Class- VI

Civics

Chapter -1 Understanding Diversity

• Read the following summary of the chapter.

• Learn and then write these answers in your practice notebook.

Points To Remember:

1. The variety and wide range of things we find in and around as is termed as diversity. For

example in the mother nature we find varieties of things like plants, animals, flowers, birds,

trees, rivers etc.

2. Man was a nomad initially during ancient times, later he started to lead a social life by

mingling with other people of the society and this led to the emergence of diversity.

3. In India diversity can be seen in religions, languages, food, clothes, races, tribes etc. Different

religious and cultural backgrounds are the main aspects of Div ersity.

4. Human beings are social animals and thus cannot fulfill all their needs on their own. They

depend on each other and also on their social groups to fulfill the needs.

5. People can make friends with any one. And the backgrounds like religion, social st atus and

economic status cannot become barriers in making friends.

6. Inequality comes when a person does not have the resources and opportunities that are

available to other persons.

7. Right to Education (RTE) has made provision for poor family children to stu dy in public

schools. This has helped to reduce the levels of economic inequality in education.

8. Within various social groups of humans, different activities are performed depending on the

culture, skills, geographic location, interests and understanding.

9. As globalization started, the interdependence of various social groups also increased.

10. Ladakh is a desert in the north eastern mountainous part of Jammu & Kashmir. Very little

agriculture is possible here as this area does not receive good rainfall and this area is

covered with snow for a large part of the year. For drinking water people depend on the

melting water from the mountains in the summer months.

11. People in Ladakh rear Sheep and the wool from these particular sheep called as Pashmina wool are very special and

costly. People carefully collect the wool and sell it to the local traders . Pashmina shawls are woven in Kashmir.

• People eat meat and milk products . Each family has some goats , Cows & dzos (Yak -cows).

• Though it is a desert it has attracted many traders and it also has many passes for example: Tibet.

• The caravans traded spices , wool, textiles and raw silk.

• Buddhism reached Ladhak via Tibet. Ladhak is also called the Little Tibet. Is lam was introduced in this

region more than 400 years ago. L ocal version of Tibetian national epic "Kesar saga" is sung both by

Muslims and Buddhists .

12. Kerala is a state in the South western part of India. It is surrounded by Sea on one side and

Hills on other side. A number of spices are grown in this region. These spices made this

region attractive for the traders. Jewish and Arabs were the first to come here.

• The Apostle of Christ, St. Thomas is believed to come here nearly 2000 years ago and he is one to bring

Christianity to India. Ibn Battuta trav elled here before 700 years ago and he wrote a travelogue describing

Muslims as the highly respected community.

• When Portuguese were discovering sea route from Europe to India, Vasco da Gama first landed here.

Because of all these historical influences Ker ala practices various religions.

• The fishing nets used here are exactly l ike the Chinese fishing nets and are called as Cheena -vala. Even

the utensils used for frying are called Cheenachatti . It is believed that the word cheena would have come

from China.

• The land is very fertile and suitable for growing various crops. People here eat mainly rice, Fish and

vegetables .

13. Unity and diversity run parallel to each other in India. In India we find people speaking

various languages, celebrating different festivals, eating different cuisines, practicing

different religions but still all live together happily as Indians.

14. The Phrase Unity in diversity was first coined by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru in his book “The

discovery of India”

15. India's diversity has always been seen as a source of its strength. When the British ruled

India, people from different cultural, religious and regional backgrounds came together to

oppose them.

16. India's freedom movement had thousands of people of different backgrounds in it. They

worked together to decide joint actions, they went to jail together, and they found different

ways to oppose the British.

17. Though British thought they could divide Indians because they were so diverse, the people

showed how they could be different and yet be united in thei r battle.

18. India's National anthem composed by Rabindranath Tagore also expresses the unity of India.

Lets understand the diversity of India by taking examples of two states

Kashmir: Northern most state of India

Kashmir is a beautiful place located in northern part of India. Kashmir is the crown of India and it is famous for

its picturesque beauty, house boats and cultivation of fine quality saffron, apples and walnuts . The famous

cuisines are wazwan and kahwah. People wear woolens due to cold climate. Phiran is popular attire which

includes headgear and scarfs . Kashmiri is widely spoken language in Kashmir. People follow the religion of Is lam

and Buddhism. Eid, Lohri, Diwali are the famous festivals .

Kerala: Southern most state of India

Kerala is a beautiful place located in southern part of India. Kerala is famous for its scenic beauty and cultivation

spices l ike cloves and cinnamon. The famous cuisine includes puttu and appam. Men wear mundu and women wear

sari. Malayalam is widely spoken here. Peopl e here follow the ethics of Hinduism and Onam is the main festival

celebrated here.

Fill in the blanks.

• Ladakh is a desert in the mountains in the eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir.

• The caste system is an example of inequality.

• Both Kerala and Ladakh regions were influenced by Chinese and Arab

traders.

• Ladakh is also called Little Tibet.

