political geography -...
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H E A R T L A N D , R I M L A N D , & O R G A N I C T H E O R I E S
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ! Explain the concepts of political power and territoriality.
! Political power is expressed geographically as control over people, land, and resources (e.g., heartland, rimland, and organic theories).
! Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land.
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24. Heartland Theory
! Proposed by MacKinder ! The state that controlled the resource-rich “heartland” of
Eastern Europe and Western Asia could eventually dominate the world
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24. Heartland Theory
! Pivot Area: resource-rich Eastern Europe " Siberia ! Later renamed “the heartland”
! Inner Crescent: most of the world’s people & resources ! Later called “the rimland”
! World Island: the Eurasian continent
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24. Heartland Theory
! SIG: influential to US containment policy to stop the expansion of the Soviet Union ! Led to the creation of
NATO
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24. Heartland Theory
! Ukraine ! Leading wheat producer ! Coal resources ! Black Sea ports
! Hitler invaded Eastern Europe
! Soviet Union controlled after WWII
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25. Rimland Theory
! Proposed by Spykman ! Sea power is more valuable and alliance will keep the
heartland in check
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25. Rimland Theory
! Rimland contains most of the world’s people and large share of the world’s resources
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25. Rimland Theory
! Buffer Zone between sea and land power: ! Asia minor ! Arabia ! Iran ! Afghanistan ! Southeast Asia ! China ! Korea ! East Siberia
! Must defend from both sides ! Security problems
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25. Rimland Theory
! NATO formed to keep the heartland in check ! Heartland is trapped by its own geography ! Rimland would use the oceans to control the heartland ! SIG: basis for containment theory – keeping
communism from spreading
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Mackinder’s Heartland Theory Spykman’s Rimland Theory
! One Belt, One Road: ! Massive investment in trade
routes with Eurasian countries
! Interior development
! South China Sea ! Naval power
China
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26. Organic Theory (“Geopolitics”)
! Proposed by Ratzel ! The state resembles a living organism that needs to
consume other territories in order to survive ! Based on observations of 19th century states
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26. Organic Theory (“Geopolitics”)
! Hitler and the Nazis conquer European nations due to racial superiority
! Europeans colonizing (God, gold, glory) " spread Christianity, gain natural resources, own property, and benefit from more land
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27. Shatterbelt
! A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals
! Israel (Jews, Christians, Muslims) ! Kashmir (Muslims in NW India) ! Eastern Europe during the Cold War
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Make Connections!
! Heartland Theory
! Rimland Theory
! Organic Theory (Geopolitics)
! Buffer Zone
! Shatterbelt Region
! Hitler’s German Empire
! ISIS in the Middle East
! UK Navy Power
! US Imperialism in the South Pacific
! Ukraine