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TRANSCRIPT
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Uvaria grandifora
i n T r o p i c a l C i t i e s
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Boo Chih Minis passionate about plants! Shestudied botany at the National University of Singaporeand has a keen interest in native and exotic plants ofSingapore and the South-East Asian region. She haspreviously worked at the National Parks Board whereshe wrote the 1001 Garden Plants of Singapore whichgreatly improved accessibility of plant information to
many nurseries, researchers, schools, governmentalentities, and the general public. Her interests in theother aspect of plants, such as ecology, conservationand propagation has led to the set up of her currentcompany, Uvaria Tide, which specializes in providingprofessional services for oristic survey, plantselection, plant supply and science-based consultancyfor sustainable and ecologically-orientated multi-disciplinary projects: mangrove restoration, rainforestrestoration, vertical greenery, rooftop greenery,greening of waterways, oating wetlands and the useof native plants in urban landscapes and forested areas.
Email: [email protected]
Jean W. H. Yong (John)nds bio-inspirationin plant diversity and adaptations! He is an AssociateProfessor at the Singapore University of Technologyand Design and runs the Green Solutions Laboratory.John studied botany at the National University ofSingapore and later, biochemistry and physiology at the
Australian National University. He has written numerousscientic papers as well as several plant-science bookssuch as The Physiology of Orchids in relation to theIndustry and A Selection of Plants for Greening ofWaterways and Waterbodies in the Tropics that greatlyimproved the availability of tropical plant scienticinformation to researchers, institutions, and the plantindustry sectors.
Email: [email protected]
Sharon Y. J. Chewgraduated from University ofQueensland (Applied Science, major in Plants). Prior to that,
she studied Horticulture and Landscape Management atNgee Ann Polytechnic. She has a keen interest in turfgrass
management. She has previously worked at the OrchidCountry Club, a golf club where she managed the entiregolf course and its associated landscaping needs. At theSingapore University of Technology and Design, Sharon
manages several environmental science research projectssuch as the cleansing of canal waters using a selection ofaquatic plants and developing the greening initiatives for
Jurong island.
Email: [email protected]
Pellicieria rhizophorae (Tea Mangrove)
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ISBN 978-981-08-8071-2
Copyright C. M. Boo, Sharon Y. J. Chew, Jean W. H. Yong, 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored inany retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of
the copyright owner.
Boo Chih Min
Sharon Y. J. ChewJean W. H. Yong
1stE d i t i o n
i n T r o p i c a l C i t i e s
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ContentAcknowledgements III
How to use this book? IV
Key to Icons VIPreface VIII
N 561
O 575
P 593
Q 681
R 683
S 705
T 785
U 831V 839
W 851
X 857
Y 865
Z 867
A 1
B 91
C 127
D 251
E 299
F 335
G 361
H 391I 427
J 447
K 457
L 469
M 507
Index to categories
Cycads 875
Palms 876
Ferns and Fern Allies 880
Climbers 884
Trees 894
Ground Covers 901
Hedges 908
Plants that Attract Butterfy 911
Plants that Attract Birds 917
Indoor Plants 922
Aquatic Plants 930Drought Tolerant Plants 936
Fragrant Plants 944
Seaside Plants 953
Roadside Plants 960
Plants for GreenRoof Planting
968
Plants for the Greening ofVertical Wall
971
Epiphytes 975Mangrove and Mangrove
Associates979
Hibiscus sp.
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AcknowledgementsThis book was produced with the objective to enhance the levelof awareness and interest in tropical plant species amongst the
general public, as well as to raise the standard of horticultural and
landscaping industry in tropical cities to a greater height.
We would like to thank the following colleagues and friends who
have rendered their support to make this book possible:-
Mr. Ali Ibrahim Ms. Anne Ng
Ms. Chew Ping Ting Mr. Heng Ming Yuan
Ms. Ng Yan Fei Ms. Ng Yok Lan
Dr. Sheue Chiou Rong Dr. Tan Swee Ngin
Ms. Wong Wei San
This book will not be comprehensive without the additional high-
quality photos to illustrate certain plant species. We would like to
express our heartfelt gratitude to the following individuals for the
contribution of photographs:-
Mr. Chua Jit Chen Mr. Derek Liew
Mr. Derek Yap Mr. Ron YeoDr. S. Chin Wong Mr. Saifudin Suran
Mr. Teo Nam Siang
We would also like to express our appreciation to many individuals
and organizations who have allowed us to take photographs
of their plants and gardens or render their help in one way or
another.
Special appreciation to David Yeap and Alex Toh of Touche
Design for their innovative and contemporary design in making this
book attractive and functional.
