Police Family Violence Police Family Violence ResponseResponse

Strengthening Systems to Enhance Strengthening Systems to Enhance Prevention and InterventionPrevention and Intervention

Family Violence Symposium 2012Family Violence Symposium 2012

Strengthening Systems – The Strengthening Systems – The Police ‘Element’Police ‘Element’

The response to Family Violence can be viewed The response to Family Violence can be viewed through a ‘systems framework’. Wikipedia says..through a ‘systems framework’. Wikipedia says.. a system is composed of parts. a system is composed of parts. all the parts of a system must be related all the parts of a system must be related

(directly or indirectly)(directly or indirectly) a a systemsystem is a dynamic and complex whole, is a dynamic and complex whole,

interacting as a structured functional unit; interacting as a structured functional unit; systems thinking concerns an understanding systems thinking concerns an understanding

of a system by examining the of a system by examining the linkageslinkages and and interactionsinteractions between the between the elementselements that that compose the entirety of the system. compose the entirety of the system.

Strengthening Systems – The Strengthening Systems – The Police ‘Element’Police ‘Element’

Police response to Family Violence is one Police response to Family Violence is one element of the overall framework that is the element of the overall framework that is the system response to Family Violence.system response to Family Violence.

Police have reviewed and refined our FV Police have reviewed and refined our FV response with the objective of improving response with the objective of improving preventionprevention and and interventionintervention opportunities and opportunities and overall outcomes to FV.overall outcomes to FV.

The overall success of the new changes The overall success of the new changes depends on Police implementation, but, also depends on Police implementation, but, also depends on the quality of the communication depends on the quality of the communication and interactions between the other elements that and interactions between the other elements that compose the entirety of the ‘FV system.compose the entirety of the ‘FV system.

The Changes…1 July 2012The Changes…1 July 2012 A A situational response modelsituational response model that will… that will…

distinguish between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) distinguish between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and non IPV occurrencesand non IPV occurrences

apply a validated risk assessment tool that will apply a validated risk assessment tool that will predict likelihood of re-assault in IPV relationships predict likelihood of re-assault in IPV relationships (ODARA)(ODARA)

collect and share risk information in IPV contexts collect and share risk information in IPV contexts where ODARA does not applywhere ODARA does not apply

collect and share risk information specifically about collect and share risk information specifically about children at all FV occurrenceschildren at all FV occurrences

provide victims with relevant information and advise provide victims with relevant information and advise them of referral to relevant FV service providersthem of referral to relevant FV service providers

FAMILY VIOLENCEFAMILY VIOLENCEContext…Context…

In NZ the home is the most common location of In NZ the home is the most common location of violence.violence.

FV is more likely to result in injury than any other type FV is more likely to result in injury than any other type of assault.of assault.

Victims of FV are more likely to become repeat victims Victims of FV are more likely to become repeat victims than any other type of crime.than any other type of crime.

FV is the largest killer of women under the age of 44 FV is the largest killer of women under the age of 44 years of age in the world (including traffic accidents, years of age in the world (including traffic accidents, war, natural disasters and disease).war, natural disasters and disease).

One in three women experience physical or sexual One in three women experience physical or sexual violence from a partner in their lifetime. violence from a partner in their lifetime.

Estimated social and economic cost of family violence Estimated social and economic cost of family violence is $5.3 billion a year is $5.3 billion a year (Women’s Affairs Minister Hekia (Women’s Affairs Minister Hekia Parata June 2011).Parata June 2011).

Police Response toPolice Response toFamily ViolenceFamily Violence

Police attended over 94,000 family violence Police attended over 94,000 family violence incidents and offences in NZ in 2011.incidents and offences in NZ in 2011.

That is an average of 240 FV occurrences each That is an average of 240 FV occurrences each day (1 every 6 minutes).day (1 every 6 minutes).

Context - it is estimated that still only 18-20% of Context - it is estimated that still only 18-20% of all FV incidents are reported. all FV incidents are reported.

Children are present at and / or witness family Children are present at and / or witness family violence in over 50% of family violence violence in over 50% of family violence occurrences reported to Policeoccurrences reported to Police

Family Violence - Role of PoliceFamily Violence - Role of Police

Critical responder - primary role = establish safety Critical responder - primary role = establish safety and offender accountability as appropriate.and offender accountability as appropriate.

