picohydro systems

PICOHYDRO

Prof. Dato’ Dr. Kamaruzzaman Sopian

Puri PujanggaUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)

National University of Malaysia

18TH June 2014

7th Asian School on Renewable Energy

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

Prof. Dato’ Dr. Kamaruzzaman Sopian7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014

PICOHYDROSmall Stream are Good Enough

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Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams

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(LARGE) HYDROPOWER AND THE ENVIRONMENT

• No fossil fuel• Low CO2 emissions• Dams can be used for flood

control• may have benefits for

tourism• long life, low maintenance

costs• Pumped storage can help to

meet variable demand

• Breaks natural river flow which affects fish, sediment deposits and downstream ecology• Dams cannot easily be

removed, but gradually fill up with sediment

• may displace people and affect livelihoods

• Risk from earthquakes water-borne diseases and

other health problems

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Large Hydro> 10 MWSmall hydro < 10 MWMini Hydro < 1 MW Micro Hydro < 100 kWPico Hydro < 5kW

Small/Mini/Micro-scaled hydro: require capital and utility businessPico-scaled hydro: anyone can do it.

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SIZES OF HYDROPOWER SCHEME A mini hydro scheme (1 MW) - a town of 10,000 A micro hydro scheme (100 kW) - a village of 2,000

Large hydro > 10 MWSmall hydro < 10 MWMini hydro < 1 MW Micro hydro < 100 kWPico hydro < 5kW

A pico hydro scheme of 2 kW can supply up to 100 houses with enough power for light + radio

In a developing country:A large hydro scheme of 200 MW could supply a city of 1million

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Prof. Dato’ Dr. Kamaruzzaman Sopian7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 7

SCALE OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS• Large-hydro

– More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid• Medium-hydro

– 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid• Small-hydro

– 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid• Mini-hydro

– Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW– Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid

• Micro-hydro – From 5kW up to 100 kW – Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas

away from the grid.• Pico-hydro

– From a few hundred watts up to 5kW– Remote areas away from the grid.


(SMALL-SCALE) HYDROPOWER AND THE ENVIRONMENT

• No fossil fuel• very low CO2 emissions• long life, low maintenance costs• energy for remote areas• boosts local economy

• Less effects on downstream ecology

• No storage capability• Limited capacity

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Grid Connection• expensive for

dispersed populations

• especially in mountainous areas

Kushadevi - Nepal

- site of a pilot Pico Hydro project

SOME OPTIONS FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

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Stand-alone options• diesel generators• rechargeable

batteries• Solar Home

Systems• Pico Hydro

Grid Connection• expensive for

dispersed populations

• supply may be unreliable

SOME OPTIONS FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

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WHY PICO HYDRO? (< 5 KW)

• very large number of potential sites

small streams are big enough!

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WHY PICO HYDRO? (< 5 KW) very large number of potential sites reduced investment cost

lower technical / financial risk equipment easier to source locally batch manufacture and low-cost

implementation approaches result in cost per kilowatt competitive with larger schemes

with energy efficient lamps 1 kW can supply 50 households

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CIVIL WORKS FOR PICO HYDRO CAN BE VERY SIMPLE AND CHEAP

Polyethylene or PVC pipe is easily availableand light to transport

Storage only for dry season useMinimal use of cement

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TURBINE OPTIONS

• Pico Power Pack - locally manufactured Pelton turbine with induction generator

• Pump as turbine - imported via a local agent, also uses induction motor as generator

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PICO HYDRO CAN BE USED FOR MORE THAN JUST LIGHTING

Corn-grinding, tool sharpening,rice hulling, battery charging and much more...

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STRATEGY FOR DISSEMINATING PICO HYDRO

• Training of manufacturers

• Selection of demonstration schemes

• Capacity building

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SELECTION OF THE PILOT PROJECTS

• Easy accessibility• Community involvement

• Quality assurance• Customer satisfaction

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COST BREAKDOWN FOR A TYPICAL SCHEME

15% 2

8%

323%

433%

53%

628%

1. Civil works (intake and turbine house)

2. PVC penstock3. Turbine, generator,

controller, protection4. Distribution system, house

wiring, bulbs5. Labour costs (wiring)6. Design and installation

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COMPARISON WITH SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS (KENYA)

• Pico Hydro gives continuous power

• …can be used for productive end uses

• and usually avoids the use of lead-acid batteries.

0

100

200

300

400

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STATUS & APPLICATIONPICO HYDRO

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REGION POWERAsia 84,400 MW

South America 14,800 MWAfrica 2,403 MW

Europe 2,211 MWNorth & Central America 1,236 MW

HYDRO POWER DEVELOPMENT

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SOURCE POTENTIAL UTILIZATIONSolar PV 4.5 kWh/m2/day 1.5 MWp (standalone)

450 kWp (grid connected)Wind Some small islands 0.15 MW

Hydro power 29,000 MW 2026 MW (large)40 MW (mini)

Biomass 29,000 MW 211 MWGeothermal - -

Biogas No information 1 PP in a palm oil mill

MALAYSIA RENEWABLE ENERGY

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MICRO HYDRO IMPLEMENTATIONS

• Long Lawen, SarawakASEAN Energy Prize for Renewable Energy 2006(Off-the Grid category)

• Terian, Sabah• Bantul, Sabah

• 83 rivers mostly in East Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak are currently under feasibility studies by the Rural government agency, KKLW

• Sabah and Sarawak have only 94% electricity penetration, and mostly remote and rural areas will be supplied through renewable energy.