Q2. True/False

i. History and geography are often tied in the cultural life of a

region. True

ii. In Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Haryana, a British general opened fire

on a large group of unarmed people. False

iii. The Discovery of India is written by Jawaharlal Nehru. True

iv. Gandhiji coined the phrase, "unity in diversity" to describe the

country. False

Q3. Question/Answers.

Question 1: Draw up a list of the different festivals celebrated in your locality. Which of these

celebrations are shared by members of different regional and religious communities? Answer: Different festivals celebrated in our locality are: Holi – Hindus, Sikhs, Jain

Diwali – Hindus, Sikhs, Jain Id-ul-Fitr – Muslims Christmas – Christians Lohri – Hindus, Sikhs

Raksha Bandhan – Hindus, Sikhs, Jain Good Friday – Christians But some festivals are celebrated by all the members of different regional and religious communities. These festivals are national festivals- e.g. Independence Day, Republic Day, Gandhi Jayanti, etc. These national festivals are celebrated by every Indian irrespective of region and religion.

Question 2: What do you think living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds to your

life? Answer: The rich heritage of diversity in India adds variety to our life and enriches our lives in many ways:

• Diversity teaches us to be open-minded and tolerant as we learn many things from each other and share our experiences.

• We celebrate different festivals together and learn different languages, cultures etc. This kind of diversity helps us evolve as better human beings because we respect people with different religious beliefs, viewpoints, tastes, customs, and cultures.

• However, we stand together as Indians despite all these cultural differences. We share the same national symbols, virtues and feelings. A sense of friendship and unity develops and it brings harmony and prosperity.

Question 3: Do you think the term “unity in diversity” is an appropriate term to describe India? What do you think Nehru is trying to say about Indian unity in the sentence quoted above from his book The Discovery of India?

Answer: The phrase “Unity in Diversity” very well describes India. India is a land of various cultures, castes, customs, creed and religions. Still people live in harmony and brotherhood. They celebrate festivals and share their joys and sorrows together. Differences in terms of cultures, religions and languages add enchantment and spice to our lives. This diversity helps us live a harmonious life. In fact, unity in diversity is a base for Indian cultural nationalism. For example, people from different parts of India rose up and protested against the British rule. Both Hindus and Muslims sacrificed their lives in Jallianwalah Bagh in Amritsar. Nehru ji in his book, “The Discovery of India”, wrote that India was always united in spite of several religious and cultural differences. The people of India were living with peace, with respect for each other’s traditions and with unity.

Class-VI

History

Chapter-3 From Gathering to growing food

• Read the summary of the chapter.

• Learn the following exercises.

Points to Remember:

1. We get our food such as fruit, vegetables, grain, milk and meat from plants that are

grown and animals that are reared.

2. Different plants grow in different conditions. For example, rice requires more water

than wheat and barley. In the same way, different animals prefer different

environments. For example, sheep and goat can live in dry, hilly enviro nments but

not any other cattle.

3. As the climatic conditions of the world started changing. The men, women and

children started observing the places where the crops grew, how the seeds fell on

the ground and sprouted. They in fact started protecting them fr om birds and

animals. In this way people became farmers.

4. People also attracted and tamed animals by leaving food for them. The first animal

to be tamed was the wild ancestor of Dog. Later people started encouraging animals

which were gentle to them. People also protected these animals from the attack of

wild animals. In this way they became Herders.

5. Domestication is the process in which the man grows the plants and protects the

animals. Most of these animals tended by man become different from there wild

counterparts.

6. People often select the animals and plants to be domesticated by them. This process

of domestication began some 12,000 years ago. Virtually all the plant and animal

produces which we eat today are the result of Domestication.

7. People select the plants which are less prone to diseases, give large yields, strong

stalks, capable to bear the weight of the ripe fruits etc. In case of animals, people

select the ones which are less prone to disease, strong, relatively gentle in na oture,

etc.

8. Some of the early plants to be domesticated are Wheat & barley. Some of the early

animals to be domesticated are goats & Sheep.

9. As the grains grown by the people must be stored both to be used as food and for

future crops, proper storing was crucial. This led to the making large clay pots, or

wove baskets, or dug pits into the ground.

10. Animals multiply naturally and when they are properly cared, they provide milk and

meat. Hence animals that are reared can be used as a ‘store’ of food.

11. Archeologists have found evidenc es of early farmers and herders at the sites marked

with yellow squares in the map below. These are found all over the subcontinent.

Some of the most important ones are in the north -west, in present-day Kashmir and

in east and south India.

Ji

12. To prove that these settlements belonged to farmers and herders, scientists study

the evidences of plants and animals. Scientists have found burnt grain at these sites.

These grains could have been burnt accidentally or purposefully. Also bones of

different animals are found. Based on these finds scientists confirm that a number

of crops plants and animals existed in different parts of India sub -continent.

