pieris brassicae - department of conservation...pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication...
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Craig B. Phillips, Kerry Brown, Chris Green, Keith Broome, Richard Toft, Graham Walker, Michael Shepherd, Julie Murphy and Jo Rees
Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
Cover: The great white butterfly team contribution to the 2014 Nelson Mask Parade. Photo: Nicola Gourlay
Β© Copyright September 2016, New Zealand Department of Conservation
Published by Whakatu/Nelson Office, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 5, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
CONTENTS
Executive summary 1
1. Purpose of this document 2
2. Stakeholder contributions and budget 2
3. Background and justification 2
4. Programme goal 3
5. Temporal changes in Pieris brassicae distribution and abundance 4
5.1 Distribution 4
5.2 Detection rates 4
6. Tactics and results 5
6.1 Relative risk of Pieris brassicae presence 5
6.2 Site access and public support 8
6.3 DOC surveillance effort and results 8
6.4 Passive surveillance effort and results 9
6.5 Host plant control 9
6.6 Insecticide use 9
6.7 Monitoring for Pieris brassicae outside the operational area 10
6.8 Summary of search effort since Pieris brassicae was last detected 11
7. Management 12
7.1 Research 12
7.2 Presentations 12
8. Acknowledgements 13
9. References 13
Appendix 1
Eradication programme costs for 2015/16 financial year (July to June) in New Zealand dollars 14
Appendix 2
Eradication programme costs from 19 November 2012 to 30 June 2016 in New Zealand dollars 15
Appendix 3
Pieris brassicae public awareness activities in 2015/16 16
1Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
Craig B. Phillips1, Kerry Brown2, Chris Green3, Keith Broome4, Richard Toft5, Graham Walker6, Michael Shepherd2, Julie Murphy2 and Jo Rees2
1 AgResearch, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch 8140; Better Border Biosecurity, www.b3nz.org.2 Department of Conservation, Private Bag 5, Nelson 7042; [email protected] Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908, Newtown, Auckland 1145.4 Department of Conservation, Private Bag 3072, Hamilton 3240.5 Entecol Ltd, PO Box 142, Nelson 7040.6 Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142; Better Border Biosecurity, www.b3nz.org
Executive summaryPieris brassicae, great white butterfly, is a Northern Hemisphere species that was first found in New Zealand in Nelson in May 2010. It is a threat to New Zealand native cresses as well as to forage and vegetable brassicas, thus the Department of Conservation (DOC) launched an eradication attempt on 19 November 2012.
To find Pieris brassicae in Nelson during 2015/16, DOC staff either searched sites (mainly residential properties), or responded to reports from the public. Nelson residents remained supportive of the programme and DOC gained access to all of the >β30,000 sites within the operational zone. In 2015/16, DOC conducted 70106 site inspections and found no P. brassicae. Detection rates (number of infested sites divided by number of searched sites) steadily declined from 0.048 in 2012/13, to 0.019 in 2013/14, 0.002 in 2014/15, and 0 in 2015/16. The distribution of P.β brassicae also declined: the maximum distance from the centre of Nelson (β41.267, 173.278) that P. brassicae was detected was 24.1 km in 2012/13, 14.2 km in 2013/14, and 8.1 km in 2014/15. The operational area covers 9742 ha and, for operational purposes, DOC divided it into 46 management blocks. The number of blocks in which P. brassicae was detected declined from 38 in 2012/13, to 34 in 2013/14, 24 in 2014/15 and zero in 2015/16.
The last P. brassicae detected was an adult male captured near central Nelson on 16 December 2014. Since then:
β’ Sufficient time has elapsed for P. brassicae to complete six generations. β’ DOC has conducted 106,545 general surveillance inspections of 29,445 different locations
(mean of 3.6 inspections per site) situated 0β20 km from central Nelson. Search emphasis was on sites where P. brassicae host plants occur.
β’ DOC has continued to encourage the public to report possible sightings, and responded to all 41 reports received.
β’ DOC and Plant and Food Research have conducted 55 searches of native cress populations and brassica crops at 12 sites in Nelson-Tasman.
β’ Modelling indicated that there is a low relative probability of P. brassicae presence across all Nelson management blocks.