ALSO - information collector, initial risk assessor ALSO - information collector, initial risk assessor and facilitator of intervention.and facilitator of intervention.

FV response must be collaborative to be effective FV response must be collaborative to be effective and is a multi-agency responsibility.and is a multi-agency responsibility.

Police do not address the underlying causes and Police do not address the underlying causes and behavior – but play a key role in facilitation of behavior – but play a key role in facilitation of protective responses for victims and children.protective responses for victims and children.

The most crucial work is prevention – often The most crucial work is prevention – often invisible and not measurable.invisible and not measurable.

Police Perspectives -The Iceberg ProfilePolice Perspectives -The Iceberg Profile

Rep

orte

d 20

%U

n-R

epor

ted

80%

Fam

ily V

iole

nce

notif

icat

ions

to

Pol

ice 6 to 10% = 65%

Call Demand

19% - Child Female14% - Child Male30% - Adult Male37% - Adult Female

Family Violence

Homicide

Child Abuse

Adult Sexual Assault

Serious Assault

50%

30%

70% 65%

What is Reported to us? What is Reported to us? % of Serious Violence that is Family Violence% of Serious Violence that is Family Violence

Police Review of FV Response - Police Review of FV Response - Primary ObjectivesPrimary Objectives

Understand the nature and type of FV occurrences Understand the nature and type of FV occurrences attended by NZ Policeattended by NZ Police

Undertake international comparative analysis to Undertake international comparative analysis to investigate type and effectiveness of FV responses investigate type and effectiveness of FV responses used elsewhere by law enforcement agenciesused elsewhere by law enforcement agencies

Review and amend NZP response to ensure best Review and amend NZP response to ensure best practice response to FV (current and relevant).practice response to FV (current and relevant).

Identify relevant information for collection and Identify relevant information for collection and distribution internally and for collaborative purposesdistribution internally and for collaborative purposes

Apply risk assessment tools that are validated and Apply risk assessment tools that are validated and can reliably inform decisionscan reliably inform decisions

Improve ability to prioritize and effectively use Improve ability to prioritize and effectively use resourcesresources

26,326

Nature and Type of FV Occurrences Attended by Police

Family Violence Breakdown 2011 (70% IPV / 30% ‘Other’ Family Violence)

Family ViolenceNon IPV

(Physical / sexual violence / threats)

7%Intimate Partner

Violence (Remainder)

56%

Intimate Partner Violence

(Physical / sexual violence / threats)

14%

Family ViolenceNon IPV

(Remainder)23%

Impact of AnalysisImpact of Analysis NZP - NZP - 70%70% of FV occurrences are Intimate Partner of FV occurrences are Intimate Partner

Violence (IPV). Violence (IPV). IPV is driven by distinct dynamicsIPV is driven by distinct dynamics

NZP NZP 30%30% - ‘FV in non IPV family relationships’ - ‘FV in non IPV family relationships’ Violence in non IPV family relationships are Violence in non IPV family relationships are

driven by different dynamics to IPV.driven by different dynamics to IPV.

Blanket responses are ineffective at determining Blanket responses are ineffective at determining and managing risk and recidivism – and managing risk and recidivism – move to move to situational response model situational response model that will distinguish that will distinguish between relationship type and nature of the violencebetween relationship type and nature of the violence

Risk Information /Assessment Risk Information /Assessment impactsimpacts

Review of current Risk Assessment tools; Review of current Risk Assessment tools; international literature review of RA tools in use by law international literature review of RA tools in use by law

enforcement for FV, and enforcement for FV, and subsequent comparative analysis of current NZP subsequent comparative analysis of current NZP

‘tools’ against these findings.‘tools’ against these findings. Outcome = Outcome = Recommendation that the current risk Recommendation that the current risk

assessment tool (all three sections) be replacedassessment tool (all three sections) be replaced; because;; because; not developed using evidence based processesnot developed using evidence based processes not validated to show predictive accuracynot validated to show predictive accuracy evidence of unreliability (over and under estimating evidence of unreliability (over and under estimating

riskrisk Not applicable across all relationship types – ie its Not applicable across all relationship types – ie its

blanket application lacks relevance to non IPV casesblanket application lacks relevance to non IPV cases Not evidentially applicableNot evidentially applicable

Risk Assessment - what, why, and how?