13. The below table provides information on some of the sites and type of evidence

found

Crops Animals Site location

Wheat, barley

Sheep, goat, cattle

Mehrgarh (in Pakistan)

Rice Fragmentary

animal bones

Koldihwa (in

Uttar

Pradesh)

Rics Cattle (hoof

marks on clay

surface)

Mahagara (in

Uttar

Pradesh)

Wheat

and Lentil

- Gufkral (in

Kashmir)

Wheat

and Lentil

Dog, cattle,

sheep, goat, buffalo

Burzahom

(in Kashmir)

Wheat,

green gram,

Barley

Buffalo, ox Chirand (in

Bihar)

Millet Cattle, sheep, goat, pig

Hallur (in Karnataka)

Black

gram,

millet

Cattle, sheep,

pig

Paiyampalli

(in Andhra

Pradesh)

14. Archaeologists have found traces of many things as mentioned below. They have use

these things to know how the ancient people lived, what did the ancient people eat

etc.,

• Traces of huts at some sites: For example, in Burzahom (in Kashmir) people built

pit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them. These

houses may have provided shelter in cold weather.

• Cooking hearths: Cooking places were found bo th inside and outside the huts,

which suggests that, depending on the weather, people could cook food either

indoors or outdoors.

• Neolithic tools: Included polished stone tools to give cutting edge and mortar

pistils used for grinding grains. Along with these Neolithic tools, even the tolls

of Paleolithic age were still used.

15. Though some people have adapted to farming herding, in many areas people still

continued to hunt and gather food. This suggests that the change was not at once.

16. Many farmers and herders lived in groups called as Tribes. Tribes are two to three

generations living together in small settlements or villages. Most families are

related to one another and groups of such families form a tribe.

• Members of a tribe follow occupations like hu nting, gathering, farming, herding

and fishing.

• Women do agricultural works like preparing ground, sowing seeds, caring for

growing plants and harvesting grain. Children protected plants from animals and

birds. Women also thresh, husk, and grind grain.

• Men usually lead large herds of animals in search of pasture. Children often look

after small flocks. Both men and women performed cleaning of animals and

milking of animals.

• Both women and men made pots, baskets, tools and huts. They also took part in

singing, dancing and decorating their huts.

• Some old and experienced, or young, brave warrior men were regarded as

leaders. Old women were respected for their wisdom and experience.

• Tribes have rich and unique cultural traditions, including their own language,

music, stories and paintings. They also have their own gods and goddesses.

• The land, forests, grasslands and water were regarded as the wealth of the entire

tribe and everybody shares and uses these together. There were no sharp

differences between the rich and the poor.

17. Mehrgarh, present day Pakistan is located on the fertile land of Bolen pass which

forms the route to Iran. The following are the finds from this sie,

• This was the first area where man first learnt to grow Barley, Wheat and to rear

goats and sheep.

• It is one of the earliest villages we know.

• At the earliest levels of excavation, archeologists found bones of different kinds

of animals like deer and pig. In next levels they found bones of sheep, goat. And

in still later levels they found cattle bones.

• Remains of square or rectangular houses. Each house had four compartments.

Some of these compartments were also used for storage.

• Several burial sites where the dead person was buried along with food and other

items. This suggests that these people believed in life after death.

18. One of the most distinctive features of the village is that most of the people there

are involved in food collection.

19. When a mound is dug up, the finds from the upper layers are from a later time and

the finds from the lower layers are older.

20. Daojali Hading is a site on the hills of Bramhaputra valley, close to the routes leading

to China and Mayanmar. One can find jadeite stone at Daojali hading which would

have been brought from China.

21. Catal Huyuk is the Largest and the best preserved Neolithic sites found to date. It is

located in Konya city of Turkey. Several things were brought from great distances

on the pack of back of animals. Flint from Syria, Cowries from Red Sea, Shells from

Mediterranean Sea.

22. Domestication began some 12,000 years ago. Settlements at Mehrgarh began some

8,000 years ago

EXERCISES

Q1. Fill in the blanks.

i. Millets have been found at Hallur.

ii. People in Burzahom lived in pit houses.

iii. Chirand is a site in Bihar.

iv. Milk and meat comes from animals that are reared.

v. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest villages.

Q2. True/False

i. Jadeite, found in Daojali Hading, may have been brought from China. True

ii. Young women are respected for their wisdom and experience. False

iii. Mehrgarh site is in Pakistan. True

iv. Bolan Pass is one of the most important routes into India. False

v. Gufkral site is in Kashmir. True

Q3. Question/Answers

Q1. Why do people who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time?

Answer.

1. People who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time because different plants grow in different conditions.

2. The fields had to be looked after and planted crops needed care on timely basis like watering and fertilizers .

3. The plants had to be protected from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds would ripen.

4. For this purpose the people had to give up their nomadic life and stay at one place.

Q2. Why do archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters

to start with and that herding became more important later? Answer. Mehrgarh is located in present-day Baluchistan near Bolan pass in Pakistan. Archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters because they found bones of many kinds of animal bones from the earliest levels. These included bones of wild animals such as deer and pig. In the first levels, they found bones of sheep and goat and in still later levels, cattle bones were more common. This clearly shows a transition from the practice of hunting to domesticating animals.

