Return value: None
SETBKCOLOR:
Setbkcolor sets the current background color using the
palette
Declaration: Void for setbkcolor (int color);
Remarks: Setbkcolor sets the background to the color
specified by color.
SETCOLOR:
Setcolor sets the current drawing color.
Declaration: Void setcolor ( int color);
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Remarks: Setcolor sets the current drawing color to
color, which can range from 0 to get men color.
Return value: Setcolor does not return.
SETFILLPATTERN:
Setfillpattern selects a user-defined fill pattern
Declaration: Void setfillpattern (color * u pattern, int
color);
Remarks: Setfillpattern sets the current fill pattern to a
user-defined 8 x 8 pattern.
Return value: None
SETFILLSTYLE:
Sets the fill pattern and color.
Declaration: Void setfillstyle ( int pattern, int colr);
Remarks: setfillstyle sets the current fill pattern and fill
color.
Return value: None.
SETPALETTE:
Changes one palette color.
Declaration: Void setpalette ( int colornum, int color);
Remarks: Setpalette changes the colornum entry in the
palette to color.
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Return value: If invalid input is passed to setpalette,
graph result returns 11, and the current palette remains
unchanged.
SETTEXTSTYLE:
Sets the current text characteristics.
Declaration: Void settextstyle (int font, int direction, int
charsize);
Remarks: Settextstyle sets the text font, the direction in
which text is displayed and the size of the characters.
Return value: None.
SETVIEWPORT:
Sets the current viewport for graphics out put.
Declaration: Void setviewport (int left,int top,int
right,int bottom,int clip);
Remarks: Setviewport establishes a new viewport for
graphics output.
Return value: Setviewport does not return.
SPRINTF:
Sprintf sends formatted output to a string.
Declaration: int sprintf (char * bufer,const char *
format[ , argument,]);
Return value: On success, the . Printf function return
the number of bytes output.
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Springf does not include the terminating null byte in the
count.
FUNCTIONS IN HEADER FILES:
1. Datecur.h:
a) Maindates (5) Accept date from the user as the
date format required.
b) Inputdate (5) Input date from the user.
c) Convertdate (0) Converts format accepted date
in specified manner.
d) Xstrcpy (4) Copies one string in to another.
Copying of source string from specified position and
ends at specified position or at end of string.
2. Menu12.h:
a) Mainoptionmenua12 (0) It contains code of
option 2 in main menu. That is modification of records.
b) Menu12(0) This function is used to draw
modification screen.
c) Help12(1) This function provides help, it
displays different help texts depending up on different
arguments passed in this function.
d) Choice12(1) This function is used to draw
different options in modifications screen.
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e) Block12(0) This function is used to block
options in modification screen with color to get a option
that has been highlighted.
f) Clear12(0) This function is used to clear options
in modification screen with blue color to get that the
option has been de-highlighted.
g) Option11(0) This function is used to draw
contents of account information which is choice in the
modification screen.
h) Option12(0) This function is used to draw
contents of account holder address which is a choice in
modification screen.
i) Dispcursor(2) This function is used to clear and
specified area after the cursor has accepted some
contents from the user then the cursor will be displayed
at the end of contents so its area is cleared and text is
printed over that area again.
j) Option11file(0) This function is used to accept
contents in first choice that is account information.
k) Choice12(1) This function is used to draw
savings, current , recurring, yes, no on the
screen.
l) Blockopta121(0) This function is used to clear
current, savings, recurring with specified color.
So that we may get feeling that the text has been de-
highlighted
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m) Clearopta121(0) This function is used to clear
yes, no with specified color . So that we may feel
that the text has been de-highlighted.
n) Option12file(0) This function is used to accept
contents in choice that is account holder address.
3. Menu13.h:
a) Optionmenu13(0) This function contains code
to delete records.
b) Anoexit1(0) This function contains code to
print delete another record, exit.
c) Menua31(0) - This function contains code to
accept account number and check if the account number
exists, if exists deletes the record.
d) Blocka31(0) - This function contains code which
blocks two choices in deletion form to get a feel that thechoices have been highlighted.
e) Cleara31(0) This function contains code to clear
two choices to get a feel that the choices have been de-
highlighted.
f) Helpc13(1) Provides help by printing the
message regarding the arguments passed .
g) Printyesno(1) Prints yes, no
h) Blocka131(0) Blocks yes, no with specified
color.