Risk assessment means making an appraisal Risk assessment means making an appraisal now about the likelihood of undesirable now about the likelihood of undesirable events happening in the future. events happening in the future.

A reliable assessment enables resources to A reliable assessment enables resources to be allocated to cases according to risk be allocated to cases according to risk (tailoring of urgency, nature and size of (tailoring of urgency, nature and size of resource response).resource response).

BUTBUT to be effective a risk assessment must to be effective a risk assessment must be ‘be ‘valid ‘valid ‘ and ‘ and ‘reliable’.reliable’.

Risk Assessment - what, why and how?

A valid risk assessment shared with those who A valid risk assessment shared with those who work with work with victimsvictims and criminal justice users, and criminal justice users, can improve risk communication and promote can improve risk communication and promote the coordination of all services responding to the coordination of all services responding to family violence.family violence.

OffenderOffender intervention should be based on the intervention should be based on the principles of risk, need, and responsiveness; a principles of risk, need, and responsiveness; a valid risk assessment is the essential starting valid risk assessment is the essential starting point.point.

Prediction – Prevention - ProtectionPrediction – Prevention - Protection

Risk Assessment - what, why and how?

There are a three ways to collect violence risk There are a three ways to collect violence risk information; information; unstructured / professional judgementunstructured / professional judgement – – intuitiveintuitive = =

using informal processes to identify relevant using informal processes to identify relevant information and to make a decision. e.g. personal information and to make a decision. e.g. personal experience, memory of research history, clinical experience, memory of research history, clinical observations.observations.

structured professional judgementstructured professional judgement – – intuitiveintuitive = = guided decision making after consideration of a given guided decision making after consideration of a given list of variables.list of variables.

actuarial actuarial – – mechanical = mechanical = decisions based on decisions based on empirical relationships between predictor empirical relationships between predictor characteristics and outcomes. Have the highest characteristics and outcomes. Have the highest degree of predictive accuracydegree of predictive accuracy..

Risk Assessment - what, why and how?

Research indicates that it is highly desirable to have a Research indicates that it is highly desirable to have a tool that has a good tool that has a good predictive accuracypredictive accuracy, determined , determined through validation design and testing.through validation design and testing.

To have predictive accuracy risk assessment tools To have predictive accuracy risk assessment tools must be designed and tested (must be designed and tested (validatedvalidated) for their ) for their specific purpose (actuarial).specific purpose (actuarial).

Risk assessment tools are relationship specific and Risk assessment tools are relationship specific and outcome specific (have a specific predictive outcome specific (have a specific predictive measurement objectivemeasurement objective …re-assault, lethality, …re-assault, lethality, likelihood of conviction)likelihood of conviction)

Risk assessment tools have a Risk assessment tools have a narrow applicationnarrow application, this , this means risk information also needs to be collected to means risk information also needs to be collected to complement where a tool cannot be applied.complement where a tool cannot be applied.

Building the situational response Building the situational response model – choosing a RA toolmodel – choosing a RA tool

Risk Assessment Tool must be IPV (other Risk Assessment Tool must be IPV (other relationships types driven by different dynamics – no relationships types driven by different dynamics – no tool applicable to law enforcement available as yet).tool applicable to law enforcement available as yet).

A tool designed to predict re-assault is desirable, A tool designed to predict re-assault is desirable, because that is our greatest volume attendance because that is our greatest volume attendance AND a good tool one will also give an indication of AND a good tool one will also give an indication of the likely seriousness of any re-assault.the likely seriousness of any re-assault.

Review of IPV re-assault tools in use by Review of IPV re-assault tools in use by international law enforcement and comparison of international law enforcement and comparison of relative accuracy led to…relative accuracy led to…

= selection of Ontario Domestic Assault = selection of Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Risk Assessment tool (ODARA) for use by NZPAssessment tool (ODARA) for use by NZP

ODARA AccuracyODARA Accuracy

AssessmentAssessment ROC Area ROC Area (+.5 to +1)(+.5 to +1)

ODARA .77 DVSR (LE239) (DV Supp Report)

.67 SARA (Spousal Assault RA)

.64 DA (Danger Assessment) .59

LSI (Level of Service Inventory) .56

- Any ROC score over .70 is described as having a ‘large’ (significant) effect.