Extra Questions:

• What is the meaning of the Neolithic Age? Answer: New Stone Age

• Name a Neolithic site which is in modern day Pakistan. Answer: Mehrgarh

• Which animal is believed to be the first domesticated animal? Answer: Sheep and goat

• Daojali Hading is in the valley of which river? Answer: Brahmaputra

• What is Neolithic Age? Answer: The last part of the Stone Age is called the Neolithic Age. The tools of this period are much smaller and more refined.

THE AARYANS,MEERUT

CLASS – 6

Chapter 1 COMPUTATIONAL THINKING

Answer the following questions: Ques1. What is Computational Thinking? Where is it used? Answer- Computational Thinking is a thought process that teaches us how to solve complex real world problem in such a way that a human or a computer can effectively carry these out. Computational Thinking is essential to the development of computer applications and can be used to support problem solving. Ques2. What is the first element of Computational Thinking? What does it define? Answer-Decomposition is the first element of Computational Thinking. By decomposing a problem, identifying the variables involved using data representation and creating algorithm, a generic solution result. Ques3. What is abstraction in context of Computing Thinking? How is it used in solving problems? Answer-In Computational Thinking when we decompose problems, we then look for patterns among and within the smaller problems that make up the complex problem. Abstraction is the process of filtering out-ignoring the characteristics of patterns that we don’t need to concentrate on those that we do. Ques4. How does computational Thinking help to develop the key-skill of debugging in children? Answer-To solves problems, design and evaluates complex systems and understands human reasoning and behavior. This way of thinking has important implications in computer science as well as in almost every other field. Ques5. What are Patterns? Why is it important to observe patterns? Answer-Patterns are the way in which something happens, develop or is done. The ability to recognize and create patterns helps us to make predictions based on our observation

THE AARYANS,MEERUT

Chapter 2 COMPUTER LANGUAGES Answer the Following: 1. What do you mean by Machine Languages?

Answer-Machine Languages is the only languages that a computer understands. Features of Machine Language: • It is expressed in binary form i.e., 0 and 1. • It has very high speed. • It has very low memory utilization. 2. Difference between machine language and assembly language:

Machine Language Assembly Language

It is expressed in binary form i.e. 0 and 1. It used mnemonic codes or symbols instead of binary numbers.

Language directly understood by the

computer.

Has to be converted into machine language through

translators.

3. What are the features of a high level Language? Answer- Features of high level Language: • It is simple and user-friendly language. • It is machine independent language. 4. List any 4 features of Fourth generation languages. Answer-Features of Fourth generation languages: → It is user friendly. → It has very high speed of execution. → It also reduced level of programming skills. → It need minimum efforts from the user to obtain any information. 5. Difference between interpreter and compiler.

Interpreter Compiler

It converts a high level language into a machine

language line by line.

It converts high level language into a

machine language at once.

The execution speed is slow. The execution speed is very fast.

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यथा-

क् + उ + र ्+ उ + त ्+ अः = करुतः

उ + द् + य ्+ आ + न ्+ ए =

स ्+ थ ्+ आ + ि ्+ इ + क् + आ =

घ ्+ अ + ट् + इ + क् + आ =

स ्+ त ्+ र ्+ ई + ि ्+ इ + ङ् + ग ्+ अः =

म ्+ आ + प ्+ इ + क् + आ =

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यथा- कोलकिे= क् + ओ + क् + इ + ि ्+ ए

चटके = ……………………………. धालवकाः = ……………………………. कुलचचका = ……………………………. खट्वा = ……………………………. छुररका = …………………………….

mRrj &

(क)

क् + उ + र ्+ उ + त ्+ अः = करुतः

उ + द् + य ्+ आ + न ्+ ए = उद्याने

स ्+ थ ्+ आ + ि ्+ इ + क् + आ = स्थालिका

घ ्+ अ + ट् + इ + क् + आ = घलटका

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म ्+ आ + प ्+ इ + क् + आ = मालपका

(ख)

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खट्वा = ख ्+ अ + ट् + व ्+ आ

छुररका = छ् + उ + र ्+ इ + क् + आ

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………………… ………………… …………………

………………… ………………… …………………

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चिका मठिला माठपका

i z”u †½ वचनानुसारं ररक्तस्थानालन पूरयत-( opu ds vuqlkj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A)

एकवचनम ् लिचनम ् बहुवचनम ्

यथा- िता िते िताः

गीता …………… ……………

…………… पेलटके …………..