Last but not least, we would like to thank our families for their
patient support and encouragement.
Commelina sp.
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Plants in Tropical Cities is a pictorial reference to the vastselection of plants found in tropical cities. This book serves as
a guide for horticulturists, landscapers and researchers in plant
identication.
The main section of the book provides botanical information
of the plant species using photos that illustrate their various
morphological features. The plant species are arranged in
alphabetical order according to their scientic name. Information
pertaining to the individual species includes the Scientic Name,Family, Common Name and possible Synonym. Other useful
botanical information and plant cultural needs are provided using
various pictorial icons.
AnnonaceaeRed Hot Poker,
Unona grandiora, U. setigera,Uvaria purpurea, U. platypetala,U. rhodantha, U. rufa, U. setigera
Uvaria grandifora
How to use this book?
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The scientic names (also known as the botanical name) ofplants are derived using the binomial nomenclature system. Thisformal system of naming plants gives each plant species a namethat composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammaticalforms. Taking the example of Uvaria grandifora, Uvariais thegenus and grandiforais the specic epithet. Together, they form
the scientic name for the species Uvaria grandifora. The scienticname is used internationally for plant identication. Conversely, the
use of common names may be ambiguous as they vary between
regions and two or more unrelated plants may also share the same
common name.
Pictorial icons are used to provide our readers with useful biological
information about the species such as the preferred growth habitats
and potential horticultural application. Full description of the
symbols is provided on page VI.
The second section comprises of horticultural palettes for 19
different plant characteristics and various landscaping situations or
applications.
Examples:
Ferns and Fern Allies
Plants for the Greening of Vertical Walls
One has to consider many factors before selecting plants for
various landscapes and gardens. This section aimed to serve as aquick resource for the user. As plants are versatile organisms withadaptations to survive in a few types of habitats, certain speciesof plants could fall under more than one group.
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Plant Habits
T
Trees Plants which
usually grow more than 3
metres in height and 10centimetres in trunk
diameter.
SShrub Plants with
multiple stems and shorter
in height, usually under 5 m.
ClClimbers Plants with soft,
at or round stems with a
small diameter, whichenable them to creep
upwards along the trunk/
branches of trees or any
other supporting structures.
FFerns Plants that do not
bear owers and thus
produce no fruits or seeds;
reproduce by spores
instead.
PPalms Plants with large,
palmately or pinnately
compound, evergreen
leaves spirally arranged at
the top of an unbranched
trunk.
Cy Cycads Palm-like plants
with stout, woody trunk anda crown of hard and stiff
evergreen leaves.
Plant Care
RequirementsPrefers
full-shade
condition
Prefers
semi-shade
condition
Prefers full-sun
condition
Requires
occasional
spraying
Requires little
water for
maintenance
Requiresmoderate
watering for
maintenance
Requires lots of
water for
maintenance
and to be given
on a regular
basis
Key to Symbols
Barringtonia sp.
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Plant Use/CharacteristicsTropical natives Plants which
thrive well in the tropics, where the
climate is warm and generally moist
all year round. These plants are
found in Singapore and theneighbouring countries.
Suitable for roadside planting
Trees or palms which require
little maintenance are suitable for
roadside planting. Generally, larger
trees and palms are planted along
main roads, whereas smaller trees
and palms are planted along minor
roads.
Suitable for seaside planting
These plants tend to be tolerant
of salt-sprays and the periodic
strong coastal winds. Some may
have varying degree of salt-
tolerance to sea water.
Aquatic plants Plants which are
adapted to live in an aquatic
environment.
Drought tolerant plants Also
known as xerophytes with high
water-use efciency. These plants
are either morphologically or
physiologically (or both) adapted to
periodic water decit.
IndoorPlants
Herbs& Spices
Ornamental
foliage
Ornamentalfowers
Attractsbirds
Attractsbutterfies
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PrefaceThe use of plants in landscaping goes
back a long way since 5000 years ago.
In ancient civilisations, the choice of
plants used for landscaping purposes
may take into consideration of their
botanical, cultural or mythologicalsignicance. During the mid-20th
century and especially in urban cities,
plants were primarily grown for simple
aesthetic purposes within a man-made
environment.
There are many avenues for using plants
in our contemporary living environment.
Plants can be used simply to form
canopies that provide shade for any
desired place, such as those planted
along the road sides and in the parks.
Plants are also grown to form green
screens which block off unsightly views
from an aesthetic perspective. The variety
and availability of plants that can be used
for any landscaping activity is indeed
unlimited and this is especially true for
the warmer tropical and sub-tropical
cities. At present, a broad assortment of
plant species is used to meet the ever
increasing demand of compatible planting
materials for urban landscapes and
recreational areas.