- Subsequent cross validations of ODARA resulted in ROC scores of up to .80

Sensitivity/Specificity trade-off

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Specificity

Sen

siti

vity

/ P

red

icti

ve P

ow

er

Hilton, Harris, Rice, Lang, Cormier, & Lines (2004)

Validity: ROC Area, PPP, NPP for any New IPV

Risk Assessment Risk Assessment Evolution – Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Evolution – Ontario Domestic Assault Risk

Assessment (ODARA)Assessment (ODARA) Canada – 1998 Canada – 1998

1998 - May / Iles Inquest, Report to the Attorney 1998 - May / Iles Inquest, Report to the Attorney GeneralGeneral

2002 -Hadley Inquest, Family Violence Death Review 2002 -Hadley Inquest, Family Violence Death Review recommendation.recommendation.

• Collaboration of Ontario Provincial Police and Waypoint to work Collaboration of Ontario Provincial Police and Waypoint to work on a project to develop RA Tool that could assist in assessing on a project to develop RA Tool that could assist in assessing risk of recidivism in cases of domestic assault - ODARArisk of recidivism in cases of domestic assault - ODARA

New Zealand – 2001- 2007New Zealand – 2001- 2007 Death of the Aplin sisters (2001)Death of the Aplin sisters (2001) Death of Coral Burrows (2003)Death of Coral Burrows (2003)

• Introduction of first risk assessment tool in NZ – Pol FVIR (3 Introduction of first risk assessment tool in NZ – Pol FVIR (3 questions, 12 red flags, risk and lethality worksheet)questions, 12 red flags, risk and lethality worksheet)

Ontario Domestic Risk Assault Risk Ontario Domestic Risk Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA)Assessment (ODARA)

Collaboration of OPP with MHCP (now Collaboration of OPP with MHCP (now Waypoint) Domestic Assault Recidivism Risk Waypoint) Domestic Assault Recidivism Risk Assessment Project, 1999 - 2005Assessment Project, 1999 - 2005

First Purpose:First Purpose:To develop a risk assessment tool for front line To develop a risk assessment tool for front line

police officers, crown attorneys, health care police officers, crown attorneys, health care professionals, victim groups and other professionals, victim groups and other

criminal justice partners that could assist in criminal justice partners that could assist in assessing risk of recidivism in cases of assessing risk of recidivism in cases of

domestic assaultdomestic assault

What is ODARA?What is ODARA?

Tool designed to assess the likelihood that a Tool designed to assess the likelihood that a person who has assaulted their partner will do person who has assaulted their partner will do so againso again

ODARA consists of 13 items that predict re-ODARA consists of 13 items that predict re-assault and produces estimates of risk based assault and produces estimates of risk based upon the number of items scored as presentupon the number of items scored as present

The higher the score the sooner, the more The higher the score the sooner, the more frequent and the more severe the violence is frequent and the more severe the violence is likely to belikely to be

Developing ODARA

The actuarial approach to designing The actuarial approach to designing ODARA and identifying predictive ODARA and identifying predictive variables resulted in some interesting variables resulted in some interesting findings…….findings……. Some variables expected to be good predictors were Some variables expected to be good predictors were

not significantly related to recidivism (e.g. injury at not significantly related to recidivism (e.g. injury at index assault and suicidal indicators or threats).index assault and suicidal indicators or threats).

Other variables were related to recidivism but did not Other variables were related to recidivism but did not improve the risk assessment after the 13 selected improve the risk assessment after the 13 selected items were included (e.g. unemployment and sexual items were included (e.g. unemployment and sexual jealousy).jealousy).

Only variables that were primary and strong predictors Only variables that were primary and strong predictors of recidivism were chosen for ODARA (13 items)of recidivism were chosen for ODARA (13 items)

Original Variable Grouping and Reduction Steps

• Index Assault Details• Non domestic Criminal History• Domestic Criminal History• Socio-demographic Characteristics• Victim Reports• Relationship Characteristics

Series of steps to reduce variables only to those that made a significant and independent contribution to the prediction of recidivism – regression, set wise, boot strapping, final reduction = 13 items.The 13 variables selected were those that in the series of analyses, consistently predicted recidivism by themselves and over and above the remaining variables.