…………… …………… खट्वाः

सा …………… ……………

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mRrj &

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यथा- िता िते िताः

गीता गीते गीताः

पेलटका पेलटके पेलटकाः

खट्वा खट्वे खट्वाः

सा ते ताः

रोलटका रोलटके रोलटकाः

i z”u ‡½ कोष्ठकात ्उलचतं र्ब्द ंलचत्वा वाक्यं पूरयत-(mfpr “kCn pqudj okD; iwjk dhft,A)

यथा- बालिका पलित। (बालिका/बालिकाः)

(क) ……………… चरतः। (अजाः/अजे)

(ख) ……………… सलतत। (लिचलिके/लिचलिकाः)

(ग) ……………… चिलत। (नौके/नौका)

(घ) ……………… अलस्त। (सलूचके/सलूचका)

(ङ) ……………… उत्पतलतत। (मलिकाः/मलिके)

mRrj &

(क) अजेः चरतः। (अजाः/अजे)

(ख) लिचलिका सलतत। (लिचलिके/लिचलिकाः)

(ग) नौका चिलत। (नौके/नौका)

(घ) सलूचका अलस्त। (सलूचके/सलूचका)

(ङ) मलिकाः उत्पतलतत। (मलिकाः/मलिके)

i z”u ˆ½ सा, ते, ता: इत्येतेभ्यः उलचतं सवणनामपद ंलचत्वा ररक्तस्थानालन पूरयत-(mfpr loZuke fy[kdj fjDr LFkku iwjk

dhft,A)

यथा- िता अलस्त। – सा अलस्त।

(क) मलहिाः धावलतत। – …………… धावलतत।

(ख) सधुा वदलत। – ……………. वदलत।

(ग) जवलनके दोितः। – ……………. दोितः।

(घ) लपपीलिकाः चिलतत। – ……………. चिलतत।

(ङ) चटके कूजतः। – …………….. कूजतः।

mRrj &

यथा- अश्वः धावलत। – सा अलस्त।

(क) मलहिाः धावलतत। – ताः धावलतत।

(ख) सधुा वदलत। – सा वदलत।

(ग) जवलनके दोितः। – ते दोितः।

(घ) लपपीलिकाः चिलतत। – ताः चिलतत।

(ङ) चटके कूजतः। – ते कूजतः।

i z”u ‰½ मचजूषातः कतृणपद ंलचत्वा ररक्तस्थानालन पूरयत-(mfpr drZ`in vFkkZr drkZ pqudj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A)

िेलखका बािकः लसहंाः लत्रचलिका पुष्पमािाः

(क) ………………. सलतत।

(ख) ………………… पश्यलत।

(ग) ………………… लिखलत।

(घ) ………………… गजणलतत।

(ङ) ………………… चिलत।

mRrj &

(क) पुष्पमािाः सलतत।

(ख) बािकः पश्यलत।

(ग) िेलखका लिखलत।

(घ) लसहंाः गजणलतत।

(ङ) लत्रचलिका चिलत।

i z”u Š½ मचजूषातः कतृणपदानुसारं लियापद ंलचत्वा ररक्तस्थानालन पूरयत-( drZ`in ds vuqlkj fdz;kin pqudj fjDr LFkku

Hkfj,A)

गायतः नृत्यलत लिखलतत पश्यलतत लवहरतः

(क) सौम्या ……………. ।

(ख) चटके ………………।

(ग) बालिके ……………..।

(घ) छात्राः ………………।

(ङ) जनाः ………………।

mRrj &

(क) सौम्या नृत्यलत ।

(ख) चटके लवहरतः।

(ग) बालिके गायतः।

(घ) छात्राः लिखलतत।

(ङ) जनाः पश्यलतत।

vH;kl dk;Z& ƒ½ ikB &„ i<+dj ikB dk vuqokn mRrj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A

„½ ikB esa ls ƒ‡ dfBu “kCn NkWVdj mRrj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A

…½ vkids ikB~;iqLrd esa fn, x, “kCnkFkZ daBLFk dhft,A

†½ iz”u 2]3]4]5]6]7 vkSj 8 ds mRRkj isafly ls iqLrd esa

gh fy[ksaA

d{kk & Ng

fo’k;&laLd`r

ikB&ƒ “kCnifjp;%¼ iqLrdh; vH;kl dk;Z½

iz”u ƒ Lo;a vH;kl djsaA

iz”u „

(क) वर्णसंयोजनेन पदं लिखत- (o.kZ la;kstu vFkkZr o.kksZa dks tksM+dj “kCn cukuk gSA)

यथा-

च ्+ अ + ष ्+ अ + क् + अः = चषकः

स ्+ औ + च ्+ इ + क् + अः =

श ्+ उ + न ्+ अ + क् + औ =

ध ्+ आ + व ्+ अ + त् + अः =

व ्+ ऋ + द ्+ ध ्+ आः =

ग् + आ + य+् अ + न ्+ त् + इ =

(ख) पदानाां वर्णववच्छेदां प्रदशणयत-(o.kZ foPNsn vFkkZr “kCn esa iz;qDr o.kksZa dks vyx& vyx djuk gSA)

यथा- ल्+अ+घ्+उः

सीव्यवत = ……………………………. वर्ाणः = ……………………………. कुक्कुरौ = ……………………………. मयरूाः = ……………………………. बालकः = …………………………….

mRrj

(क)