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i) Cleara131(0) To get a feel that yes, no
have been de-highlighted.
j) Deleterecord(0) This function consists code for
deleting a specified record.
4. Menu31.h:
a) Option
menuc31(0)
b) Tab12
3(3)
c) Rectab
(4)
d)Menuc31(0)
e) Blockcopt31(0)
f) Clearcopt31(0)
g) Conc31(0)
h) Exitc31(0)
i) Blockc3
12(0)
j) Clearc31
2(0)
k) Transinf
o(0)
l) Helpc31(
0)
m) Recpayv
iew(1)
n)Accntinfo
(0)
o)Addressinf
o(0)
p)Recordrea
d(0)
q) Sumpayr
ec(0)
Addpayrec(0)
Subpayrec(0)
Calpay(2)
5. Menu32.h
a) Optionm
enuc32(0)
b) Mainme
nu31(0)
c) C
onexit(
1)
d) Blockc1(0)
e) Clearc1(0)
f) Getrecord
info(0)
g) Show
record(0)
6. Menu33.h
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a) Optinme
nuc33(0)
b) Mainme
nuc33(0)
c) P
ettypars
(1)
d) Blockc
331(0)
e) Clearc331
(0)
Helpc33(1)
g) Chan
gepass(0)
7. Numtocom.h
a) Numtoc
omma(1)
b) Findpoint(1)
c) Cdate(
1)
8. Omenu.h
a) Getkey(0)
b)Bmaster(0)
c) Trans(0)
d)Reports(0)
e) Bmastermenu(0)
f) Mainme
nu(0)
Fillmenu1(0)
Reportsmenu(0)
Arrowmenu(1)
Checkmenug1(1)
Fillstyle(5)
Fillmenu3(0)
m) Normal(0
)
n) Clearmen
u(1)
9. Smenu11.h
a) Optionmenua11(0)
b) Pdate(2)
c) Mainmenu11(0)
d) Choice12345(1)
e) Draw(0)
f) Clear(0)
g) Menua12(0)
h) Cursreput(4)
i) Helpa12(1)
j) Menua11(0)
k) Save
l) Savecurrec1(1)
m) Chequeyesno
(1)
n) Blocka1(0)
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o) Recurmenu(0)
p) Soundhelp(1)
q) Firstmenu(0)
r) Helpmenu(0)
s) Accdisplay(0)
t) Accbodydisplay(0)
u) Threemenu(0)
v) Twomenu(0)
w) Rewritefile(0)
x) Freenumber(0)
y) Recnumber
(0)
z) Helpyesno(
1)
aa) Helpbloc
ka11(0)
bb) Helpclea
ra11(0)
cc) Restorestr
uct(0)
10. Smenu21.h
a) Optionmenub21(0)
b) Mainmenu2(0)
c) Choice21234(1)
d) Block21(0)
e) Clear21(0)
Menub2(0)
Menub22(0)
Tranchoice123(1)
Blockb21(0)
Clearb21(0)
Helpb21(1)
Restoretrans(0)
Clearcounters(0)
11. Startend.h
a) Begindate(0)
12. Structur.h
There are no functions only declarations.
14. Usercurs.h
a) Cursor(5)
b) Enp(0)
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DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
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CONTEXT ANALYSIS DIAGRAM
REQUEST
CUSTOMERS
CASH / RECEIPT
CUSTOMERS
BANKING
SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
REQUEST REPORTS
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DECISION TABLES
Statement:
If the account type is saving or current then the cheque facility isavailable else if it is recurring then cheque facility is not available .
Account type as S or C Y N
Account type as R N Y
Cheque facility isAvailable
X _
Cheque facility is not
available
_ X
S Savings
C Current
R Recurring
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STATEMENT :
IF THE ACCOUNT TYPE IN BANK MASTER MAINTAINCE IS AS
SAVINGS OR CURRENT I, E. S OR C THEN THE CURRENT BALANCE IS
ACCEPTED FROM THE USER ELSE IT IS GENERATED DEPENDING ON THE
AMOUNT DEPOSITED.
Account type as S or C Y N
Account type as R N Y
Current balance accept fromthe user
X _
Current balance generated _ X
S SavingsC Current
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Statement:
In transaction menu for persons who have cheque facility should have minimum
amount ofRs.500 for current account and Rs.250 for savings Account.
Cheque facility available Y N
Minimum amount of Rs.500 inCurrent account
X _
Minimum amount of Rs.250 for savingsaccount.