ODARA COMPOSITION Summary

ODARA has 13 items summarised into seven key ODARA has 13 items summarised into seven key groups:groups:

Family violence historyFamily violence history Criminal historyCriminal history Threat and confinement during most recent offenseThreat and confinement during most recent offense Children in the relationshipChildren in the relationship Accused substance abuseAccused substance abuse Barriers to supportBarriers to support Victims views on potential for future violenceVictims views on potential for future violence

ODARA Application and ImpactsODARA Application and Impacts

ODARA has qualifying criteria before it can be ODARA has qualifying criteria before it can be used. (Predicts re-assault, so predicated on the fact used. (Predicts re-assault, so predicated on the fact that there has been prior assault.)that there has been prior assault.)

Focuses application on cases that meet the Focuses application on cases that meet the threshold of physical assault, or, serious threat of threshold of physical assault, or, serious threat of violence with a weapon and / or sexual violence. violence with a weapon and / or sexual violence. (Called the index offence)(Called the index offence)

Risk information about remaining IPV cases where Risk information about remaining IPV cases where ODARA does not apply, ODARA does not apply, still needsstill needs to be collected to be collected and shared. and shared.

Resulted in further research and analysis and Resulted in further research and analysis and subsequently, the development of processes to subsequently, the development of processes to collect risk information about collect risk information about victimsvictims and and childrenchildren..

14%

56%

30%

26,326

12,285

49,141

70%

IPVODARA

IPV Non ODARA

20%

80%

Family Violence New Process Application

Source: 2010 – 2011 Fiscal Year

0

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4 5, 6 7 +

Pe

rce

nt

Re

cid

ivis

m

0

10

20

30

40

50

Pe

rce

nt

in O

DA

RA

Ca

teg

ory

Construction N=589 All Cross-validations N=836 Percent in Category N=1425

Percent who RecidivateAs a Function of ODARA Category

Interpreting ODARA Risk ScoresInterpreting ODARA Risk Scores

ScoreScore Percent Percent RecidivismRecidivism

Percent in Percent in this rangethis range

Percent Percent scoring scoring lowerlower

Percent Percent scoring scoring higherhigher

00 55 1111 00 8989

11 1010 1616 1111 7373

22 2020 2121 2727 5252

33 2727 1919 4848 3333

44 4141 1313 6767 2020

5-65-6 5959 1313 8080 77

7-137-13 7070 77 9393 00(Booklet page 30)

Using ODARA

POLICE POLICE Information available in domestic investigationInformation available in domestic investigation Opposition to bailOpposition to bail Custody, Promise-to-appearCustody, Promise-to-appear Warrant for arrestWarrant for arrest Victim crisis referral, Emergency Victim crisis referral, Emergency

transportation transportation Crown briefCrown brief

Using ODARA – Courts/Probation

Bail Bail Higher scoring offenders represent more substantial riskHigher scoring offenders represent more substantial risk Custody, Bail conditionsCustody, Bail conditions Victim services liaisonVictim services liaison

Sentencing Sentencing Incarceration, DurationIncarceration, Duration Probation conditionsProbation conditions

Probation and ParoleProbation and Parole Higher risk offenders: more supervisionHigher risk offenders: more supervision Conditions of releaseConditions of release Supervision frequency, IntensitySupervision frequency, Intensity Referral to treatment programsReferral to treatment programs

Uses of ODARA

Identification of potential risk to Victim Identification of potential risk to Victim (and children in relationship)(and children in relationship)

Assists in explaining to victims, and their understanding Assists in explaining to victims, and their understanding of, potential risk of, potential risk

Improve victim engagement with service providersImprove victim engagement with service providers Enable appropriate safety planning commensurate to Enable appropriate safety planning commensurate to

identified risk for victim identified risk for victim Information to victims on uses of ODARA by the Criminal Information to victims on uses of ODARA by the Criminal

Justice SystemJustice System

Offender Treatment DecisionsOffender Treatment Decisions Resource allocationResource allocation AttritionAttrition Victim contactVictim contact

AA common metric for all sectors working together to common metric for all sectors working together to prevent violence against womenprevent violence against women

Certification and RegistrationCertification and Registration ODARA is an internationally validated risk ODARA is an internationally validated risk

assessment tool, it will be tested and validated in NZ assessment tool, it will be tested and validated in NZ by NZ Policeby NZ Police

To maintain integrity and predictive validity of ODARA To maintain integrity and predictive validity of ODARA scores, NZ Police must comply with training, scores, NZ Police must comply with training, certification and registration requirements.certification and registration requirements.