च ्+ अ + ष ्+ अ + क् + अः = चषकः

स ्+ औ + च ्+ इ + क् + अः = सौवचकः

श ्+ उ + न ्+ अ + क् + औ = शनुकौ

ध ्+ आ + व ्+ अ + त् + अः = धावतः

व ्+ ऋ + द ्+ ध ्+ आः = वदृ्ाः

ग् + आ + य+् अ + न ्+ त् + इ = गायवतत

(ख)

सीव्यवत = स ्+ ई + व ्+ य ्+ त् + इ

वर्ाणः = व ्+ अ + र ्+ र् ्+ आः

कुक्कुरौ = क् + उ + क् + क् + उ + र ्+ औ

मयरूाः = म ्+ अ + य ्+ ऊ + र ्+ आः

बालकः = ब् + आ + ल ्+ क् + अः

Ikz”u …:

उदाहरर्ां दृष््टवा ररक्तस्थानावन परूयत- यथा-(mnkgj.k dks ns[kdj fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft,)

चषकः चषकौ चषकाः

…………….. बलीवदौ ……………… शनुकः ……………… ………………

……………… ……………… मगृाः

……………… सौवचकौ ……………… मयरूः ……………… ………………

mRrj

चषकः चषकौ चषकाः

बलीवदणः बलीवदौ बलीवदाणः

शनुकः शनुकौ शनुकाः

मगृः मगृौ मगृाः

सौवचकः सौवचकौ सौवचकाः

मयरूः मयरूौ मयरूाः

Ikz”u †:

वचत्रावर् दृष््टवा सांस्कृतपदावन वलखत-( fp= ns[kdj muds laLd`r uke fyf[k,A ½fp= ikB~;iqLrd esa ns[ksa)

mRrj

गजः काकः. चतरः

तालः ऋक्षः वबडालः

Ikz”u ‡: वचत्रां दृष्टवा उत्तरां वलखत- (fp= ns[kdj mRRkj fyf[k,) fp= ikB~;iqLrd esa ns[ksa)

यथा- बालकः वकां करोवत?

mRrj बालकःपठवत।

अश्वौ वकां कुरुतः?

………………………….

कुक्कुराः वकां कुवणवतत?

………………………….

छात्रौ वकां कुरुतः?

…………………………

कृषकः वकां करोवत?

………………………..

गजौ वकां कुरुतः?

………………………..

mRrj

बालकः पठवत।

अश्वौ धावतः।

कुक्कुराः बुक्कवतत।

छात्रौ गायतः।

कृषकः के्षत्र कषणवत।

गजौ चलतः

Ikz”u ˆ:

पदावन सांयोज्य वाक्यावन रचयत-(fn, x, inksa vFkkZr “kCnksa dk feyku dj okD; cukb,A)

गजाः नतृ्यवतत

वसांहौ गायवत

गायकः पठतः

बालकौ चलवतत

मयरूाः गजणतः

mRrj

गजाः

चलवतत

वसांहौ

गजणतः

गायकः

गायवत

बालकौ

पठतः

मयरूाः

नतृ्यवतत

Ikz”u ‰:

मञ्जषूातः पदां वचत्वा ररक्तस्थानावन परूयत-(fn, x, “kCnksa ls fjDr LFkku dh iwfRkZ dhft,A)

नतृ्यवतत गजणतः धाववत चलतः फलवतत खादवत

(क) मयरूाः …………….। (घ) वसांहौ …………………।

(ख) गजौ ………………। (ङ) वानरः ………………..।

(ग) वकृ्षाः ………………। (च) अश्वः …………………।

mRrj

(क) मयरूाः नतृ्यवतत। (घ) वसांहौ गजणतः।

(ख) गजौ चलतः। (ङ) वानरः खादवत।

(ग) वकृ्षाः फलवतत। (च) अश्वः धाववत।

Ikz”u Š: सः, तौ, ते इत्येतेभ्यः उवचतां सवणनामपदां वचत्वा ररक्तस्थानावन परूयत-(l%] rkS ] rs vkfn loZukeksa dk iz;ksx dj fjDr LFkku

dh iwfrZ dhft,)

यथा- अश्वः धाववत। – सः धाववत।

(क) गजाः चलवतत। – ……………. चलवततः।

(ख) छात्रौ पठतः। – …………….. पठतः।

(ग) वानराः क्रीडवतत। – ……………. क्रीडवतत।

(घ) गायकः गायवत। – ……………. गायवत।

(ङ) मयरूाः नतृ्यवतत। – ……………. नतृ्यवतत।

mRrj

(क) गजाः चलवतत। – ते चलवततः।

(ख) छात्रौ पठतः। – तौ पठतः।

(ग) वानराः क्रीडवतत। – ते क्रीडवतत।

(घ) गायकः गायवत। – सः गायवत।

(ङ) मयरूाः नतृ्यवतत। – ते नतृ्यवतत।

• iz”u 2]3]4]6]7]8 ds mRRkj isafly ls dsoy iqLrd esa gh fy[ksaA

• iz”u 5 dk dk;Z laLd`r dh mRrj&iqfLrdk ¼uksV cqd½ esa djsaA

NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and

Class 6 Science

Chapter 5 Separation of Substances

Pure Substances: Many substances around us contain only one type of constituent particles. Elements and compounds are pure substances. Some of the pure substances are iron, copper, water, salt, etc.

