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Pig Manure Analysis Report

ABN: 62 692 678 618

Analysis Unit Recommended Soil

Nutrition Limit Pig Manure Analysis

Results

pH [1:5 H2O] 5.5-7.5 7.6

pH [1:5 CaCl2] 4-5.5 7.0

Organic Matter % 28.8

CEC meq/100g > 10 106

EC [1:5 H2O] <0.15 15.55

Nitrates [NO3-N] ppm >10 4

Ammonia [NH4-N] ppm >2 445

Phosphorus [Olsen] ppm >50 2605

Potassium [Am. Acet.] meq/100g >0.26 26.99

Calcium [Am. Acet.] meq/100g >5 22.25

Magnesium [Am. Acet.] meq/100g >1.6 25.22

Sulphur [MCP] ppm 10-20 1239

Boron[CaCl2] ppm 0.5-4 0.3

Copper [DTPA] ppm 2-50 8.9

Iron [DTPA] ppm <20 90

Manganese [DTPA] ppm >1.6 130.4

Zinc [DTPA] ppm 1-200 386.0

Sodium [Am. Acet.] meq/100g <1.0 31.1

Aluminium [KCl] meq/100g <1 0.44

Chloride ppm <350 17105

Ca base saturation % 50-75 21

K base saturation % 3-6 25.5

Mg base saturation % 10-20 23.8

Na base saturation % <6 29.3

Al base saturation % <1 0.40

Ca:Mg Ratio > 3 0.9

Aluminium ppm <5 39.0

Sodium ppm <230 7153.0

Calcium ppm 600-2500 4451.0

Magnesium ppm 80-550 3027

Potassium ppm 100-400 10526

Lime Requirement t/ha N/A <0.50

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dS/m = deci Siemens per meter =1000 µS/cm ppm = parts per million = mg/kg t/ha = tons per hector CEC = Cation Exchange Capacity meq/100g = mill equivalents per 100 g

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Discussion

pH Soil acidity is measured on a pH scale from 0 (most acid) to 14 (most alkaline), with 7 as neutral, that is, neither acid nor alkaline. The scale is logarithmic, that is, going down the scale from pH 7 (neutral), each number is 10 times more acid than the one before it. The term CaCl2 after the pH figure signifies that the pH was measured in a solution of calcium chloride. Soil pH measured in a solution of CaCl2, the pH is 0.5–0.8 lower than if measured in water. pH of the manure measured in water is 7.6 and the same measured in CaCl2 is 7.0. This Manure has a very neutral pH.

Organic Matter Organic matter in this soil is 28.8%. Adding a manure consisting high organic matter will improve the soil structure and also allows air& water to pass through soil easily, by creating a larger space between the soil molecules. It also helps holding moisture by absorbing large quantities of water for use by plant roots. Humus molecules are colloids, which are negatively charged structures with an enormous surface area. This means they can attract and hold huge quantities of positively charged nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and potassium until the plant needs them. Clays also have this capacity, but humus colloids have a much greater CEC than clays

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) This is a measure of the ability of the soil to hold the cations such as calcium, magnesium and potassium. These are held in the soil by organic matter and clay. Good fertile soils with high clay content and moderate to high organic matter levels usually have a cation exchange capacity of 10 or higher. CEC of this manure is quite high, hence, making it very compliant. Adding this manure to the soil will help the soil to retain calcium, magnesium, and potassium nutrients, as the CEC of the manure is 106 meq/100 g and is quite high.

Conductivity (salt) Electrical conductivity is a measure of salts in the soil. It is an important indicator of soil health. A productive soil’s conductivity should be below 0.15 dS/m (decisiemens per metre). Some plants are more susceptible to the electrical conductivity than others and each specie has an electrical conductivity threshold, beyond which yield is decreased. The electrical conductivity of the manure is 15.55 dS/m.

Nitrates The primary function of NO3 is to serve as a source of nitrogen for the nutrition and growth of plants and soil microorganisms. Nitrate levels fluctuate widely, depending on the season or rainfall. Agronomists prefer a level of 10 ppm or more. The nitrate level present in the manure is 4 ppm.

Ammonia Nitrogen is available to plants as either ammonium (NH4

+-N) or nitrate (NO3--N). Animal manures and

other organic wastes are important sources of N for plant growth. The amount of N supplied by

manure will vary with the type of livestock, handling, rate applied, and method of application. The

amount of ammonia present in the manure is 445 ppm. The recommended limit for Ammonia content

in soil is >2 ppm. Which indicates that this manure is a very good source of Nitrogen to plants.

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Phosphorus Phosphorus (P) is an essential element classified as a macronutrient because of the relatively large amounts of P required by plants. Phosphorus is one of the three nutrients generally added to soils in fertilizers. One of the main roles of P in living organisms is in the transfer of energy. Organic compounds that contain P are used to transfer energy from one reaction to drive another reaction within cells. Adequate P availability for plants stimulates early plant growth and hastens maturity. Although P is essential for plant growth, mismanagement of soil P can pose a threat to water quality. The manure consists of about 2605 ppm of Phosphorous and hence is a good source of Phosphorous. The recommended limit for Phosphorous content in soil is >50 ppm.