X _
S SavingsC Current
R Recurring
Statement :
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In transaction menu for persons who do not have cheque facility shouldhave minimum amount of Rs . 250 for current account and Rs.100 for savings
Account .
Cheque facility availableY N
Minimum amount of Rs.250 inCurrent account
_ X
Minimum amount of Rs.100 for savings
account.
_ X
S SavingsC Current
R Recurring
Statement:
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In transaction menu the recurring deposit holder should pay the amount
with in 10TH
of every month if he fails he will be charged a penal interest.
Amount paid before 10TH of a month Y N
Penal interest is charged _ X
Penal interest is not charged. X _
S Savings
C Current
R Recurring
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CORRUPTION IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION
Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
It is not easy to define corruption. But in a narrow sense, corruption is mostly concerned with bribery and it
takes several forms. Corruption is a global phenomenon and it is omnipresent. Corruption has progressively
increased and is now rampant in our society.
Political corruption in India is a major concern. However, according to Transparency International's Corruption
Perception Index (CPI), India is one of the least corrupt governments in South Asia. It has a CPI score of 3.3 (rank
87th), compared to Pakistan (2.3, rank 143th), Bangladesh (2.4, rank 134th), Nepal (2.2, rank 146th), and Sri Lanka
(3.2, rank 92nd) in 2010. A 2005 study done by Transparency International in India found that more than 75% of the
people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get any type of job done in a public office.
Taxes and bribes are a daily life fact, common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that
truckers pay annually US$5 billion in bribes. For 2010, India was ranked 87th of 178 countries in Transparency
International's Corruption Perceptions Index, with a CPI score of 3.3, which is a slight worsening of it's 2009 score of
3.4 (rank 84th). India compares favorably with other BRIC countries, with China having a CPI score of 3.5
(decreasing from 3.6 in 2009) rank 78th, Brazil 3.7 (rank 69th), and Russia 2.1 (rank 154th, the worst of the BRICs).
Criminalization of Indian politics is a major setback as well as a serious problem. In July 2008 The Washington Post
reported that nearly a fourth of the 540 Indian Parliamentmembers faced criminal charges, "including human
trafficking, immigration rackets, embezzlement,rape and even murder".An international watchdog conducted a
study on the illicit flight of money from India, perhaps the first ever attempt at shedding light on a subject steeped
in secrecy, concludes that India has been drained of $462 billion (over Rs 20 lakh crore) between 1948 and 2008.
The amount is nearly 40% of India's gross domestic product..
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Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2010
HISTORY
The economy of India was under socialist-inspired policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until the late
1980s. The economy was subject toextensive regulation,protectionism, and public ownership, leading to pervasive
corruption and slow growth. License Raj was often at the core of corruption.
The Vohra Report was submitted by the former Indian UnionHome Secretary, N.N. Vohra, in October 1993. It
studied the problem of the criminalisation ofpolitics and of the nexus among
criminals, politicians and bureaucrats in India.
The report contained several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network which was virtually
running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs who enjoyed the patronage of politicians, of
all parties, and the protection of government functionaries. It revealed that political leaders had become the
leaders of gangs. They were connected to the military. Over the years criminals had been elected to local
bodies,State Assemblies and Parliament. The unpublished annexures to the Vohra Report were believed to contain
highly explosive material.
According to Jitendra Singh, "in the bad old days, particularly pre-1991, when the License Raj held sway, and by
design, all kinds of free market mechanisms were hobbled or stymied, and corruption emerged almost as anillegitimate price mechanism, a shadowy quasi-market, such that scarce resources could still be allocated within
the economy, and decisions could get made. [...] These were largely distortions created by the politico-economic
regime. While a sea change has occurred in the years following 1991, some of the distorted cultural norms that took
hold during the earlier period are slowly being repaired by the sheer forces of competition. The process will be long
and slow, however. It will not change overnight." One of the major problems and obstacles to development
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POLITICS
Criminalization of Indian politics is a problem.
In July 2008 The Washington Post reported that nearly a fourth of the 540 Indian Parliament members faced
criminal charges, "including human trafficking, immigration rackets,embezzlement,rape and even murder".At state
level, things are often worse. In Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections 2002, candidates with criminal records won the
majority of seats.