Impure Substances: Substances containing more than one type of constituent particles are called impure substances. Some of the impure substances are pond water, milk, etc.

Impurities: These are the unwanted particles present in a substance making it impure.

Mixtures: Substances which contain more than one component mixed in any ratio are called mixtures. For example, air is a mixture of many gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, dust particles, etc.

Homogeneous Mixtures: The mixtures in which the particles of the substances present cannot be seen are called homogeneous mixtures. For example, solution of sugar and water, air, cold drinks, etc.

Heterogeneous Mixtures: The mixtures in which particles of the substances present can be seen easily are called heterogeneous mixtures. For example, water in oil, dust in air.

Need for Separation: We carry out the separation of the components of a mixture or an impure substance with the following purposes:

To remove the unuseful or harmful component. To obtain the useful component. To remove impurities for getting a pure sample.

Principle of separation

The substances present in a mixture retain their original properties like particle size, density, melting point, boiling point, volatility, etc.

We use the difference in any one of these properties in the components of a mixture to separate them.

Methods of Separation: Handpicking, winnowing, sieving, magnetic separation, sedimentation, decantation, loading, filtration, evaporation,, distillation, churning, etc., are some common methods of separation.

Different methods are used for separating different substances that are mixed together. Let us learn about some common methods that are used.

Threshing: Grains or seeds of plants like rice and wheat serve as sources of food. The flour (atta) that is used for making chapattis is made from wheat grains. After these crops have been harvested or cut, the grains need to be separated from the stalks (the dried stems). This is done by threshing.

The process of beating harvested crops to separate the grains from the stalks is called threshing. It is done manually (by hand) or with the help of machines. Manual threshing

is done by holding a pile of crop and beating it on a rock or a hard surface . This loosens and separates the grain from the stalk. Sometimes, threshing is also done by

crushing the harvested stalks using bullocks.

Threshing is also done with the help of machines like the combine harvester . Threshed

grains may still contain seed coverings and tiny pieces of leaves or stem (collectively called chaff). These are separated by winnowing.

Winnowing: The method used to separate chaff from the grain by wind or blowing air is called winnowing. The mixture of chaff and grain is taken in a winnowing basket (Fig. 3.3). The farmer stands at a higher level and lets the mixture fall to the ground.

The grain, being heavier, falls almost vertically whereas the lighter chaff is carried away by the wind and forms a separate heap away from the grain.

The separated chaff is used as fodder for cattle. The direction of the wind plays an important role in the process of winnowing.

Hand-picking:

Rice, wheat, pulses, etc., that we buy from the market may contain impurities (unwanted or harmful particles) in the form of small stones, unwanted grains, etc. Often, these

impurities look very different from the food item and can be spotted easily. The method of separation used in such a case is hand-picking . This method is preferred when

the quantity of the mixture is small, the unwanted substance is present in smaller quantities, and the size, shape, or colour of the unwanted substance is different from that of the

useful one.

Sieving:

If the components of a mixture are of different sizes, they can be separated by sieving . The smaller component passes through the pores of the sieve whereas the larger component (stones or husk) is left behind in it. This method is used in

some homes to separate wheat bran (the bigger particles) from flour.

However, sieving wheat flour is not advisable as wheat bran, which is removed during sieving, is very rich in nutrients and is also a rich is better to remove visible impurities by

hand picking.

The process of sieving is also used to separate pebbles and stones from sand at construction sites. The stones and pebbles present in the mixture remain in the sieve and the fine sand particles pass through the holes of the sieve.

Sedimentation and Decantation: Have you seen pulses being washed in your home? When pulses are kept in a bowl of water, they settle down as they are heavy. However, dirt, insects, tiny pieces of straw, and other lighter impurities float at the top. The water, which contains these impurities,

is then poured out and discarded. This process involves two methods: sedimentation and decantation.

The process of separating insoluble solids, suspended in a liquid, by allowing them to settle down is called sedimentation. The solid particles that settle down during sedimentation are called sediments. The process of pouring out the clear upper liquid without disturbing the sediments is called decantation. The liquid above the sediments is called a supernatant. A mixture of sand and water can also be separated by sedimentation and decantation. The mixture is left undisturbed for some time. Sand, being heavier, settles down and water is poured out into a separate container.

Filtration:

The process by which two substances (an insoluble solid and a liquid) are separated by passing the mixture through a filtering device is called filtration.

Filtration is commonly used in our homes. For example, after preparing tea, we filter out the tea leaves using a strainer. Filtration is also done to remove pulp from fresh fruit juice. Water may also contain solid impurities, which can be removed by filtration.