Frontline staff will collect ODARA information – scores Frontline staff will collect ODARA information – scores will be validated by specialists who are trained users.will be validated by specialists who are trained users.

All training of users will be provided by the FV Unit All training of users will be provided by the FV Unit and delivered by a registered ODARA trainerand delivered by a registered ODARA trainer

All staff who successfully complete the ODARA user All staff who successfully complete the ODARA user training will be certified and internationally registered. training will be certified and internationally registered.

Collection of Risk InformationCollection of Risk Information

(IPV - ODARA (IPV - ODARA notnot applicable) applicable)Once ODARA was chosen we needed to look specifically at how Once ODARA was chosen we needed to look specifically at how

to manage risk to occurrences where ODARA did not apply…to manage risk to occurrences where ODARA did not apply…

To score the ODARA, (the index assault) must be met. To score the ODARA, (the index assault) must be met.

Definition - index assaultDefinition - index assault::

• the most recent incident known to police in which the most recent incident known to police in which violenceviolence occurred between intimate partners …occurred between intimate partners …

• ‘‘Violence’ = physical and /or sexual assault and/ or a Violence’ = physical and /or sexual assault and/ or a credible threat of harm or death with a weapon in hand, in credible threat of harm or death with a weapon in hand, in the presence of the victimthe presence of the victim

Risk information was required for IPV attendances where Risk information was required for IPV attendances where ODARA ODARA does notdoes not apply (the apply (the orange orange wedge)wedge)

Collection of Risk InformationCollection of Risk Information

(IPV - ODARA (IPV - ODARA notnot applicable) applicable) Confident that ODARA will help prioritize cases and assess Confident that ODARA will help prioritize cases and assess

risk where physical violence or imminent threat of it appliesrisk where physical violence or imminent threat of it applies Actuarial tools Actuarial tools notnot generally developed to assess risk at the generally developed to assess risk at the

‘lower level’, usually designed to ‘lower level’, usually designed to predictpredict an event an event ButBut still need to collect risk information about non ODARA still need to collect risk information about non ODARA

IPV cases to help inform decision making (Victim safety IPV cases to help inform decision making (Victim safety andand offender management) offender management)

IPV non ODARA cases are approximately 56% of IPV non ODARA cases are approximately 56% of attendancesattendances

Used research and prior recent work by Ontario Provincial Used research and prior recent work by Ontario Provincial Police to develop NZ Police’s own structured professional Police to develop NZ Police’s own structured professional judgment tool – a list of variables known to predict risk of judgment tool – a list of variables known to predict risk of harm in IPV cases = Intimate Partner Vulnerability Factorsharm in IPV cases = Intimate Partner Vulnerability Factors

Acute and dynamic factors a primary focus to ensure lower Acute and dynamic factors a primary focus to ensure lower level attendance by Police is not something more serious.level attendance by Police is not something more serious.

Collection of Risk InformationCollection of Risk Information

(IPV - ODARA (IPV - ODARA notnot applicable) applicable) This information also forms part of the history This information also forms part of the history

where there are both ODARA and Non ODARA where there are both ODARA and Non ODARA attendances by Policeattendances by Police

As with the Child Risk Factors, items are not As with the Child Risk Factors, items are not scored (not a validated tool) but are listed as scored (not a validated tool) but are listed as present, not present or unknown. present, not present or unknown.

The number of factors and combination of The number of factors and combination of factors are both important. It is the professional factors are both important. It is the professional judgment and experience of FV specialists in judgment and experience of FV specialists in interpreting the information that is important interpreting the information that is important

Commentary and summary on front page FV Commentary and summary on front page FV reports.reports.

