policy against political violence and terrorism in europe miroslav mareš summer school...
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Policy against political violence and terrorism in Europe
Miroslav MarešSummer School „International Security in the Modern
World“ Masaryk university, Brno
2012Foto:M. Mareš ©
Two main concpets of countering radicalism in contemporary Europe Countering radicalism
as a potential base of terrorism („countering radicalization“)
Countering extremism (former also radicalism)
Forms of protection of democracy
Tolerant democracy;
Partial militant democracy (antifascist, anticommunist etc.);
Militant democracy
Conceptual construction of defence of democracy (Capoccia 2005: 49)Time range of the objective Nature of measures
Short Term Long term
Repressive Militancy Purge
Accomondative Incorporation Education
Clusters of Anti-Extremist Legislation (Capoccia 2006: 58) State of siege,
emergency;
Party ban;
Antipropaganda;
Anti-extremist forms of behavior.
Party closures (Brems 141-148). 1. Refusal of registration;2. Temporary ban of party activities;3. Disqualification of list submitted by elections;4. The conviction of party for dissemination of certain proposals
from its party programme;5. Exclusion of political party from state subventions;6. The criminal conviction of individual party members for acts of
speech related to party programme;7. The criminal conviction of individual party members for their
membership in the party;8. Annuling the election result after the victory of an undesirable
party.9. Prohibition of political party.
Hate crimes (ODIHR OSCE 2009: 15)
Hate crimes are criminal acts motivated by bias or prejudice towards particular groups of people;
A hate crime therefore comprises two distinct elements:
It is an act that constitutes an offence under criminal law and
In committing the crime, the perpetrator acts on the basis on prejudice or bias.
Hate speech as crime Hate propaganda against
groups of people;
Support of totalitarian regimes and movements;
Holocaust denial and denial of various crimes against humanity.
Countering Extremism and Terrorism in the EU
Eurojust
Main institutions
of the EU
Fundamental Rights Agency(FRA)
Police Working
Group on Terrorism
PWGT
Counter Terrorism
Group
Joint SituationCentre – SITCEN
Europol
Couter Extremism/terrorism
policy in EU
Main pillars of the vounter-terrorism strategy of the EU
The European Union Strategy for Combating Radicalisation and Recruitment to Terrorism
To counter radicalisation and terrorist recruitment, the EU resolves to:
disrupt the activities of the networks and individuals who draw people into terrorism;
ensure that voices of mainstream opinion prevail over those of extremism;
promote yet more vigorously security, justice, democracy and opportunity for all.
Literature Backes, U., Jesse, E. (2005): Vergleichende Extremismusforschung. Baden Baden: Nomos. Brems, Eva (2006): Freedom of Political Association and the Question of Party Closures. In
Sadurski, Wojciech (ed.): Political Rights inder Stress in 21st century Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 120-195.
Capoccia, G. (2005): Defending Democracy. Reactions to Extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore, London: John Hopkins Press.
European Union (2005): The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy. http://register.consilium.eu.int/pdf/en/05/st14/st14469-re04.en05.pdf
European Union (2005): The European Union Strategy for Combating Radicalisation and Recruitment to Terrorism. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/05/st14/st14781-re01.en05.pdf
Herczeg, Jiří (2008): Trestné činy z nenávisti, Praha: ASPI/Wolters Kluwer Mareš, Miroslav (2003): Pravicový extremismus a radikalismus v ČR, Brno: Barrister &
Principal/Centrum strategických studií. Mareš, Miroslav (2011): Demokratieschutz in Europa. Presentation. Bedrohungen und Schutz der
Demokratie in Europa. Workshop des Hannah-Arendt-Instituts für Totalitarismusforschung e.V. an der Technischen Universität Dresde, 13. Juli 2011.
ODIHR OSCE (2009): Preventing and responding to hate crimes. A resource guide for NGOs in the OSCE region. Warsaw: OSCE ODIHR.