Advancement made in the elds of
horticulture and plant sciences had helped
us to better understand the immense
potential of using plants to improve the
urban environment in which we live
in. Within this context, plants are nolonger cultivated solely for food, shade
or aesthetic purposes but for the added
and often unseen Ecological services
they provide. Apart from adding colours
onto the seemingly boring concrete
buildings, these plants are able to reduce
the negative effects of our contemporary
built environment. For example, recentstudies have shown that green roofs and
green walls can reduce the heat entering
and trapped within the buildings. Many
urban-dwellers also choose to grow
potted plants indoor over articial plants,
which can improve the air quality of their
homes and ofces.
Plants also play a pivotal role in many
Water-sensitive Urban Design, where
landscaping practices and selected plants
are carefully incorporated within modern
civil engineering works in order to reduce
ooding and even improving the water
quality of the associated waterways and
waterbodies. With the increasing desire
among urban dwellers to have more
greenery within the built environment,
city planners are increasingly naturalizing
former concrete canals with suitableplants to re-create natural Waterscapes in
a bid to improve the livability of the area
for the people
With an appropriate selection of
plants from the ecological perspective,
horticultural landscaping will help to
re-introduce biodiversity back to the built
environment by restoring the natural
habitats that were previously lost as a
result of urbanisation. As such, the roleof plant introduction in any urban setting
has gradually evolved over the years,
Acer sp.
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from its simple aesthetic purpose andtowards improving the livability of the builtenvironment using essentially the intrinsicbiological properties of plants.
With the intention to conserve and
restore the dwindling biologicaldiversity and natural heritage withinthe built environment, suitable plantspecies, especially native or indigenousspecies, can be re-introduced backinto cities through the process of urban
landscaping. The planting of native plants
can restore the natural biodiversity and
heritage of any given area by attracting
some previously lost fauna.
In order to enjoy the beauty and multiple
benets of what plants can provide, it isimportant to rst understand the biological
features of these plants, and their basic
growth requirements and compatibilitywith the tropical environment. This
includes understanding the interactions
between the plant species and the other
organisms of the ecosystem (e.g. alegume plant and its symbiotic bacteria
Rhizobium in the root nodules; potential
pollinator of a fruit tree), as well as the
inuence of environmental factors on
the growth of these plants. Therefore,having good horticultural and scientic
understanding of the selected plants will
provide landscapers and researchers with
the necessary knowledge to choose theappropriate plants for their site of interest.
Plants in Tropical Cities aims to be a
pictorial reference to the vast selectionof plants found in many tropical and
even sub-tropical cities. This bookserves as a quick and easy-to-use
guide for horticulturists, landscapers
and researchers in plant identication.
The rst part of the book categorises theplants in alphabetical order according to
their scientic name. In this part of the
book, photos describing the plants will
be shown to facilitate quick and reliableidentication purpose. Each plant will thenbe further classied, in accordance to its
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probable usage, in the later sections. Thesecond segment contains 19 arbitrarygrowth habitat categories, with some briefdescriptions for each growth habitat andtheir potential horticultural application.Photographs and iconic labels (e.g.,sun-loving; low watering frequency) areused to describe each plant speciesand their basic growth preferences. It isnoteworthy that certain species of plantscan be classied under more than onegroup as the characteristics of plants areusually not black and white per se, andmay be variable over a typical biologicalcontinuum.
As quoted from Baba Dioum, a well-known Senegalese conservationist:
In the end, we will conserve only whatwe love, we will love only what weunderstand and we will understand onlywhat we are taught.
We sincerely hope that this book canincrease the awareness,understandingand appreciation of tropical city plants.With greater and in-depth understandingof tropical plants and their growth habits,appropriate choice of plants can then bemade for landscaping or any other activityinvolving plant selection leading to plantintroduction on sites. From a broaderperspective, the continual selection,introduction and integration of ecologicallycompatible plants into urban greenery isthe most ideal approach to improve thelivability of our cities while restoring andconserving our natural heritage and livingenvironment in tropical cities.
Begonia sp.