Risk Information for Non ODARA IPVRisk Information for Non ODARA IPVIntimate PartnerIntimate Partner Vulnerability FactorsVulnerability Factors

Recent change in relationship statusRecent change in relationship status Offender wanting to renew the relationshipOffender wanting to renew the relationship Officer identifies / partner discloses psychological violenceOfficer identifies / partner discloses psychological violence Chronic violence in the relationshipChronic violence in the relationship Violence - increasing severity/frequencyViolence - increasing severity/frequency Victim believes offender could kill or injure herVictim believes offender could kill or injure her Offender has strangled the victimOffender has strangled the victim Offender has threatened/attempted suicideOffender has threatened/attempted suicide Offender has threatened to kill the victim or othersOffender has threatened to kill the victim or others Offender has a history of violence against othersOffender has a history of violence against others Offender has stalked the victimOffender has stalked the victim Offender has exhibited sexual jealousyOffender has exhibited sexual jealousy Offender is recently unemployed / under financial pressureOffender is recently unemployed / under financial pressure Offender has history of drug / alcohol useOffender has history of drug / alcohol use Offender has diagnosed mental illness Offender has diagnosed mental illness Offender has diagnosed personality disorderOffender has diagnosed personality disorder

Risk Management – Collection of Risk Management – Collection of Risk Information - ChildrenRisk Information - Children

Once collection of risk information for IPV response (ODARA Once collection of risk information for IPV response (ODARA and IPVF) was determined we needed to look specifically at and IPVF) was determined we needed to look specifically at how to manage remaining riskhow to manage remaining risk

30%30% not IPV; (The ‘blue wedge’ not IPV; (The ‘blue wedge’ – – ODARA / ODARA / IPVFIPVF not relevant)not relevant)

- - 20% child related FV20% child related FV - 10% ‘Other’ FV –- 10% ‘Other’ FV – No RA tool applicable No RA tool applicable

Addressing Risk to ChildrenAddressing Risk to Children

It was important to consider how Police could specifically address It was important to consider how Police could specifically address risks to children when attending FV incidents.risks to children when attending FV incidents.

Work was commissioned to look at whether there was identifiable Work was commissioned to look at whether there was identifiable and recognized risks to children living in families engaged in FV.and recognized risks to children living in families engaged in FV.

Risk Management – Collection of Risk Management – Collection of Risk Information - ChildrenRisk Information - Children

Research confirmed - high inter-relationship Research confirmed - high inter-relationship between IPV and the incidence of child abuse between IPV and the incidence of child abuse and neglect = and neglect = 70%70% correlation. correlation.

Automatic screening in some countries (e.g Automatic screening in some countries (e.g UK).UK).

Concern with a very high percentage of child Concern with a very high percentage of child FV deaths in immediate and wider family FV deaths in immediate and wider family context in New Zealand (child deaths are context in New Zealand (child deaths are approximately 33% of all FV deaths in NZ).approximately 33% of all FV deaths in NZ).

Recommendation that NZP should consider Recommendation that NZP should consider introducing a supplementary tool specifically to introducing a supplementary tool specifically to consider risks to children.consider risks to children.

Risk Management – Collection of Risk Management – Collection of Risk Information - ChildrenRisk Information - Children

Further work was subsequently commissioned to look at Further work was subsequently commissioned to look at what child risk tools international frontline law what child risk tools international frontline law enforcement used to assess risks to children in FV enforcement used to assess risks to children in FV incidents.incidents.

No tools are currently in use although some jurisdictions No tools are currently in use although some jurisdictions are in the early stages of development.are in the early stages of development.

Decision made that NZ Police need to collect Decision made that NZ Police need to collect risk information about children when attending all risk information about children when attending all

family violence incidents family violence incidents ==

development of the Child Risk Factor Form in development of the Child Risk Factor Form in conjunction with partner agenciesconjunction with partner agencies

Risk Management – Collection of Risk Management – Collection of Risk Information - ChildrenRisk Information - Children

The Child Risk Factor Form (CRF) was developed The Child Risk Factor Form (CRF) was developed by using clearly identified risk factors derived from by using clearly identified risk factors derived from researchresearch

These factors are clearly distinct from those related These factors are clearly distinct from those related to IPVto IPV

Balance was required to ensure CRF would not Balance was required to ensure CRF would not overburden staff or be outside ‘Police role’overburden staff or be outside ‘Police role’

The CRF went through a consultation process with The CRF went through a consultation process with key partner agencies including CYFkey partner agencies including CYF

It is not a risk assessment tool, but a list of variables It is not a risk assessment tool, but a list of variables to inform professional judgment in making decisionsto inform professional judgment in making decisions

The CRF is not ‘scored’, it is the presence and The CRF is not ‘scored’, it is the presence and combination of factors that is important.combination of factors that is important.

