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THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF LUTYENS DELHIImage Source: http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/29/delhi-journal-the-lutyens-legacy/

Mayank ShekhawatVedika Agrawal

Image source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiSource of the entire image2The capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911

Reasons for the shifting of the capital:

Controversial partitioning of Bengal In 1905 - right to vote between Bengali Hindus n Muslims.Delhis geographical position at the centre of northern India (roughly equidistant from Bombay and Calcutta)Delhis historic importance (Important seat of the Mughal empire) (For Hindus maharbharata-era city of Indraprastah)Perceived political need to rearticulate british power.

Image 1 Source: http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=713Image 2 Source: http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=712Image 1Image 2We need an image + source31911 Foundation stone for New Delhi at Delhi Darbar

On December 15, 1911, King George V and Queen Mary laid the foundation stone for New Delhi, at a Darbar under a purposely built Shah Jahani dome. The message was clear: the British were the legitimate successors of the Mughals and their new capital was intended to express the power of the Raj,just as Shah Jahans capital had expressed the authority of the Mughals.

Image Source: http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/publications/uploads_diary_files/491816November112011_IIC%20Occasional%20Publication%2032&33.pdf

Lutyens had initially designed Delhi with all the streetscrossing at right angles, much like in New York.However, Lord Hardinge told him of the dust storms that sweep the landscape in these parts, insisting on roundabouts, hedges and trees to break their force, giving him the plans of Rome, Paris and Washington to study and apply to Delhi.

Image Source: http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdfThe initial design of New Delhi5

Image source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiWe need the source of this entire pattern in settlement vali image6

The layout of Lutyens Delhi was governed by three major visual corridors, linking the government complex with :

Jama MasjidIndraprasthaSafdarjungs Tomb

Image Source (Image 1 and Image 2): http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiIntentions of the Layout:Lutyens Delhi was planned on the most spacious garden city lines with the great avenues decorated with classical buildings with lush landscape.

Image 1Image 2We need sources for these images7FeaturesThe plan reflects Lutyens transcendent fervour for geometric symmetry, which is expressed through amazing sequences of triangles and hexagons, through sightlines and axes.

2. Lutyens plan is also remarkable for the generous green spaces, lawns, watercourses, flower and fruit-bearing trees, and their integration with the parks developed around monuments.

3. The attempt was to include all natural and historical wonders in the new city.

Image Source: http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/townplaning.pdf

I dont get this part. Should It even be here?8The Road NetworkBesides the major Pathway, there were extremely wide avenues. The original design of the road network was capable of accommodating 6000 vehicles, however these avenues, had the potential of increasing their carriageway-the reason why the road layout has survived till today.

In general the road network consisted of diagonals and radials, at 30 degree/ 60 degree angles to the main axis, forming triangles and hexagons.

Image source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiLutyens Delhi - Zoning

GOVERNMENT COMPLXBUNGLOW ZONECOMMERCIAL DISTRICT

GOVERNMENT COMPLEXImage source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiThe use oft eh supe br rhuba brred a dn be ge ipinksandstonesfor Rashtrapati Bhavan is alsocredited to Lutyens. But, he had actually opposed itin favour of whitemarble as used in the Taj Mahal. He could hardly have been aware thatin white hetoo would have built amausoleum. In f tac,sand tsone wassuggest de by thegeological department, which got no credit11

Image source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiLutyens Bungalow Zone (LBZ) is the area spread over 2,800-hectare area with bungalows (houses) for government officials and their administrative offices, during the British Raj. The zone stretches up to Lodhi Road in the south.12

Image source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiLutyens laid out the central administrative area of the city. At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan, located on the top of Raisina Hill. The Rajpath connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South end with Connaught Place. The Secretariat Building, which houses various ministries of the Government of India including Prime Minister's Office are beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan and were designed by Herbert Baker. Also designed by Baker was the Parliament House, located on the Sansad Marg, running parallel with the Rajpath.

Image Source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiThe Government Complex/ Administrative areaLutyen's grandiose Government House (Rashtrapati Bhawan) - located on Raisina Hill, and one of New Delhi's major thoroughfares, Rajpath, connects it to the Purana Qila

Lord Hardinge chose the Raisina Hill for locating the viceroys palace because:

The Rashtrapati Bhawan

It was a well drained.Constituted of slopes and plains between the ridge and the river.Its eastern and southern margins were studded with monuments of vanished empires.A broad crescent from Shahjahanabad and Kotla Firoz Shah, south to Tughlaqabad and the Qutub with tombs of Safdarjung and Lodhis as well as Jantar Mantar in the foreground could be viewed from the site.

Image Source (Image 1 and Image 2): http://www.indiansecretsrevealed.com/rashtrapati-bhavan-trip/ Image 1Image 2Image 2

Image Source: http://www.indiansecretsrevealed.com/rashtrapati-bhavan-trip/ The SecretariatThe Secretariat Building was designed by architectHerbert BakerinIndo-Saracenic Revival architecture.Much of the building is in classical architectural style, yet it incorporatedMughalandRajasthani architecturestyle and motifs in its architecture.These are visible in the use ofJali.Another feature of the building is a dome-like structure known as theChatri.

Image Source (Image 1 and Image 2): http://www.indiansecretsrevealed.com/secratariat-building-trip/Image Source (Image 3): http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india/art/architecture/colonial/seccomplex/column1.html

The style of architecture used in Secretariat Building is unique to Raisina Hill. In front of the main gates on buildings are the four "dominion columns", given by Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.Image 1Image 2Image 3These four Dominion Columns which were presented by Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa were a gesture of friendship and unity among the Dominions within the British Empire. On top of each Column is a bronze ship symbolic of the Empire's ocean links and the emblem of each Dominions is marked on each Column.17

Image Source (Image 3): http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india/art/architecture/colonial/seccomplex/column1.htmlThe Parliament HouseThe Parliament Hous was designed byEdwin LutyensandHerbert Baker.