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Acanthus ilicifolius
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MalvaceaeLadys-Finger, Okra, Gumbo, Bendi,
Hibiscus esculentus
Malvaceae Devils Cotton, Indian Hemp,
Malvaceae Tuberose Mallow, Hibiscus sagittifolius
Abelmoschus esculentus
Abelmoschus sagittifolius
Abroma augusta
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Bixa orellana
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ArecaceaeButi, Wine Palm, Jelly Palm,Pindo Palm,
Butia bonnettii, Cocos capitata
Sterculiaceae
MalpighiaceaeNance, Savanna Serrette,Golden Spoon,
Malpighia crassifolia
Butia capitata
Byrsonima crassifolia
Byttneria maingayi
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Cerbera manghas
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Araceae Arbi
Arecaceae
Sealing-Wax Palm, Pinang Rajah,Maharajah Palm, Lipstick Palm,Red Sealing Wax,
Cyrtostachys lakka
Araceae Swamp Taro, Giant Swamp Taro
Cyrtosperma johnstonii
Cyrtosperma merkusii
Cyrtostachys renda
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Delonix regia
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Arecaceae
Yellow Cane Palm, Golden Cane Palm,Butterfy Palm, Golden Fruited Palm,Madagascar Palm, Yellow Palm, GoldenCane Palm, Pinang Kuning, Bamboo Palm,Yellow Areca Palm,
Chrysalidocarpus baronii var.littorallis,C. glaucescens, C. lutescens
Meliaceae Stem Dysoxylon
Arecaceae
Malagasy Palm, Butterfy Palm, LucubaPalm, Mahajanga Palm, Farihazo,Hirihiry, Kizohazo,
Chrysalidocarpus lucubensis,C. madagascariensis, C. oleraceus
Dypsis lutescens
Dypsis madagascariensis
Dysoxylum cauliforum
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Euphorbia sp.
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Excoecaria cochinchinensis
Euphorbiaceae Blind-Your-Eyes, Buta-Buta, Bebuta, Milky Mangrove,
Excoecaria agallocha
ExcoecariacochinchinensisFirestorm
EuphorbiaceaeButa-Buta, Bebuta, Daun Sambang,Daging,
Excoecaria bicolor
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Fagraea fragrans
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Onagraceae Ladies Eardrop,
Agavaceae Giant False Agave, Furcraea giganteaStriata
Furcraea foetida Striata
Fuchsia Hybrids
Annonaceae Wedding Canange
Friesodielsia desmoides
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Grammatophyllum speciosum
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AsteraceaeLongevity Spinach, Sambung Nyawa, Green Harmony,
Gynura procumbens
Asteraceae
Gynura pseudochina var.hispida
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Helianthus annuus
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Arecaceae Spindle Palm, Palmiste Marron
Lamiaceae Knobweed
Cyperaceae Hypolytrum formosanum, H. latifolium,Schoenus nemorum
Hyophorbe verschaffeltii
Hypolytrum nemorum
Hyptis capitata
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Ixora congesta
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Ixora Cultivars
Ixora Super Orange
Ixora Light Pink
Ixora Super Pink
Ixora Hybrid Ixora Siam Ribbon
Ixora Super King
Rubiaceae
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Jatropha gossypifolia
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BignoniaceaeJacaranda, Green Ebony,Jambol Merah, Jambul Merak,
Bignonia licifolia, Jacaranda licifolia,J. rhombifolia
Rubiaceae Merbuluh Mereh, Selimbar, Selumar
Jacaranda obtusifolia
Jackiopsis ornata
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Knema globularia
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Zingiberaceae Limestone Kaempferia, Kaempferia pulchra
Kaempferia elegans
ZingiberaceaeCekur, Kencur, Sand Ginger, LesserGalangale, Resurrection Lily,(Rhizome), (Whole Plant)
Kaempferia galanga
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Lepironia articulata
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PrimulaceaeAkar Fatimah, Kunci Fatimah, Rumput Siti Fatimah, Selusoh Fatimah,Akar Kecil Fatimah, Kacip Fatimah, Pokok Pinggan, Mata Pelandok Rimba,
Labisia pumila
Fabaceae Hyacinth Bean,Lablab Bean,Dolichos lablab, D. purpureus, Lablabniger, L. lablab, L. vulgaris, Vignaaristata
Lablab purpureus
Labisia pumilaCultivar (Pink Leaf)
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Melaleuca cajuputi
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Euphorbiaceae Giant Mahang Macaranga incisa, M. megalophylla
Euphorbiaceae Macaranga populifolia
Macaranga gigantea
Macaranga conifera
Euphorbiaceae Mahang Plant, Common Mahang Macaranga tenuifolia
Macaranga bancana
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Nymphaea cultivar
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Berberidaceae Heavenly Bamboo, Sacred Bamboo, Nandina,
Rubiaceae Bangkal, Leichhardt Tree,
Amaryllidaceae Daffodil,
Nandina domesticax
Nauclea orientalis
Narcissus Species
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Oryza sativa
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Olacaceae Petaling, TamggalOchanostachys bancana, Petaliniabancana
Ochanostachys amentacea
OchnaceaeVietnamese Mickey Mouse Plant,
Elaeocarpus integerrimus, Ochnaandamanica, O. wallichii, O. harmandii
Ochna integerrima
Ochnaceae Mickey Mouse Plant,
Ochna kirkii
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Passifora sp.