Child Risk FactorsChild Risk Factors In the new FV response model, CRF’s will be completed In the new FV response model, CRF’s will be completed

for all children involved in Family Violence occurrences for all children involved in Family Violence occurrences attended by NZPattended by NZP

Only one CRF is completed for all children present that Only one CRF is completed for all children present that are 16 years of age or youngerare 16 years of age or younger

The CRF records the presence or not of known risk The CRF records the presence or not of known risk factors grouped into categories – aggressor, family and factors grouped into categories – aggressor, family and child specificchild specific

Police will collect this information and share it with Police will collect this information and share it with partner agenciespartner agencies

We are not usurping the role of CYF to determine and We are not usurping the role of CYF to determine and be responsible for identifying and managing at risk be responsible for identifying and managing at risk children, but we will be able to assist by providing better children, but we will be able to assist by providing better quality informationquality information

Child Risk FactorsChild Risk Factors CHILDCHILD

Child unbornChild unborn Child/ren under 5 years of ageChild/ren under 5 years of age Child/ren with physical disabilityChild/ren with physical disability Previous injury to child/ren through family violencePrevious injury to child/ren through family violence

AGGRESSOR / PROTECTIVE PARENTAGGRESSOR / PROTECTIVE PARENT History of alcohol and / or drug use History of alcohol and / or drug use Diagnosed mental illnessDiagnosed mental illness Criminal history Criminal history Evidence of stalking in the relationship (agg)Evidence of stalking in the relationship (agg) Extremely controlling behaviour in the relationship (agg)Extremely controlling behaviour in the relationship (agg)

Child Risk FactorsChild Risk Factors

FAMILYFAMILY Police history of family violencePolice history of family violence Current Protection order / Family Court Order or PSOCurrent Protection order / Family Court Order or PSO Low socio-economic circumstancesLow socio-economic circumstances Recent stressorsRecent stressors Non-biological parentsNon-biological parents Mother under 25 years of ageMother under 25 years of age Changes in relationship statusChanges in relationship status Sexual assault of parent / caregiver at current Sexual assault of parent / caregiver at current

occurrenceoccurrence

14%

56%

30%

26,326

12,285

49,141

70%

IPVODARA

IPV Non ODARA

20%

80%

Family Violence New Process Application

Source: 2010 – 2011 Fiscal Year

‘ ‘Preventative Actions’ in FV ResponsePreventative Actions’ in FV ResponseNew and Refined…New and Refined…

Prevention of further imminent harm by correct offender Prevention of further imminent harm by correct offender management decisions, removal through arrest or use of management decisions, removal through arrest or use of Police Safety OrderPolice Safety Order

Collecting relevant risk information to inform decisions and Collecting relevant risk information to inform decisions and to provide future context (Child Risk Factors, Intimate to provide future context (Child Risk Factors, Intimate Partner Vulnerability Factors) includes sharing this Partner Vulnerability Factors) includes sharing this information appropriatelyinformation appropriately

Application of ODARA, correct identification of risk – Application of ODARA, correct identification of risk – offender management, safety planning and interagency offender management, safety planning and interagency responseresponse

Providing the victim with information (Victim information Providing the victim with information (Victim information sheet) and referring onto FV service providersheet) and referring onto FV service provider

Active engagement in FVIARS Active engagement in FVIARS Targeting of high risk offenders and victims through Targeting of high risk offenders and victims through

profiling of repeat and high risk cases (FVC)profiling of repeat and high risk cases (FVC) Police Family Violence Death Review (PFVDR)Police Family Violence Death Review (PFVDR) Alternative resolutions / outcomes as appropriateAlternative resolutions / outcomes as appropriate

Ripple Effect : Preventative ActionsRipple Effect : Preventative Actions

Mak

e sa

fe

PSO Arre

st

Victim Inform

ation

Referral

Risk Information

Assessment

Safet

y

Plannin

g

FST

14%

56%7%

23%

ProsecutionAlternative Resolution

Profiling and Targeting(FV subjects)

CIB

CPT

ASA

FST

Youth

NPT

LiaisonOfficers

Offender Management

Analysis of FVInformation and data

FV Practitioneroverview

FVIARSIntervention