It was built with indigenous materials and by Indian labour and the architecture of the building bears a close imprint of the Indian tradition.

The layout of fountains both inside and outside the building, the use of Indian symbols, the "Chhajjas and the varied forms of "Jali" in marble are reminders of the story of the craftsmanship displayed in ancient monuments and memorials.

JALISJALISJALISCOMMON FEATURESBUDDHIST DOMEBUDDHIST DOMEhttp://monuments-in-india.blogspot.in/2009/12/rashtrapati-bhavan.htmlhttp://www.hindustantimes.com/The-Budget-s-journey-through-Parliament/Article1-1056413.aspxhttp://www.indiansecretsrevealed.com/secratariat-building-trip/THICK BANDTHICK BANDTHICK BAND

Image Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/article1-707274.aspx Starting from India Gate, at the lowest and eastern end of Rajpath, nearby land was allocated to numerous princely states, each of which built small palaces, such as theBikaner House (now the Rajasthan tourism office) andJaipur House(now the National Gallery of Modern Art). It might be said that this placement mirrored the British sentiments toward the princes, who lost much of their former power and status during the British Raj. Here, too, are the state Bhavans (houses), where you can taste the cuisine of each state.THE PRINCELY STATESThe largest of all palaces in New Delhi a building that suited the status of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Designed by Edwin Lutyens. The majestic mansion had 36 rooms.Lutyens designed Hyderabad House in the shape of a butterfly a plan that he had first used for Papillon Hall in Leicestershire in 1903. The main architectural feature of Hyderabad House is a dome with an entrance hall beneath which symmetrical wings radiate at an angle of fifty-five degrees. Its round arches flanked by rectangular openings to the height of the impost was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome, a city where Lutyens stayed in 1909. For the first floor windows of the grand place, Lutyens chose a combination of rectangular and round arches that were inspired by the Uffizi to the Arno in Florence.The majestic building that boasts of courtyards, archways, obelisks, large flower containers, grand stairways, marble fireplaces, fountains, had a pre-dominantly European character with some Mughal motifs.

Image Source: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/5403445THE HYDRABAD HOUSESituated next to Hyderabad House, is another magnificent building designed by Edwin Lutyens. He designed the Baroda House on a train from Bombay in 1921, and it took 15 years to build it. The Gaekwad of Baroda , who was educated in England, wanted his palace in New Delhi to be Anglo-Saxon in style.The grand Baroda House was known for its terraces, grand corridors, cooling arcades, beautiful gardens and well-ventilated salons and richly done up living rooms. Gaekwad led a very westernised lifestyle.

Image Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/article1-707274.aspxTHE BARODA HOUSE

Image Source: http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_session/Session+Judge/Home/Delhi+District+Courts/Patiala+HousePatiala House was formerly the palatial residence of the Maharaja of Patiala (in Punjab). part of central vista, this building, built in the 1930s, has a central dome with a butterfly layout, similar to other buildings o the Lutyens zone. Today it houses the district Courts complex for New Delhi District. 'A double Vtoreyed building, the central portion is emphasized with a domed pavilion on the terrace and projection porchover the upper storey, there is a projecting chajja running the entire length of the old building. It has seen interesting occupants ever since the Maharaja vacated it. THE PATIALAHOUSEJaipur House (National Gallery of Modern Art) is located diametrically opposite Hyderabad House. Like other princes residences, the building was also designed in the shape of a butterfly with a central dome. But very few people know that it was British architect Charles Blomfield, who designed the building. It was designed in a mix of neo-classical and Art Deco style. The butterfly-shaped building has two symmetrical wings radiating from the central court.

Two similar wings radiate towards the back facing the gardens. The faade of this comparatively austere palace is marked by two levels of small, vertical, slit-like windows. A continuous sunshade or chajja in redstone caps the entire faade. The building has arched openings framed by Rajput columns.

Image Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/article1-707274.aspxTHE JAIPURHOUSEIn this whole process almost no attention was paid to the problems of Old Delhi. Due to the creation of New Delhi, Old Delhi experienced a 28% surge in population from 1916-1926 resulting in the spilling over of the population from inside the walled city to the Paharganj area, whose restructuring was later abandoned by Lutyens due to resource constraints. Also, no provision of housing was premeditated for the large no. of skilled and unskilled workers which immigrated in for the construction work of New Delhi. This negligence of the planners towards Old Delhi resulted in its transformation to a large slum area through deterioration and dilapidation.Drawbacks

Image Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Lutyens'_projected_Imperial_Delhi,_from_the_Encyclopedia_Britannica,_11th_ed.,_1910-12.jpgReferencesBooks:

David Gordon (2006) Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities, : Routledge.

Robert Byron (1997) New Delhi, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.

Lucy Peck (n.d.) Delhi: a thousand years of building.

Websites:

ARCHITECTURE OF DELHI - Delhi-city in conflict. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://delhi-architecture.weebly.com/delhi-city-in-conflict.html. [Accessed 12 October 2013].Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi Design of Delhi: Edwin Lutyens. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://sites.asiasociety.org/princesandpainters/design-of-delhi-edwin-lutyens/. [Accessed 11 October 2013].Changing Image of Lutyens Delhi | Archinomy. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhi. [Accessed 12 October 2013].New Delhi. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2722&order_by=title&showdescription=1. [Accessed 15 October 2013].The Lutyens Trust. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/articles/exhibitionnd.htm. [Accessed 13 October 2013].