Thus, DOC is now confident that P. brassicae has been eradicated and the eradication programme was discontinued on 4 June 2016.
Β© Copyright September 2016, Department of Conservation. This paper may be cited as:Phillips, C.B.; Brown, K.; Green, C.; Broome, K.; Toft, R.; Walker, G.; Shepherd, M.; Murphy, J.; Rees, J. 2016: Pieris brassicae
(great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 16 p.
2 Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
1. Purpose of this document
This document summarises the Department of Conservationβs (DOCβs) programme to eradicate Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), great white butterfly, from Nelson during the 2015/16 financial year (July to June). It has been written for senior managers in DOC and the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), stakeholders, staff in the P. brassicae eradication programme, and people attempting to eradicate other pests. Additional information is available from previous annual reports (Toft 2013; Phillips et al. 2014a, 2015) and references therein.
2. Stakeholder contributions and budget
In 2015/16, Vegetables NZ contributed $60,000 to the P. brassicae eradication programme, and MPI contributed $150,000. MPI also forwarded calls received from the public via their 0800β80β99β66 hotline. Plant and Food Research conducted fortnightly surveys at 5β7 Nelson sites outside the eradication zone to monitor for P. brassicae. AgResearch provided research support from its contribution to the Better Border Biosecurity research collaboration (www.b3nz.org).
In financial year 2015/16 (July to June), $1,060,000 was spent on the eradication programme (Appendix 1). The programmeβs total cost from 17 November 2012 to 30 June 2016 has been $4,972,942 (Appendix 2).
3. Background and justification
The natural distribution of P. brassicae is Europe and Asia. It was first detected in Nelson on 14 May 2010, has not been recorded elsewhere in New Zealand, is an Unwanted Organism under the Biosecurity Act 1993, and is likely to be a pest of forage and vegetable brassicas. In 2010, MPI responded to P. brassicae with a monitoring programme that aimed to slow its spread. However, DOC advocated for an eradication attempt due to the risk it posed to New Zealand native brassicasβas evidenced by the damage currently caused to native brassicas by P. rapae (small white butterfly)βand took over the incursion response to attempt eradication on 19 November 2012. By this time, P. brassicae was firmly established in Nelson and spreading (Fig. 1).
Nixon (2015) calculated that cultivated brassicas are worth $207 million per annum to New Zealand. East (2013) estimated that eradicating P. brassicae would have a net present value (4% discount rate) to the horticultural and agricultural sectors in the range $4.8 million to $61β million per annum, depending on how quickly P. brassicae spread through New Zealand.
New Zealand has 79 native brassica species (3% of New Zealandβs flora), of which 55 are currently threatened or at risk of extinction. A further 13 are not threatened, but are nevertheless at risk from P. brassicae. Many of the 68 at-risk species are represented only by small isolated populations. They also face many other threats, including browsing by mammals, habitat destruction and herbivory by P. rapae. After including impacts on cultivated and native brassicas in her analysis, East (2013) estimated that eradicating P. brassicae would have a net present value (4% discount rate) to New Zealand in the range $43 million to $133 million per annum, depending on how quickly P. brassicae spread.
3Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
Figure 1. Spatial distribution of Pieris brassicae presence (red) and absence (green) records within the Nelson eradication zone from May 2010 to June 2016, split by season, with records from before 1 December 2012 pooled.
4. Programme goal
The programme aimed to eradicate P. brassicae from Nelson by 30 June 2015, and to confirm that eradication has been successful by 30 June 2017. The programme appears to have met its goal, but a formal declaration that P. brassicae has been eradicated is pending further discussion with MPI.
4 Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
5. Temporal changes in Pieris brassicae distribution and abundance
5.1 DistributionFigure 1 shows the spatial distribution of P. brassicae presence and absence records within the Nelson eradication zone from May 2010 to June 2015. Detections made βbefore 1 Dec 2012β (Fig. 1) arose solely from passive surveillance and would have underestimated the abundance and spatial distribution of P. brassicae compared with subsequent seasons when active surveillance predominated. During the programme, particularly since autumn 2014, P. brassicae became increasingly confined to central Nelson. This was likely a result of the programmeβs strategy of eliminating small outlying populations to minimise P. brassicae spread, while simultaneously suppressing the larger central population to reduce butterfly emigration. During spring 2014, P. brassicae was detected in 22 (48%) of 46 management blocks. Only one P. brassicae was detected in summer 2014/15, which occurred near the centre of Nelson, and none have been found since.