Potassium Potassium is an essential plant nutrient and is required in large amounts for proper growth and

reproduction of plants. Potassium is considered second only to nitrogen, when it comes to nutrients

needed by plants. It affects the plant shape, size, color, taste and other measurements attributed to

healthy produce. Potassium deficiency might cause abnormalities in plants, usually the symptoms are

growth related. The recommended limit for Potassium content in soil is 100-400 ppm. This manure

consists of 10526 ppm of potassium.

Calcium Calcium cation in soil is known to flocculate clay and organic matter particles which results in proper

soil porosity. Proper soil porosity insures adequate soil aeration which guarantees proper soil

drainage and allows correct root growth. The ability of calcium to neutralize either excess acid or

excess alkaline, in the soil environment is the key to proper root growth of the plant. Without proper

root growth plants are susceptible to drought and improper mineral nutrition. The recommended limit

for Calcium content in soil is 600-2500 ppm. The manure consists about 4451 ppm of Calcium.

Magnesium Magnesium is an essential plant nutrient. It has a wide range of key roles in many plant functions. One

of the magnesium's well-known roles is in the photosynthesis process, as it is a building block of the

Chlorophyll, which makes leaves appear green. Magnesium deficiency might be a significant limiting

factor in crop production. The recommended limit for Magnesium content in soil is 80-550 ppm. The

manure consists about 3027 ppm of Magnesium.

Sulphur Sulphur is described as a secondary plant nutrient, it is as important as any major plant nutrient. The

recommended limit for Sulphur content in soil is 10-20 ppm. The manure consists about 1239 ppm of

Sulphur.

Boron Boron is present in the soil in many forms, the most common being Boric Acid (H3BO3). An adequate

amount of boron in the soil is 0.5-4 ppm. The manure consists of 0.3 ppm of Boron.

Copper Copper (Cu) is an essential nutrient for plant growth, but because only a small amount is needed, it is

classified as a micronutrient. It promotes seed production and formation and plays an essential role

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in chlorophyll formation. The recommended limit for Copper content in soil is 2-50 ppm. The

manure consists of 8.9 ppm of Copper.

Iron Iron deficiency is a limiting factor of plant growth. Iron is present at high quantities in soils, but its

availability to plants is usually very low, and therefore iron deficiency is a common problem. The

recommended limit for iron content in soil is <20 ppm. The manure consists of 90 ppm of iron.

Manganese Manganese is a plant micronutrient. It fulfils many roles and is used in photosynthesis (manganese is

important for several aspects of photosynthesis), synthesis of chlorophyll and nitrogen absorption as

well as the synthesis of riboflavin, ascorbic acid and carotene. Manganese deficiency is most common

on alkaline and poorly drained soils as well as those high in available iron. The recommended limit

for Manganese content in soil is >1.6 ppm. The manure consists of 130.4 ppm of manganese.

Zinc Zinc is an essential plant micronutrient. It is important for production of plant growth hormones and

proteins and is involved in sugar consumption. Good root development as well as carbohydrate and

chlorophyll formation are also dependent on zinc. Maintaining adequate zinc levels is important for

enabling plants to withstand low air temperatures. Zinc deficiency is most commonly seen on alkaline

and sandy soil especially if the soil is boggy. Excess levels of phosphorus and copper as well as low

levels of nitrogen in the soil can also increase the chances of zinc deficiency. The recommended limit

for Zinc content in soil is 1-200 ppm. The manure consists of 386 ppm of Zinc.

Sodium Sodium is not a plant nutrient but it does play a role in soil health. High levels of sodium indicate

salinity problems or poor soil structure. Excess sodium can also reduce the uptake of other nutrients

by plants. The recommended limit for Sodium content in soil is <230 ppm. The manure consists of

7153 ppm of Sodium.

Aluminium Aluminium is used by some plants but it is not an essential nutrient and it is toxic to many plants. Soil

will contain some aluminium, as about 7% of the Earth's crust is aluminium. However, plants

shouldn't take up much of this aluminium. The recommended limit for Aluminium content in soil is

<5 ppm. The manure consists of 39 ppm of Aluminium.

Chloride Chloride is classified as a micronutrient, plants may take-up as much Chloride as secondary elements

such as Sulfur. It is essential (working in tandem with K+) to the proper function of the plants

stomatal openings, thus controlling internal water balance. The recommended limit for Chloride

content in soil is <350 ppm. The manure consists of 17105 ppm of Chloride.

Calcium/magnesium ratio Calcium/magnesium ratio is found by dividing the quantity of calcium (meq/100 g) by the quantity of

magnesium (meq/100 g). If the figure is below 2, it is more difficult for plants to take up potassium,

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and there can be problems with soil structure breaking down due to dispersion. The calcium

Magnesium ration of the manure is quite low compared to the desired value of >3 ppm.

Conclusion Generally, this pig manure is quite rich in most of the nutrients and hence, high readings compared to

most of the soil recommended nutrition limits. This manure must be applied in correct proportion

according the needs of your plants and the corresponding soil nutrition, as it is quite concentrated

with macro-nutrients such as Ammonia, Phosphorous and potassium.

For more information, please contact us at 0432164241 or 98422055 or 0401822463 or Email us at abel@allchemical.com.au to discuss your needs.

Prepared by: Sangeetha Krishnaraj Trainee Chemical Engineer Website: www.allchemical.com.au Website: www.allchemicalandwater.com.au

Date: 29/08/17

Checked by: Abel Hlophe Senior Chemical Engineer Website: www.allchemical.com.au Website: www.allchemicalandwater.com.au

Date: 29/08/17