BUREAUCRACY
A 2005 study done byTransparency International (TI) in India found that more than 50% of the people had firsthand
experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office. Taxes and bribes are common
between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually US$5 billion in bribes. A
2009 survey of the leading economies of Asia, revealed Indian bureaucracy to be not just least efficient out of
Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, Philippines and Indonesia;
further it was also found that working with India's civil servants was a "slow and painful" process.
LAND AND PROPERTY
Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen . In cities
and villages throughout India, Mafia Raj consisting of municipal and other government officials, elected politicians,
judicial officers, real estate developers and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal
ways.
TENDERING PROCESSES AND AWARDING CONTRACTS
Government officials having discretionary powers in awarding contracts engage in preferential treatment for
selected bidders, display negligence in quality control processes.Many state-funded construction activities in India,
such as road building, are dominated by construction mafias, which are groupings of corrupt public works officials,
materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors. Shoddy construction and material substitution (e.g.
mixing sand in cement while submitting expenses for cement) result in roads and highways being dangerous, and
sometimes simply washed away when India's heavy monsoon season arrives.
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MEDICINE
In Government Hospitals, corruption is associated with non availability of medicines (or duplicate/fake medicines),
getting admission, consultations with doctors and availing diagnostic services. There have been cases of diversion of
medical supplies from government hospitals and clinicsas well as supply and distribution of medicines of inferior
qualitysome hospitals are charging extra amounts from rich peoples. in india there is a unfair co-operation for medi-
insurance companies and hospital.
DEATH CERTIFICATES
The greiving families are often asked to pay a bribe to get their loved one's Death Certificates in the offices run by
the Government. It happens in the open and yet nobody cares.
TRANSPORT
Officials who oversee transportation regulations, safety norms, traffic violations engage in rent seeking activity.Typically a lenient treatment for an offending driver or vehicle is accompanied by expectation of a bribe.India has
multiple jurisdictions for vehicular laws as well as overlapping laws at the central government and state
government level which worsens bureaucratic complications. This leads to facilitation payments to accelerate
normal government processes].
INCOME TAX
There have been several cases of collusion of officials of the income tax department of India for a favorable tax
treatment in return for bribes
Preferential award of public resources
As detailed earlier, land in areas with short supply is relatively common with government entities awarding public
land to private concerns at negligible rates. Other examples include the award of mining leasesto private
companies without a levy of taxes that is proportionate to the market value of the ore].
JUDICIARY
Corruption is rampant in the judicial system of India. According to Transparency International, judicial corruption in
India is attributable to factors such as "delays in the disposal of cases, shortage of judges and complex procedures,
all of which are exacerbated by a preponderance of new laws".
On the basis of various reports in media like Times of India [www.timesofindia.com], Hindustan Times
[www.hindustantimes.com]---various allegations of corruption against Balakrishnan, currently chairman of the
National Human Rights Commission and also the former chief justice of India (CJI) As A local TV channel of
Thiruvananthapuram has reported that former Chief Justice K G Balakrishnans son-in-law P V Srinijan, who did not
have any land asset four years ago, is now worth a fortune. Srinijan, a member of the Kerala Pradesh Congress
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Bold text===Educational Institutions=== Don't know why the semester system of education has been adopted by the
State, as well as Central Governments. The system of semester is nothing else parrotlessoning. In the semester type
of education, there are internal assessment tests, attendance, practical test marks will be awarded to the students.
For awarding these the teachers are collecting money from the students. Some students, though they are poor,
adjusting the required money in the fear that otherwise they will get less marks. The absentee student or poorperformed students will find out this type of shortcut way to get more marks from the teacher may comeforward to
pay the reqquired money to the teacher and will succeed. Though it is shameful on the part of teachers but also
dirty teachers will do this type of unhealthy practices and work against their ethics. ducational Institutions=== Don't
know why the semester system of education has been adopted by the State, as well as Central Governments. The
system of semester is nothing else parrotlessoning. In the semester type of education, there are internal assessment
tests, attendance, practical test marks will be awarded to the students. For awarding these the teachers are
collecting money from the students. Some students, though they are poor, adjusting the required money in the fear
that otherwise they will get less marks. The absentee student or poor performed students will find out this type of
shortcut way to get more marks from the teacher may comeforward to pay the reqquired money to the teacher and
will succeed. Though it is shameful on the part of teachers but also dirty teachers will do this type of unhealthy
practices and work against their ethics.