5.2 Detection ratesIn this report, locations searched for P. brassicae are referred to as βsitesβ. Many of the searched sites were residential properties.
Pieris brassicae eggs, larvae and adults are relatively easily detected compared with pupae (Phillips et al. 2014b). Detection rates tend to be low both in winter, when most P. brassicae are pupae, and in summer, when probably about half of P. brassicae aestivate (summer dormancy) as pupae (Kean & Phillips 2013). Detection rates tend to be high in spring because adults emerge from overwintered pupae to lay eggs, and also in autumn when there is a coincidence of second generation adults emerging from pupae that aestivated, and third and fourth generation adults emerging from pupae that did not aestivate (Kean & Phillips 2013).
Figure 2 shows P. brassicae detection rates each month from February 2013 to June 2016. Rates peaked in September 2013, which coincided with a time when the eradication programme was well underway, staff were fully trained, P. brassicae was relatively abundant, and most of the population was exposed to control. Thereafter, rates generally declined, though they showed regular smaller peaks each autumn and spring until the end of 2014. They declined to zero in January 2015 and remained there until 4 June 2016 when searching for P. brassicae ended.
Figure 2. Pieris brassicae detection rates each month from February 2013 to June 2016. Error bars show 95% binomial confidence intervals. Note: no searches were conducted in June 2015 and three searches conducted in January 2016 were omitted.
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5Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
6. Tactics and results
Methods for detecting and eliminating P. brassicae were refined throughout the programme. Previous improvements were described Phillips et al. (2013), and the 2013/14 and 2014/15 annual reports. In brief, the eradication zone was divided into 46 management blocks (Fig. 3), and each block was assigned a priority between 1 (high) and 4 (low). Block prioritisation was based mainly on infestation rates measured during previous searches, although other factors were also considered. Within blocks, individual sites were prioritised for searching based on previous records of P. brassicae detections and the presence of host plants at each site. The timing and frequency of searching were based on the seasonality of P. brassicae. Thus, decisions about where and when to saearch were made by considering P. brassicae seasonality, block priorities, site priorities, operational capacity and logistics. In essence, the prioritisation constituted an attempt to predict sites where P. brassicae would be most abundant (high priority) and least abundant (low priority).
Search tactics were modified in 2015/16 by gradually shifting emphasis to lower priority blocks. After the last detection of P. brassicae occurred in December 2014, continued intensive searching of high priority blocks provided increasing confidence that P. brassicae had been eliminated from those areas. However, given persistent potential for P. brassicae to disperse from high to low priority blocks, the less-intensive searching that had been conducted in low priority blocks meant there was growing uncertainty as to whether they had become infested. The change in search emphasis from higher to lower priority blocks was informed by a βrelative risk of presenceβ model, described in the following section. As for high priority blocks, the emphasis of searching in low priority blocks was on sites where host plants had previously been recorded.
6.1 Relative risk of Pieris brassicae presenceA mathematical model that estimated relative risks of P. brassicae presence in different management blocks was developed in consultation with DOC by Kean and Phillips (unpublished). It considered searches conducted by DOC, but not passive surveillance (i.e. it assumed blocks shared equal per-site probabilities that residents would report the possible presence of P.β brassicae).
The relative risk of P. brassicae being present in a block was calculated from the proportion of sites with host plants that were searched each month, and the probability of detecting P.β brassicae during the searches. Detection probability varied with month to account for the difficulty of finding P. brassicae pupae in the months they occurred.
For each month and block, if no P. brassicae were detected, relative risk of P. brassicae presence declined with the proportion of host plant sites searched. If P. brassicae was detected, relative risk of presence increased, though not to 100%, because DOC always controlled all P. brassicae found.
It was assumed P. brassicae could disperse between blocks, and the risk that a block had received P. brassicae immigrants was proportional to the overall risk of P. brassicae being present elsewhere in the operational area. Dispersal probability varied with month to account for the greater likelihood of dispersal in months when P. brassicae adults occurred.