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TURBINE TECHNOLOGYPICO HYDRO TURBINE

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POWER PRODUCTION

generatorturbine

f

f

gDLV

fh

hhH

gHQP

2

2

P = power outputη = total efficiencyρ = densityg = gravitational constantH = net headQ = flow rate

hf = head friction lossf = Darcy friction factorL = pipe lengthV = jet velocityD = pipe diameter

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TURBINE & HEAD

TYPE TURBINE HEAD

IMPULSEPelton High & MediumTurgo High & MediumCross-flow Medium & Low

REACTIONFrancis MediumKaplan LowPropeller Low

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TYPES OF WATER TURBINE

< Pelton turbine - for high head sites

Francis turbine - for medium head sites >

< Axial (or Kaplan) turbine - for low head sites


Types

• Reaction machines develop torque by reacting to the weight and low pressure of water and are lighter and cheaper to manufacture.

• Impulse machines develop torque from high pressure high velocity jets and therefore require casings (Pelton, Turgo, Ossberger Crossflow, Motor Pump Sets). Crossflow turbines are also suitable for low heads.

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TURBINE & POWER

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Crossflow

Propeller

LOW HEAD TURBINE

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SPECIFIC SPEED

Cross-flow: 505.0

25.513

Hs

Propeller: 5.0

2702

Hs

Kaplan: 486.0

2283

Hs

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TURBINE DIMENSION

n

HD 40

Ht

QL

j

23.0

D = diameter of runnerH = net headn = turbine shaft speedL = length of runnerQ = flow ratetj = jet thickness

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Power:• How much power do you need?• What is your head and flow rate?Turbine Speed:• What is your required speed to turn the generator?• Your turbine speed is within specific speed range?Turbine Dimension:• Your turbine dimension within the flow-rate and head range?

PICO TURBINE SELECTION

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APPLICATION 1RENEWABLE ENERGY HYBRID SYSTEMUNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

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PICO TURBINE

Type:1.Impulse 2.Cross flow

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PICO TURBINE

Characteristics:1. Run-of-river2. Power: 200 W to 1 kW.

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PICO TURBINE

Advantages:1. Low flow2. Low head3. Continuous operation4. Silent5. Fish friendly6. Environment friendly7. Fabricated locally8. Cheapest renewable option

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PICO TURBINE

Main components:1. Crossflow turbine2. Nozzle

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PICO TURBINE

Main components:1. Crossflow turbine2. Nozzle

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PICO HYDRO TURBINE

Applications:1. Off-grid2. Eco-tourism

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PICO HYDRO TURBINE

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EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

Pico Hydro

Inverte

r

BatteryCharger

DieselGenerator

AC Load

Idie

Isol-dc

Idc bus

Ibat

IinvWind Turbine

Solar PVPanel

Batter

y

Iren-ac2

Iren-ac1

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RENEWABLE ENERGY HYBRID

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The Renewable Hybrid:1. Pico hydro 2. Photovoltaic panels3. Wind chargerBack-up4. Battery set5. Generator

Pico Turbine

Solar Panel

Wind Charger

Power House

Generator

Battery

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APPLICATION 2KG TUIL, GUA MUSANG, KELANTAN

MALAYSIA

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Towards Sustainable Pico Hydro Project

• Early in the assessment phase, efforts must be made to maximize community awareness, involvement, and support, which are vital to project success.

• Both the government and implementing agency must take full ownership of the project.

• Competence of the local Project Management Unit (PMU) is critical to project success.

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Towards Sustainable Pico Hydro Project…2

• For off-grid projects that rely on private-sector participation, the simplest delivery mechanism or business model (or mix thereof) commensurate with local realities should be applied. The design must reflect the capabilities of the service providers, adequately address their risks, provide technical assistance, ensure appropriate technical standards and performance requirements, establish access to adequate financing, and ensure the timely disbursement of funds.

• The government must put in place light- handed regulatory measures that simplify operations for private-sector participants and limit the cost of doing business, while adequately protecting consumers.

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• Each site is unique: different head and flow rate• Available head and fluctuation of flow rate

between seasons• Type of turbine and specific speed requirement• Low cost pico turbine could provide as much as 3

times more power than solar PV• Low flow and low head applications• SMALL STREAMS ARE BIG ENOUGH TO PROVIDE

PICO POWER

CONCLUSION

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picohydro systems

Technology

mw small hydro

mw mini hydro

mw micro hydro

grid smallhydro

large hydro scheme

grid minihydro

mini hydro scheme

micro hydro scheme