pig - enzymes. what are enzymes? [3] 3 of the following: biological catalysts globular proteins...
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PIG - enzymes
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3 of the following:
• Biological catalysts
• Globular proteins
• Increase the rate of (chemical) reaction
• Complimentary substrate shape to its active site
• Have an active site
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What is activation energy? [2]
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• Energy ‘barrier’
• Molecules must overcome this barrier in order to take part in the reaction
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Name the 2 enzyme theories & explain them. [4]
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Lock & Key theory [1]
Active site and substrate are complimentary shapes
Induced fit theory [1]
Arrival of the substrate causes a change in the shape of the active site
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Which inhibitor fits the enzyme’s active site? [1]
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Competitive inhibitor
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Explain how a non-competitive inhibitor affects the rate of an enzyme related
reaction. [3]
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• Reduces rate of reaction
• Fits into site on enzyme away from the active site
• Attaches to tertiary structure of enzyme
• Changes shape of the active site
• Substrate can no longer bind with active site
• Permanent
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Why does increasing substrate concentration eventually have no effect on the rate of reaction? [2]
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• V max
• All active sites are occupied at all times
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What are coenzymes? [2]
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• Organic, non-protein molecule
• (Often) carry chemical groups between enzymes
• So enzyme controlled reactions can link together in sequence
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What is a prosthetic group? [1]
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A coenzyme that is a permanent part of an enzyme molecule.
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What is it called when an enzyme and substrate fit together? [1]
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Enzyme-substrate complex
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How does lowering the pH of a solution affect an enzyme’s tertiary structure?
[3]
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• Increased concentration of H+ ions means lower pH
• Hydrogen ions are positive so are attracted to negatively charged molecules
• Hydrogen bonds hold tertiary structure in place
• Hydrogen ions react with hydrogen bonds which alters the tertiary structure
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What is an enzyme inhibitor? [1]
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A substance or molecule which slows down the rate of an enzyme
controlled reaction.
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Nucleic Acid PIG
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Describe the structure of DNA
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Polynucleotide
Contains bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
Double stranded
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Name some differences between DNA and RNA
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RNA contains:
Ribose sugar
Has uracil instead of thymine
Single stranded
Exist in 3 forms: Mrna, tRNA and rRNA
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Explain how DNA replicates
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During interphase
Double helix untwisted
Hydrogen bonds broken
DNA unzips
Free DNA nucleotides hydrogen bonded onto exposed bases
Covalent bonds between phosphates and sugars forming backbone
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Explain the term anti-parallel
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The strands lie opposite each other, parallel, but run in opposite directions
(the 3’ end goes with the 5’ end)
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What is complementary base pairing
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Complementary base pairs pair up
C-G
A-T or U in RNA
Hydrogen bonds link base pairs
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What is a gene
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A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide
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Outline the role of DNA in protein synthesis
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DNA provides the template strand for mRNA and determines the sequence
of amino acids and therefore the structure of proteins
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What is mRNA for?
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Messenger RNA
Complementary to the DNA Strand
Contains Uracil instead of Thymine
Passes through the nuclear pore and attaches to a ribosome
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What happens at the ribosome and what is the role of tRNA
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tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome in the right order according to the base sequence on the mRNA
Amino acids then joined together by peptide bonds to give a protein