Anti-corruption efforts
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT
The Right to Information Act (2005) and equivalent acts in the states, that require government officials to furnish
information requested by citizens or face punitive action, computerisation of services and various central and state
government acts that established vigilance commissions have considerably reduced corruption or at least have
opened up avenues to redress grievances. The 2006 report by Transparency International puts India at the 70th
place and states that significant improvements were made by India in reducing corruption.
OMBUDSMEN
The LokAyukta is an anti-government corruption organization in the Indian states [34][35]. These institutions are based
on the Ombudsman in Scandinavian countries. An amendment to the Constitution has been proposed to implement
the Lokayukta uniformly across Indian States as a three-member body, headed by a retired Supreme Court judge orhigh court chief justice, and comprise of the state vigilance commissioner and a jurist or an eminent administrator
as other members .
COMPUTERIZATION
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Bhoomi is a project jointly funded by the Government of India and the Karnataka local government to
digitize the paper land records and create a software mechanism to control changes to the land registry in
Karnataka. The project was designed to eliminate the long-standing problem of inefficiency and corruption.
Introduction of smart cards for vehicle registration and drivers licenses by Karnataka Regional Transport
Organization.
Enforcement automation of traffic violations by Bangalore Traffic Police.
Whistleblowers
Whistleblowers play a major role in the fight against corruption. India currently does not have a law to protect
whistleblowers, which was highlighted by the assassination of Satyendra Dubey.
CREATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICE AND COURTS
Some have called for the Central Government to create an anti-theft law enforcement agency that investigates and
prosecutes corruption at all levels of government, including state and local level. Special courts that are more
efficient than the traditional Indian courts with traveling judges and law enforcement agents are being proposed.
The proposal has not yet been acted upon by the Indian government. Certain states such as Andhra Pradesh (Andhra
Pradesh Anti-corruption Bureau) and Karnataka (Lokayukta) have similar agencies and courts. The creation of a
central agency with specialized courts with broad powers, however, is likely to have greater impact in curbing
corruption at all levels
PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVES
Several new initiatives have come up in the private sector to raise awareness about Corruption related issues and tobuild anti-corruption platforms. http://5thpillar.org is one such organization that is promoting the use ofZero
Rupee Notes to fight corruption by shaming the officials who ask for bribe. Another popular initiativeJaago Re!One
Billion Votes fromTata Tea has now changed its focus from voter registration to fighting corruption [. nobribe.org is
another platform for corruption free India and advocates the use of direct and regular measurement of corruption
to force the hands of the leadership into dealing with corruption related issues.
NATIONAL SCENARIO
Corruption in India is a consequence of the nexus between Bureaucracy, politics and criminals. India is now nolonger considered a soft state. It has now become a consideration state where everything can be had for aconsideration. Today, the number of ministers with an honest image can be counted on fingers. At one time, bribewas paid for getting wrong things done but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time.
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Funding of elections is at the core of political corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in this regard. Severalreforms like: State funding of election expenses for candidates; strict enforcement of statutory requirements likeholding in-party elections, making political parties get their accounts audited regularly and filing income-taxreturns; denying persons with criminal records a chance to contest elections, should be brought in.
Responsiveness, accountability and transparency are a must for a clean system. Bureaucracy, the backbone ofgood governance, should be made more citizen friendly, accountable, ethical and transparent.
More and more courts should be opened for speedy & inexpensive justice so that cases dont linger in courtsfor years and justice is delivered on time.
Local bodies, Independent of the government, like Lokpals, Lokadalats, CVCs and Vigilance Commissions shouldbe formed to provide speedy justice with low expenses.
A new Fundamental Right viz. Right to Information should be introduced, which will empower the citizens to askfor the information they want. Barring some confidential information, which concerns national and internationalsecurity, other information should be made available to general public as and when required. Stringent actionsagainst corrupt officials will certainly have a deterrent impact.
CONCLUSION
Corruption is an intractable problem. It is like diabetes, can only be controlled, but not totally eliminated. Itmay not be possible to root out corruption completely at all levels but it is possible to contain it within tolerablelimits. Honest and dedicated persons in public life, control over electoral expenses could be the most importantprescriptions to combat corruption. Corruption has a corrosive impact on our economy. It worsens our image ininternational market and leads to loss of overseas opportunities. Corruption is a global problem that all countries ofthe world have to confront, solutions, however, can only be home grown. We have tolerated corruption for so long.The time has now come to root it out from its roots.