In blocks that received few or no searches, relative risk of P. brassicae presence increased with time due to the possibility of P. brassicae immigrating from other blocks. Thus, relative risk of presence per block and month were calculated using P. brassicae seasonality, dispersal risks, and records of host plant sites and sites searched.
The model enabled DOC to construct preliminary plans for future searches, then to ascertain the influence the plans would have on relative between-block risks of P. brassicae being present.
6 Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
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7Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
Thus, it provided guidance on how to target search activities to maximise confidence that P. brassicae was absent from the entire operational area. However, search plans were always further informed by logistical considerations, and knowledge and experience of operational staff.
Figure 4 shows model estimates of relative probability of P. brassicae presence for June of 2015 and 2016. In June 2015, the model indicated that several blocks had relatively high probabilities of P. brassicae presence because they had received few or no recent searches. During 2015/16,
Figure 4. Relative between-block risks of Pieris brassicae presence in June of 2015 (A) and June 2016 (B).
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8 Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
YEAR SITES SEARCHED SITES INFESTED PROPORTION OF
SITES INFESTED (%)
2009/10 3 3 100.0
2010/11 88 30 34.1
2011/12 76 71 93.4
2012/13 23923 1121 4.7
2013/14 80263 1490 1.9
2014/15 83118 170 0.2
2015/16 76507 0 0.0
Total 263978 2885 1.5
* Figures for some years prior to 2015/16 given in earlier annual reports differ slightly from those shown in Table 1; those given here are more accurate.
Table 1. Sites searched, si tes infested with Pier is brassicae and proport ion infested by f inancial year* (July to June).
DOC increasingly allocated its search effort to minimise relative probability of presence across all blocks, rather than emphasising blocks where detections had most recently occurred. By June 2016, relative probability of presence was uniformly low throughout the operational zone. Minor exceptions were Lud Valley (Fig. 4, blue fill), Vanguard and Port Nelson (Fig. 4, pink fill). These blocks showed slightly higher relative probabilities because they contained few host plant sites and the frequent repeated searches needed to drive further reductions in model estimates of their relative probabilities of P. brassicae presence were impractical and unjustified.
6.2 Site access and public supportIn previous years, site searches were occasionally inhibited by factors such as locked gates, dangerous dogs, or absent or uncooperative occupants. However, DOC staff usually negotiated access without needing to assert their legal rights to search sites as authorised persons under the Biosecurity Act 1993. Data for 2015/16 indicate the value of this negotiating expertise because, of a total of 30,443 sites in the Nelson eradication zone, none had blocked access.
Before the eradication programme, DOC enjoyed an excellent reputation in Nelson-Tasman, and subsequently maintained strong public support throughout it. This was evidenced by the few sites with blocked access before 2015/16, their absence in 2015/16, ongoing public reports of possible P. brassicae sightings (Section 6.4), positive media articles, and informal unsolicited positive feedback from Nelson residents.
DOC rangers were consistently friendly, professional and courteous, and their searches of residential properties were always tolerated and usually well received. However, a few residents objected to or resented frequent visits to their properties. Such responses increased in early 2016, probably due to DOCβs increased emphasis on searching residential properties within lower-priority blocks that were unaccustomed to high visit frequencies.
6.3 DOC surveillance effort and resultsTable 1 provides an overview of the site search data by financial year to 30 June 2016. The number of sites searched markedly increased following the start of the eradication programme in late 2012, with approximately equal numbers of searches being conducted from 2013/14 until 2015/16. However, compared with the previous year, the number of infested sites declined by 89% in 2014/15 and 100% in 2015/16.
9Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
6.4 Passive surveillance effort and resultsPassive surveillance involves reporting of P. brassicae by the public, and was supported by a public awareness campaign. The public were asked to report P. brassicae via a toll-free 0800 phone number that was monitored 24/ 7 by MPI. Staff responded to a passive surveillance report within 48 hours and usually also visited the site to verify it. Throughout the programme, 76% of possible sightings were reported via the toll-free number, and most of the remainder were reported by phone to DOCβs office in Nelson.