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Malvaceae
Guiana Chestnut, Provision Tree,Shaving-Brush Tree, MalabarChestnut, Water Chestnut, Saba Nut,Fortune Tree, Money Tree, Oje,
Bombax aquaticum, B. macrocarpum,Carolinea macrocarpa, Pachiramacrocarpa
MalvaceaeFrench Peanut, Guinea Peanut,Money Tree, Lucky Tree
Bombacopsis glabra
Pachira aquatica
Pachira glabra
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Quisqualis indica
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Simaroubaceae Bitter-Wood, Bitterwood, Surinam Quassia,
Combretaceae
Rangoon Creeper, Drunken Sailor,Akar Dani, Akar Suloh, Dani,Ara Dani, Akar Pontianak,Red Jasmine,
Combretum indicum, Kleinia
quadricolor, Mekistus sinensis,Ourouparia enormis, Quisqualis glabra,Q. grandifora, Q. indica var.oxypetala,Q. indica var.villosa, Q. longifora,Q. loureiroi, Q. obovata, Q. pubescens,Q. sinensis, Q. spinosa, Q. villosa
Simaroubaceae Samadera indica, S. madagascariensis, S. tetrapetala
Quassia amara
Quisqualis indica
Quassia indica
(Single Petal)
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Rhizophora stylosa
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Brassicaceae Radish,
Raphanus sativus
Bignoniaceae Dwarf Tree Jasmine, Peep Thong
Primulaceae Kicar, Kicar-Kicar Myrsine porteriana
Radermachera Kunming
Rapanea porteriana
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Senna alata
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Arecaceae
Blue Palmetto, Cabbage Palmetto,Cabbage Tree, Common Palmetto,
Sabal jamesiana, S. parvifora,S. viatoris
Poaceae
African Fodder Cane, Asian FodderCane, Fodder Cane, Kans Grass,Wild Sugarcane,
Imperata spontanea, Saccharumcanaliculatum, S. propinquum,S. semidecumbens
Poaceae Sugarcane, Tebu,
Sabal palmetto
Saccharum spontaneum
Saccharum ofcinarum
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Tunera subulata
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BignoniaceaeParaguayan Silver Trumpet Tree,Silver Trumpet Tree,Tree of Gold,
Tabebuia argentea
BignoniaceaeGold Trumpet Tree, Cortez,Corteza,Guayacan, Piuva
Tabebuia hypodidiction, T.neochrysantha, Tecoma heterotricha,T. ochracea
Bignoniaceae Roble Cimarron,Bignonia haemantha, Tecomahaemantha, Spathodea portoricensis
Tabebuia aurea
Tabebuia ochracea
Tabebuia haemantha
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Utricularia aurea
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Rubiaceae
PedialiaceaeMouse Trap Tree, Succulent Sesame,
Harpagophytum grandidieri
Rubiaceae
Uncaria cordata
Uncaria longifora var.pteropoda
Uncarina grandidieri
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Victoria amazonica
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Apocynaceae Bread Flower,
Orchidaceae Singapore Orchid,
Vallaris glabra
Vanda Miss Joaquim
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Wodyetia bifurcata
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Arecaceae Wallich Palm,
Arecaceae Mexican Fan Palm, Washington Palm, ,
Malvaceae Sleepy Morning, Waltheria americana, W. elliptica
Wallichia disticha
Waltheria indica
Washingtonia robusta
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Xanthorrhoea johnsonii
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Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum afne
Polygalaceae Minyak Berok, Nyalin
Polygalaceae Kiu, Nyalin
Xanthophyllum favescens
Xanthophyllum obscurum
Xanthophyllum vitellinum
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Yucca aloifolia
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Youngia japonica
Asparagaceae Spanish Dagger, Palm Lily, Mound-Lily Yucca,
Asparagaceae Spanish Bayonet, Dagger Plant,
Yucca aloifolia
Yucca gloriosa
(Variegated)
Asteraceae Oriental Hawksbeard, Asiatic Hawksbeard,
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Zingiber ottensii
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Zamiaceae Fernleaf Cycad, Zamia forsteri, Zamia tenuifolia
Zamiaceae Florida Arrowroot, Coontie Zamia integrifolia
Zamiaceae Cardboard Palm, Sago Cycas,
Zamia scheri
Zamia furfuracea
Zamia pumila
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CycadsCycads (Cycadaceae) are gymnosperms as they bear seeds that arenot enclosed by a structure. Although these plants resemble palms,both families of plants are taxonomically unrelated. Morphologicallysimilar to certain palm species, cycads generally have cylindricaltrunks that do not branch. Pinnate leaves will form a crown on the topof the trunk as part of the vegetative growth cycle. Cycads are eithermale or female and they bear reproductive cones in the centre of thecrown. Unlike palms, cycads generally grow at a slower rate and theyhave a longer life span. Cycads are popular plants for landscapingpurposes due to their interesting and unique features and lowmaintenance requirement.