During filtration, the insoluble solid is retained in the filtering device whereas the liquid passes through it. It is important that the particles of the insoluble solid are bigger than the holes in the filtering device for them to be retained in it. A filter paper is a filtering device that has very fine pores in it.

Figure 1

Evaporation: It is the process of removing water (or moisture) from a mixture either by heating on flame or direct sunlight. For example, salt from sea water is obtained by this

method

Condensation: The process in which gas changes into liquid is called condensation. Condensation is the opposite of evaporation. In nature, water vapour in the air condenses to form its liquid form, the dew. Condensation takes place only when water vapour hits a cold surface.

Solution And Solubility: When some salt is added to water and stirred, the salt disappears. This is because the salt has dissolved in the water. Dissolving is a change where substances mix completely with the liquid they have been added to. Not all substances dissolve in water. Only some substances,Salt dissolves in water. like salt and sugar, dissolve in water and are known as soluble substances . Substances like chalk and sand do not dissolve in water and are known as insoluble substances.

The substance that dissolves is called the solute and the substance in which the solute dissolves is called the solvent. The resulting mixture is called the solution. Thus, solute + solvent = solution. E.g., sugar + water = sugar solution. If we keep adding spoonfuls of sugar to water and stir the solution each time, what will happen after some time? We will notice some grains of sugar at the bottom of the solution. This shows that no more sugar can be dissolved. We say that the solution has become saturated .

A saturated solution is the solution in which no more of the solute can be dissolved.

SEPARATING FUNNEL

A mixture of two immiscible liquids can be separated by using a separating funnel. A separating funnel is a special type of funnel which has a stop-cock in its stem to allow the flow ofs a liquid from it, or to stop the flow of liquid from it.

Miscible and Immiscible liquids:-

miscible liquids=liquids which intermix completely for example water and alcohol immiscible=liquids which do not mix completely and floats on it for example water and oil

1. Why do we need to separate different components of a mixture? Give two examples. Answer. We need to separate different components of a mixture: a.To separate two different but useful components. b.To remove non useful components. c.To remove impurities or harmful components

Examples:

(a) Tea leaves are separated from tea.

(b) Pebbles are separated form rice and pulse.

2. What is winnowing? Where is it used? Answer. Winnowing: The process of separating heavier and lighter components of a mixture by wind or by blowing air is called winnowing.

This method is used by farmers to separate lighter husk particles from heavier seeds of grain.

3. How will you separate husk or dirt particles from a given sample of pulses before cooking? Answer. Husk or dirt particles can be separated by winnowing method. It is used to separate the heavier and lighter components of a mixture by wind or by blowing air.

In this method, the mixture of husk and seeds of grain are take in plate and are made to fall down from a height up to our shoulders. As the mixture falls down, lighter husk is taken away by blowing air and the heavier grain seeds fall down to make a heap.

4. What is Sieving? Where can it be used? Answer. Sieving: The process of separating fine particles from the larger particles by using a sieve, is called sieving. This method is used in a flour mill where impurities like husk and stones are removed from wheat before grinding it.

This method is also used at our homes where fine flour particles are separated from bigger impurities by using a sieve.

5. How will you separate sand and water from their mixture? Answer. Sand and water can be separated by any of the following two methods:

(a) Sedimentation and decantation: Mixture is kept undisturbed for some time. After some time, sand being heavier and insoluble in water, settles down at the bottom of container. Now, water is poured into another container to separate it from sand. (b) Filtration: Mixture of sand and water is passed through a filter paper (a filter with very fine pores). Sand particles being larger in size are retained by the filter paper and get separated from water. 6. Is it possible to separate sugar mixed with wheat flour? If yes, how will you do it? Answer. Sugar can be separated from wheat flour by sieving. Sugar particles being larger in size are retained by the sieve whereas wheat flour will pass through it.

7. How would you obtain clear water from a sample of muddy water? Answer. We can obtain clear water from a sample of muddy water by the process of filtration.

In this method we use a filter paper which is fixed in funnel. Then the mixture is poured on the filter paper. Mud particles being larger in size will remain on the filter paper whereas clear water will pass through it.

8. What is handpicking? Explain with examples.

A. Handpicking is a method of separation of substance, which can be used for separating slightly larger sized impurities like the pieces of dirt, stone, and husk from wheat, rice or pulses.

9. Define Sedimentation, Decantation and Filtration ?

A. When the heavier component in a mixture settles after water is added to it, the process is called sedimentation.

When the water (along with the dust) is removed, the process is called decantation.

Filtration is the process used to separate components of a mixture of an insoluble solid and a liquid.

10. What is evaporation? How is common salt obtained from this process ?

A. The process of conversion of water into its vapour is called evaporation.

When sea water is allowed to stand in shallow pits, water gets heated by sunlight and slowly turns into water vapour, through evaporation.

In a few days, the water evaporates completely leaving behind the solid salts. Common salt is then obtained from this mixture of salts by further purification.

11.Define condensation , separating funnel, miscible, Immiscible liquids , saturated solution,solute and solvent.

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