A variety of methods were used during 2015/16 to communicate with the public about the eradication programme (Appendix 3). To support passive surveillance, communication was emphasised during spring and autumn when P. brassicae was most conspicuous.
Table 2 summarises sightings reported by the public, and the proportion that were P. brassicae, by financial year. Total sightings for financial years prior to 2015/16 (Table 2) are slightly higher than those given in previous annual reports because they include sightings reported from both outside and within the operational area; previously stated figures were just from within it. The proportion of reported sightings that arose from within the operational area steadily increased from 46% in 2012/13 to 87% in 2015/16, perhaps indicating that, as the programme proceeded, public awareness of P. brassicae remained higher within the operational area than beyond it.
Thirty percent of all reported sightings were confirmed to be P. brassicae (Table 2). Of reports made via the 0800 number, 35% were confirmed to be P. brassicae in 2012/13 and this steadily declined to 0% in 2015/16. In contrast, the proportion of sightings reported via DOCβs phone that was confirmed to be P. brassicae remained low throughout the programme (mean 4%). Reasons for this apparent difference are unknown.
YEAR TOTAL
REPORTS
REPORTS CONFIRMED TO BE
Pieris brassicae
PROPORTION
Pieris brassicae (%)
2012/13 698 305 44
2013/14 823 256 31
2014/15 288 25 9
2015/16 127 0 0
Total 1936 586 30
Table 2. Number of passive survei l lance reports and the number conf i rmed to be Pier is brassicae by f inancial year f rom 19 November 2012 to 30 June 2016.
6.5 Host plant controlIn 2015/16, host plants were controlled at 2537 sites during general surveillance; this usually involved manually removing some or all host plants.
A further 37 sites were visited specifically to control host plants; 10 to control nasturtium and 27 to control wild brassicas. Many of these sites had also received host plant control in previous years, and in 2015/16 were visited up to three times to manage regrowth. Herbicide was usually applied to areas of host plants that ranged from 1 m2 to 504 m2.
6.6 Insecticide useThe programmeβs use of insecticide was described in the 2013/14 annual report. No insecticide was used in 2015/16 due to the absence of P. brassicae detections.
10 Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
6.7 Monitoring for Pieris brassicae outside the operational areaMonitoring for P. brassicae outside the operational area occurred via passive surveillance, general surveillance by DOC, monitoring of native cress populations by DOC, and searching of brassica crops by Plant and Food Research.
In 2015/16, passive surveillance outside the operational area was supported by delivering letters and pamphlets to residences in Brightwater and Upper Moutere (October 2015), and Hope (November 2015). None of the 17 public reports of P. brassicae sightings received from outside the operational area in 2015/16 were of P. brassicae.
Sites outside the operational area searched for P. brassicae by Department of Conservation and Plant and Food Research in 2015/16 are shown in Fig. 5. These included 759 general surveillance searches conducted by DOC between 21 August 2015 and 3 June 2016, many in Bronte, Cable Bay, and Mapua (Fig. 5). The general surveillance included three forage brassica crops in Upper Moutere, Delaware Bay and Brightwater, which were searched in May 2016. DOC also searched native cress populations for P. brassicae on 10 occasions at five sites between 6 July 2015 and 21 April 2016, including on Noman, Saxton and Tonga Islands (Fig. 5). Plant and Food Research searched brassica crops at seven sites on 30 occasions between 7 January 2016 and 20 April 2016 (Fig. 5). None of the searches detected P. brassicae.
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Figure 5. Sites outside the operational area searched for Pieris brassicae by Department of Conservation and Plant and Food Research staff.
11Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
6.8 Summary of search effort since Pieris brassicae was last detectedThe last P. brassicae detected was an adult male captured on 16 December 2014. Since then:
β’ Sufficient time has elapsed for P. brassicae to complete six generations in Nelson.
β’ DOC has continued to encourage the public to report possible sightings, and responded to all 41 reports received.
β’ DOC and Plant and Food Research have conducted 55 searches of native cress populations and brassica crops at 12 sites situated 8β45 km from central Nelson (Fig. 5).