Ceratozamiarobusta
174
Cycas clivicola
241
Cycas edentata
242
Cycas revoluta
242
Dioon edule
270
Dioon spinulosum
271
Macrozamiamoorei
513
Zamia scheri
868
Zamia furfuracea
868
Zamia pumila
868
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PalmsPalms (Arecaceae) is a family of plants which are generallyrecognised for their large, palmately (fan-shaped) or pinnately(feather-shaped) compound, evergreen leaves that are spirallyarranged at the top of an unbranched trunk. A palm tree caneither grow as a single trunk ending with a crown of leaves, or inclusters where shoots emerge from axillary buds near the baseof the trunk resulting in clustering. Palms thrive well in tropical,sub-tropical and warm temperate climates. In many cities, palmsare widely used in landscaping as these plants are considerediconic plants and are often selected as the main aesthetic featureof a place/locality.
Acoelorraphewrightii
10
Adonidia merrillii
17
Aiphanes horrida
29
Archontophoenixalexandrae
68
Areca catechu
70
Areca triandra
71
Areca vestiaria
71
Arengahookeriana
71
Arenga pinnata
72
Arengaundulatifolia
72
Arengawesterhoutii
72
Asterogynemartiana
Beccariophoenixmadagascariensis
105
Bentinckianicobarica
107
Bismarckia nobilis
109
Bismarckia nobilisSilver
109
Borassodendronmachadonis
113
Borassusabellifer
113
Butia capitata
126
Calyptrocalyxmicholitzii
148
Carpentariaacuminata
161
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Drought Tolerant Plants
Uncarinagrandidieri
832
Uvaria grandiora
838
Vanilla planifolia
841
Vanilla planifoliaVariegata
841
Vitex trifolia
846 847
Washingtoniarobusta
852
Xanthorrhoeajohnsonii
859
Yucca aloifolia
866
Yucca aloifolia(Variegated)
866
Yucca gloriosa
866
Ziziphusmauritiana
873
Ziziphusnummularia
873
Zornia diphylla
874
Zoysia Species
874
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Fragrant PlantsTo further enhance the multiple roles of any gardens, fragrant plantsare introduced to give an additional dimension to our senses smell!Many fragrant plants are well known for their positive benets inaromatherapy. Growing fragrant plants in gardens also improves thebiodiversity as the scent will attract more pollinators. Based on ourexperiences, it is best to grow these plants at places where there isminimal external wind movements in order to retain the fragrancewhich are essentially natural chemicals secreted by the plants
Agelaeaborneensis
23
Aglaiaduperreana
24
Aglaia odorata
24
Allium tuberosum
33
Aloysia virgata
37
Alstoniaangustifolia
41
Alstoniaangustiloba
41
Alstonia scholaris
42
Alstoniaspathulata
42
Amorphophallusatroviridis
47
Amorphophalluspaeoniifolius
47
Amorphophallustitanum
47
Anaxagoreajavanica
50
Angeloniaangustifolia
52
Anisomelesindica
53
Annonacherimola
54
Anrederacordifolia
55
Antigononleptopus
60
Arachnotryxleucophylla
65
Areca triandra
71
Aristolochiagrandiora
74
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Roadside Plants
Syzygiumsyzygioides
783
Syzygiumzeylanicum
784
Tabebuia aurea
786
Tabebuia pallida
787
Tabebuia rosea
787
Talipariti tiliaceum
794
Tamarindusindica
795
Tecoma stans
798
Tectona grandis
799
Terminalia brassii
799
Terminaliacalamansanai
800
Terminaliacatappa
800
Terminaliamantaly
801
Terminaliamantaly Tricolor
801
Tristaniopsisobovata
827
Tristaniopsiswhiteana
827
Washingtoniarobusta
852
Wodyetiabifurcata
854
Xanthostemonchrysanthus
860
XanthostemonSpecies (OrangeFlower)
861
Xanthostemon
Species (PinkFlower)
861
Xanthostemonyoungii
861
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Plants for Green Roof PlantingA green roof is generally dened as the cultivation of plants on growthmedium over a waterproof membrane on buildings. In many cities,green roofs are popular and are widely installed on many buildingsdue to the many positive attributes associated with improving theliveability of any urban environment. The availability of water on theroof top will determine the type of plants chosen for any green roofplanting exercise. If irrigation system is absent, plants which employCrassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) mode of photosynthesis aremore suitable as they tend to use much less water, i.e., have higherwater use efciency. More variety of plants can be grown on greenroofs if a well-established irrigation system is available.
