pitch range use in speech of welsh/english bilinguals: production study mikhail ordin 1,2 ineke...
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Pitch range use in speech of Welsh/English bilinguals:
Production StudyMikhail Ordin1,2
Ineke Mennen1
(1 Bangor University, Centre for Research on Bilingualism
2 Moscow Academy of Humanities and Technology)
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Pitch range
Level (Ladd 1996)Register (Cruttenden
1997)
Overall height of speaker’s voice
Span (Ladd 1996)Key (Cruttenden 1997)Excursion size (‘tHart,
Collier, Cohen 1990)
Range of frequencies covered by the speaker
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Hypothetical averaged data for 4 target points in three speaker's pronunciation of the English declarative sentence I HAVE BEEN THERE BEFORE. The contours are impressionistically similar, despite the differences in level and span
75
95
115
135
155
175
195
215
235
255
275
1 2 3 4
target points
F0
(H
z)
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Are overall pitch modifications automatic
or consciously controlled?
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Anatomical and physiological factors determine pitch range
- Size of the larynx and lung volume
- Decrease in transglottal pressure towards the end of the utterance
- More difficult adjustments for upward pitch change than for downward pitch change
- Increase of vocal folds tension on high vowels
- Higher subglottal pressure before closure release on voicelss plosives than on voiced plosives
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Anatomically-conditioned modifications can become
meaningful and even undergo grammaticalization and express linguistic function (Ohala 1983,
1984; Lieberman 1967)
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Biological codes (Gussenhoven 2004):
1) Frequency code (Ohala 1983, 1996)
Source: size of the speech organsWhat is affected: overall levelParalinguistic meaning: submissive aggressive; big-small; friendly-hostile; high status-low status; certain-uncertainLinguistic meaning: Question vs. statement
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Biological codes (Gussenhoven 2004):
2) Effort code
Source: energy
What is affected: span
Paralinguistic meaning: affected-non affected speech
Linguistic meaning: focus marking
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Biological codes (Gussenhoven 2004):
3) Production code
Source: lung volume
What is affected: downtrends
Linguistic meaning: finality vs continuity, old vs new information
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Diehl (1991) and Kingston and Diehl (1994) argued that at least partially pitch modifications are under speaker’s conscious control and can be used to enhance perceptual effect.
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Language-specific vs universal
1) HTR (e.g. Grabe, 2004)2) Hadding-Koch and Stuttert-Kennedy, 19643) Gonnum, 19834) Brouwer, 19895) Ohara, 19926) Eckert, Laver, 19947) Downing, 19968) Gibbon, 19989) Makarova, 199910) Mennen, 2007, 2008
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Pitch range in bilingual speech
Mennen 2007, 2008, 2009 as the starting point of the current research.
Mennen et.al. found that:
• The difference in pitch range between German and English monolingual speakers is mostly in span.
• L2 native German speakers of English use pitch range in English differently from native Brits. German manipulate level.
• In perception the cue to Englishness for the Brits is span, and for the German is level.
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Simultaneous vs Sequencial Bilinguals
Sequential
• Pitch range differs between L1 and L2
• Pitch range in L2 of sequential bilinguals differs from that in monolingual speech by native speakers
• Are we dealing with cross-language differences or cross-context differences?
Simultaneous
• ????????????????
• ????????????????
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Research Question 1:
Do Welsh-English bilinguals realize pitch range differently when they use different languages?
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Research Question 2:
If so, what dimension(s) of pitch range (i.e. level/span) is/are language-specific?
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Research Question 3:
Which strategy or strategies do the bilinguals use to make the difference in pitch range?
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Subjects:Adult bilinguals
Acquired both languages simultaneously
Used both languages daily
Are fluent readers of technical and colloquial styles
19 speakers: 5 men and 12 women
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Material:
Controlled speech, neutral sentences and a brief technical text on history of Welsh, recorded at 44kHz, 16 bit, in WAV PCI format using condenser microphone. Reading and recording was done in a quiet place.
20 sentences, 40-45 tone units per language per speaker.
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Labelling and measuring:Span
• Pitch span was determined as the difference in semitones between the average of the speaker’s peaks and L% tones.
If creaky voice was used for final lowering, the measurement was taken immediately prior to the creaky interval.
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Labelling and measuring: Level
Three measures for pitch level were defined:
• 1) average of F0 peaks,
• 2) average of L%, and
• 3) average of means on each tone unit.
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Analysis
• Wilcoxon Signed Rank• Data for males and females
processed separately to consider the possible effect of gender
(where assumptions for paired t-tests were met, parametric tests were performed, but not reported here for consistency. Parametric tests showed greater effect size).
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RESULTS: 14 females
Span is wider in Welsh than in English
(z=-3.17; p=0.002; r=0.6)
The median score increased from M=7.68 for English to M=8.92 for Welsh
The average difference is 1.41ST
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RESULTS: 14 females
Level is higher in Welsh than in English if defined as F0 peaks
(z=-3.23; p=0.001; r=0.61)
The median score increased from M= 257.14 for English to M=274.48 for Welsh
The average difference is 1.4ST
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RESULTS: 14 females
Level is not significantly different if defined as F0 on L% tones or as mean F0 on tone units.
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RESULTS: 5 males
Span is 0.6ST wider in Welsh than in English, but the difference is n/s (p=0.225)
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RESULTS: 5 males
Level is 0.4ST higher in Welsh than in English if defined as F0 peaks, but the difference is n/s, p=0.225
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RESULTS: 5 males
Level is not significantly different if defined as F0 on L% tones or as mean F0 on tone units.
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Summary of results so far:
Females• Pitch range differs
between Welsh and English
• Difference is in span• Difference is in
F0max• No sign difference in
F0means and F0min
Males• Pitch range does not
differ between Welsh and English
FEW SPEAKERS?????
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Individual Statistics: Females, F0max
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Individual Statistics: Females, Span
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Individual Statistics: Males, Level
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Individual Statistics: Males, Span
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Strategies:
• increasing F0 peaks in Welsh (or decreasing F0 peaks in English);
• using creaky voice in Welsh for final lowering (or cancelling creaky voice in English);
• increasing F0 means in Welsh (or decreasing F0 means in English);
• decreasing F0 minimums in Welsh (or increasing F0 minimums in English).
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Are strategies independent?
ANOVA:Hypothesis: the more strategies the speaker uses,
the smaller the different between F0max in Welsh and English expected.
Dependent var: difference in F0max in Welsh and in English
Independent var 1: number of strategies (2 levels – 1 and 3 different strategies employed)
Independent var 2: speaker (6 levels)Outcome: no sign influence. Trade-off? Not
enough data to say for sure.
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What causes these differences?
1) Social and culture-rooted.
2) Language system (in Welsh I heard more rising tones while in English there were more falling tones).
Peculiarities of speech perception. What are we listening to when we evaluate span and level – overall register or the maximums?
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Further research
IDifference in pitch range as a social marker
IIAcquisition of pitch range by sequential and
simultaneous bilinguals
IIIPerception of pitch range