β’ DOC has conducted 106,545 general surveillance searches of 29,445 different sites (mean of 3.6 searches per site) distributed 0β20 km from central Nelson. Search emphasis was on sites where P. brassicae host plants occur.
β’ Modelling has indicated that there is a low relative probability of P. brassicae presence across all Nelson management blocks.
The 29,557 sites searched since P. brassicae was last detected are shown in Fig. 6.
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Figure 6. Summary of all sites searched for Pieris brassicae after it was last detected near central Nelson on 16 December 2014.
12 Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
7. Management
7.1 ResearchIn 2015/16, the $72,000 p.a. contribution that MPI had made to P. brassicae eradication research in previous years was instead invested in the operational programme because the operation was critically short of money. The only research contributions were from AgResearch (via B3) and Plant and Food Research (Appendix 2). These comprised:
β’ AgResearch further developed the model of P. brassicae relative probability of presence (Section 6.1) and used it to assist DOC to develop its search plans throughout 2015/16.
β’ AgResearch continued to help DOC to define its priorities for searching blocks and sites (Phillips 2014), and helped plan how it should respond if P. brassicae was detected during the final stages of the programme.
β’ AgResearch used PCR melt curve analysis to rapidly determine if Lepidoptera eggs and young larvae, not identifiable morphologically, detected on brassicas in Nelson were P. brassicae (Hiszczynska-Sawicka & Phillips 2014 and unpublished data April 2016)
β’ AgResearch reported to MPI and published research conducted in 2014/15 to mass rear and release the parasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum to help control P. brassicae pupae (Richards et al. 2015, in press)
β’ Plant and Food Research continued to collect the parasitic wasp Cotesia glomerata, which attacks P. brassicae larvae, from outside the operational area and provide them to DOC for release within the operational area.
β’ Plant and Food Research continued to conduct surveillance for P. brassicae in brassica crops outside the operational area (Section 6.7).
7.2 PresentationsTable 3 summarises presentations about P. brassicae made in 2015/16.
PRESENTER MEETING DATE LOCATION
C. Green B3 Maori Engagement Hui 7 Aug 2015 Auckland
Biosecurity Institute NETS Conference 26 Aug 2015 Dunedin
NZ Ecological Society Conference 17 Nov 2015 Christchurch
B3 Conference 9 May 2016 Wellington
J. Murphy Senior class at Nelson Central School Nov 2015 Nelson
M. Shepherd New Zealand Conservation Authority 5 Apr 2016 Nelson
K. Henderson Top Of The South GIS Group (Nelson) 8 Apr 2016 Nelson
Table 3. Presentat ions about Pier is brassicae made in 2015/16. Al l presenters were f rom DOC.
13Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
8. Acknowledgements
We thank the many DOC staff involved who have shown continued dedication, commitment and enthusiasm during a difficult period of restructuring, high workloads and funding shortfalls. We also acknowledge the many people from outside DOC who have generously provided their time, advice, support and expertise, including researchers in the Better Border Biosecurity research collaboration, www.b3nz.org.
9. ReferencesEast, M. 2013: A benefit cost analysis for the great white butterfly incursion in New Zealand. University of New England
(Australia) Institute of Rural Futures Report for Department of Conservation. 25 p.
Hiszczynska-Sawicka, E.; Phillips, C.B. 2014: Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequence variation in New Zealand and overseas specimens of Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). New Zealand Plant Protection 67: 8β12.
Kean, J.M.; Phillips, C.B. 2013: Phenology and diapause research for great white butterfly (Pieris brassicae). Milestone 4: Detailed spreadsheet model for phenology. AgResearch report RE400/2013/481 prepared for Ministry for Primary Industries. October 2013. 15 p.
Nixon, C. 2015. How valuable is that plant species? Application of a method for enumerating the contribution of selected plant species to New Zealandβs GDP. NZIER, Wellington, New Zealand. 209 p.
Phillips, C.B. 2014: Prioritising GWB management blocks. AgResearch report RE400/2014/607 for Ministry for Primary Industries. March 2014. 13 p.
Phillips, C.B.; Brown, K.; Green, C.; Broome, K.; Toft, R.; Shepherd, M.; Bayly, S.; Rees, J. 2015. Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2014/15. Report R77017. Department of Conservation, Nelson, New Zealand. 19 p.