AgaveangustifoliaMarginata
22
Agavedesmettiana
22
Agave potatorum
22
Agave tequilana
23
Alternantheracoidea
43
Alternantherasessilis
44
Alternantherasessilis Red
44
Alysicarpusvaginalis
44
Arachis pintoi
65
Arachis pintoicultivar orangeowers
65
AsparagusdensiorusSprengeri
81
Axonopuscompressus
89
AxonopuscompressusPearl Grass
89
Beaucarnearecurvata
104
Callisia repens
143
Carissamacrocarpa
159
CarissamacrocarpaNana
159
Carissamacrocarpa(Variegated)
159
Carpobrotusedulis
161
Chrysopogonzizanioides
186
CodiaeumvariegatumCultivars
206
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Mangrove and Mangrove AssociatesA mangrove area is typically characterised by muddy shoresof sheltered coasts and river estuaries which are subjected tomovements of tides and periodic overow of rivers. Hence the soil isoften waterlogged, anaerobic and they may have high salinity (may beuctuating) and pH. Mangrove is a plant community which inhabit themangrove areas whereas mangrove associates may extend its habitat
colonisation further into terrestrial communities. Mangrove speciesare well adapted to grow and thrive in such ecologically-challengingenvironment with several unique biologically features which are notpresent in mangrove associates. Many mangrove species developunique structures to help them to survive in this coastal environmentsuch as breathing roots (pneumatophores) and their seeds tendto germinate while attached to the parent plant (vivipary). Somemangrove plants have succulent leaves that contain specializedglands which secrete excess salt. It is important to recognise thatmangrove and mangrove associates can be planted for landscapingpurposes under certain unique circumstances or special requirementsfor selected project sites.
Acanthusebracteatus
8
Acanthusebracteatus
(Variegated)8
Acanthusilicifolius
8
Acanthus volubilis
9
Acrostichumaureum
12
Acrostichumspeciosum
12
Aegicerascorniculatum
19
Allophylus cobbe
34
Ardisia elliptica69
Avicennia alba
87
Avicennia marina
88
Avicenniarumphiana
88
Barringtoniaasiatica
97
Barringtoniaedulis
98
Barringtoniaracemosa
98
Brownlowia tersa119
Bruguieracylindrica
120
Bruguieragymnorhiza
121
Bruguiera hainesii
121
Bruguieraparviora
122
Caesalpinia crista
129
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Mangrove and Mangrove Associates
Pandanustectorius Sanderi
600
Pemphis acidula
610
Podocarpuspolystachyus
651
Planchonellaobovata
663
Rhizophoraapiculata
689
Rhizophoramucronata
690
Rhizophorastylosa
690
Scaevola taccada
718
Scyphiphorahydrophylacea
728
Sonneratia alba
747
Sonneratiaapetala
748
Sonneratiacaseolaris
748
Sonneratia ovata
749
Talipariti tiliaceum
794
Talipariti tiliaceumDwarf
794
Talipariti tiliaceumTricolor
794
Talipariti tiliaceumvar.purpurascens
794
Terminaliacatappa
800
Thespesiapopulnea
806
Xylocarpusgranatum
863
Xylocarpusmoluccensis
863
Xylocarpusrumphii
864
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Abelmoschus 2Aberia 285Abroma 2Abrus 3Abutilon 3
Acacia 4,300,485,569,711Acalypha 5,6,7Acanthopanax 310Acanthus 1, 8,9Acapillaris 76Acer VIII,9Acetosella 592,591Achras 185,522,662,663
Acmella 10
Acoelorraphe 10Acokanthera 788Acorus 11Acrostichum 12,644Acrotrema 12Actinodaphne 13Actinophloeus 679Actinoscirpus 13Adansonia 14Adelaster 356Adenanthera 14,337Adenia 15Adenium 15Adenoropium 450Adhatoda 528Adiantum 505,16Adina 17Adinandra 17Adonidia 17Adinootrys 140Adipera 733