Phillips, C.B.; Brown, K.; Green, C.; Walker, G.; Broome, K.; Toft, R.; Vander Lee, B.; Shepherd, M.; Bayly, S.; Rees, J. 2014: Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2013/14. Unpublished report, Department of Conservation, Wellington. 37 p.
Phillips, C.B.; Kean, J.M.; Van Koten, C. 2014: Estimating detection rates of Pieris brassicae eggs and larvae. AgResearch report RE400/2014/589 for Ministry for Primary Industries. September 2014, 18 p.
Phillips, C.B.; Brown, K.; Green, C.; Walker, G.; Broome, K.; Toft, R.; Vander Lee, B.; King, M. 2013: Great white butterfly interim report. Prepared for Ministry for Primary Industries External Technical Advisory Group, December 2013. Unpublished report, Department of Conservation, Wellington. 32 p.
Richards, N.; Hardwick, S.; Toft, R.; Phillips, C.B. 2015: Enhancing parasitism of Pieris brassicae pupae by Pteromalus puparum. AgResearch report 3072 for Ministry for Primary Industries. August 2015, 18 p.
Richards, N.; Hardwick, S.; Toft, R.; Phillips, C.B. 2016: Enhancing parasitism of Pieris brassicae pupae by Pteromalus puparum. New Zealand Plant Protection 69: 126β132.
Toft, R. 2013: Great White Butterfly Eradication Annual Report 2012/13. Entecol report ENT-031. 38 p.
14 Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
Appendix 1
Eradication programme costs for 2015/16 financial year (July to June) in New Zealand dollars
* External contributions to operational costs were from Vegetables NZ ($60,000) and MPI ($150,000).
BUDGET ITEM COST
Salaries $29,000
Wages $920,000
Uniforms -
Travel $4,200
Vehicles $500
Contractors/consultants $700
Printing/publication $4,200
Other operating $16,400
Total expenses $975,000
External contributions* $210,000
Total DOC Contribution $765,000
15Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
Appendix 2
Eradication programme costs from 19 November 2012 to 30 June 2016 in New Zealand dollars
YEAR AGENCY COST (NZ$)
2012/13 DOC 486,834
AGR (via B3) 50,000
Vegetables NZ 40,000
PFR 50,000
MPI 27,000
2012/13 total 653,834
2013/14 DOC 1,327,908
AGR (via B3) 100,000
PFR 60,000
MPI 76,000
Vegetables NZ 40,000
TR Ellet Agricultural Research Trust (to AGR) 25,000
Dairy NZ 10,000
2013/14 total 1,638,908
2014/15 DOC 1,313,200
AGR via B3 150,000
PFR 25,000
MPI 72,000
Vegetables NZ 60,000
2014/15 total 1,620,200
2015/16 DOC 765,000
AGR via B3 70,000
MPI 150,000
PFR 15,000
Vegetables NZ 60,000
2015/16 total 1,060,000
Grand total to date 4,972,942
16 Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) eradication annual report 2015/16
Appendix 3
Pieris brassicae public awareness activities in 2015/16
TIME ACTIVITY COMMENT
OctoberβNovember 2015 Help us get to zero public campaign Campaign started in March 2015. Weekly advertisements in Nelson Mail and Waimea Weekly
October 2015 Letter drops Letters and pamphlets delivered to houses in Upper Moutere
November 2015 Letter drops Letters and pamphlets delivered to houses in Brightwater and Hope
15 February 2016 Media release Programme update published on Nelson Mail section of stuff.co.nz (T. Grant)
29 February 2016 Intranet story Programme update provided on internal DOC website (T. Grant)
20 March 2016 Display describing Help us get to zero campaign
Race Unity Day at Victory Square, Nelson (J. Cronin)
April 2016 Help us get to zero public campaign Weekly advertisements in Nelson Mail and Waimea Weekly (M. Shepherd)
11 May 2016 Article in Waimea Weekly Article about the training DOC staff receive for dealing with dogs during site searches (J. Bergman)
13 June 2016 DOC blog story by the Director General of DOC
Update about the eradication programme (L. Sanson)