Aechmea 18,19Aegiceras 19Aegiphila 603Aeschynanthus 20Aeschynomene 737Afardisia 68Afgekia 21Agapanthus 21Agathis 21Agati 737Agave 22
Agelaea 23Ageratum 23,24Aglaia 24Aglaonema 25,26,27,28
Agrostis 318,440Agrostistachys 28Aidia 28Aiphanes 29Ajania 29
Ajuga 29Albizia 337,711Alcantarea 850Alchornea 232Aletris 288Aleurites 30Allamanda 30,31,32Allium 33Allophylus 34Alocasia 34,35,36Aloe 37Alopecurus 611Aloysia 37Alphonsea 547Alpinia 37,38,39,40,321Alsodeia 694Alstonia 41,42,296Alternanthera 43,44Alysicarpus 44Amaranthus 45
Ambaiba 169Amerimnon 254Amesiodendron 45Amherstia 46Amischotolype 46Ammannia 46Ammocallis 167Amomum 872Amoora 61Amorphophallus 47Ampelygonum 620Ampelocissus 48Anacardium 49Ananas 49,50Anastrophu 604Anaxagorea 50Andira 51Andrographis 51Andropogon 185,244,440
Aneilema 554
Anemopaegma 51Angelica 52Angelonia 52Angiopteris 53Anisomeles 53
Anisophyllea 54Annona 54,55Anoectochilus 55Anredera 55Anthactinia 15
Anthocephalus 564Anthurium 56,57Antia 204Antiaris 58Antidesma 58,59Antigonon 60Antrophyum 60Aphanamixis 61Aphelandra 61,699Aporosa 62,63Aporum 257Aptenia 64Aquilaria 64Arachis 64,65Arachnotryx 65Aralia 338Aralidium 65Araucaria 66Archidendron 67Archontophoenix 68Archytaea 649
Ardisia 68,69Arduina 159Areca 70,71,637Arenga 71,72Arfeuillea 73Argyreia 73,763Aristolochia 73,74,75Arrabidaea 715Artabotrys 75Artanthe 638Artemisia 76,230Arthrophyllum 77Artocarpus 77,78,79,603Arum 47,622,624,859Arundina 79,80Arundo 80,629Asclepias 81,147,377Asparagus 81,82Aspidistra 83Aspidopterys 83
Aspidium 569Asplenium 83,84Assa 802Aster 772Asterogyne 85
Asteromyrtus 85Astyposanthes 769Asystasia 85,86Ataccia 790Atractocarpus 86
Averrhoa 87Avicennia 87,88Axanthes 834Axonopus 89Azadirachta 90Azolla 90
Azukia 845Baccaurea 92Bacopa 93Baeckea 93Baeobotrys 513Baikiaea 94Balanocarpus 564Ballota 53Balsamaria 145Bambusa 94,95Baphia 96Barleria 96,97Barringtonia VI,97,98Basella 99Bassia 513
Bauhinia 99,100,101,102,103,104Beaumontia 104,105Beccariophoenix 105Begonia X,106Beilschmiedia 107Belamcanda 439Beloperone 455Bentinckia 107Berrya 107Biasolettia 404Bignonia 51,448,511,523,715,786Bihai 396,400Billbergia 109Biota 646Bismarckia 109Bixa 91, 110Blechnum 110Bletia 79Blighia 111
Blumea 111Blumeodendron 112Bobea 814Boerhavia 112Bombacopsis 594
Genus Name
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Tan HTW, Chua KS (1995) Growing at yourDoorstep, 35 Native Plants of Singapore(2nd edition). Singapore EnvironmentCouncil, Singapore.
Tan HTW, Hew CS (1995) A Guide to theOrchids of Singapore. Singapore ScienceCentre, Singapore.
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http://oraofsingapore.wordpress.com/
http://www.oridata.com/
http://www.frim.gov.my/
http://www.natureloveyou.sg/
http://www.orientalaquarium.com/
http://www.pfaf.org/
http://www.theplantlist.org/
General References
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Cycads
875
Palms
876
Ferns and
Fern Allies880
Climbers
884
Trees
894
GroundCovers
901
Hedges
908
Plants thatAttractButtery
911
Plants thatAttract
Birds917
IndoorPlants
922
AquaticPlants
930
DroughtTolerantPlants
936
FragrantPlants
944
SeasidePlants
953
RoadsidePlants
960
Plants forGreenRoofPlanting
968
Plantsfor theGreeningof VerticalWall
971
Epiphytes
975
MangroveandMangroveAssociates
979
Quick Resource to the19 Categories of PlantGrouping / Applications
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