phytochemical reference standards of selected indian medicinal plants · 2018-06-05 · medicinal...

exoticindiaart.com

by Neeraj Tandon and Parul Sharma

24-31 minutes

Volume I

ISBN: 9770976605004

Foreword

India is well known for its biodiversity. However, the full potential of

medicinal plants has not been significantly exploited for drug

development. As per reports only about 70 per cent of the flora has

been investigated. Moreover, there is a global awareness of the

role of plant based I derived drugs in therapeutics.

Recommendations for an integrative system of medicine are

pouring in. The main impediment in the popularity of herbal drugs is

the inadequacy and non availability of authentic methods of their

standardization and this has been emphasized at various national

and international levels. To address this issue ICMR has initiated a

programme of development of 'Quality Standards of lndian

Medicinal Plants' in 2001 and is continuing till date. Though a

standard TLCIHPTC/HPLC/finger print can serve the purpose, the

method of standardization becomes more authentic when a

Phytochemical Reference Standard (PRS) is used along with.

Ideally, a PRS should be therapeutically active compound but in

Phytochemical Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants about:reader?url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/phytoche...

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majority of the plant based drugs, therapeutic activity is attributed to

a number of phytoconstituents present in the plant. Under such

circumstances where single therapeutically active compound has

not been identified, any compound unique to the plant or major

phytochemical constituent which can be helpful in developing assay

method can be used as PRS. International agencies like World

Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Industrial Development

Organization (UNIDO), International Centre for Science and High

Technology (ICS) and Asia Pacific Centre for Transfer of

Technology (APCTT) have also emphasized the need of herbal

drug standardization using a PRS. Availability of the PRS is,

therefore, essential for standardization of any plant extract. A need

for PRS has been realized not only by plant based traditional

medicine practitioners but also by Indian Pharmacopoeial

Commission, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Committee and the

National Medicinal Plant Board. With this background, a

programme has been initiated to prepare a repository of PRS

(markers), which can be made available to the users on commercial

or non commercial basis. To meet this goal a laboratory with

expertise in isolation techniques of natural products was a

prerequisite. To start with Agharkar Research Institute, Pune has

been selected for the purpose and information on first thirty PRS is

presented in this volume. These PRS are isolated from the plants,

correctly identified by the taxonomists. The isolated PRS are being

chemically characterized with the help of modem analytical

techniques (lR, NMR, MS). A herbarium sheet of each of these

plants is also maintained along with the repository.

I appreciate the efforts of Chairman and the members of the

committee viz., Scientific Advisory Group, the Task Force and the


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Technical Review Committee in strengthening this process. The

role played by the researchers at Agharkar Research Institute,

Pune in executing this programme is commendable.

Preface

It is well known that majority of the world population (nearly four

billion) relies on the plant based drugs for health care. The efficacy

and safety of these drugs depend largely on their authenticity and

quality. Thus effective methods of standardization and quality

control of the plant drugs as well as of these extracts are

necessary.

To address this issue, Indian Council of Medical Research initiated

a programme for laying down Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal

Plants. Special emphasis was laid on chromatographic finger

printing of the extracts and assay using phytochemical reference

standard as one of the parameters of identity, purity and quality

under this programme. Eight volumes of 'Quality Standards of

Indian Medicinal Plants' have come out so far from this work

covering a total of 274 plants. The publications are well received by

Indian Pharmacopoeial Commission, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial

Committee, researchers,pharmaceutical industries in India and

United States Pharmacopoeial convention, USA.

Since the process of chromatographic fingerprinting and assay

method depend on the phytochemical reference standard (PRS)

compounds, it was thought worthwhile to have a repository of these

PRS. Accordingly, a project on 'Generation of Phytochemical

Reference Standards (PRS) and the Development of Repository for

PRS of Indian Medicinal Plants' was initiated by ICMR at Agharkar

Research Institute, Pune in 2007 with specific focus on the

development of methods to isolate the PRS in sufficient quantities


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in pure form and fully characterize them by generating all the

necessary physico-chemical and spectral data. UV- VIS, IR, IH MR

and i3C MR spectra of each PRS have been incorporated for the

convenience of those who intend to isolate PRS on their own and

want to confirm the authenticity of the isolated PRS by comparison

with the given spectral data. Mass spectral data are also presented

in some cases.

Isolation of thirty PRS compounds from some frequently used

medicinal plants has been completed so far. Monographs of these

PRS are presented in this volume. It is hoped that the effort of

ICMR will be useful to all stakeholders involved in developing

pharmacopoeial standards, industrial houses within the country and

abroad in providing quality plant raw material, ASU drug industry

and state drug laboratories engaged in quality control of ASU

drugs, practitioners of indigenous systems of medicine,

academicians, researchers and health professionals as well as for

the regulatory authorities and Indian Pharmacopoeial Commission.

Hopefully, the programme of generation of markers will continue

and we will have a state of the art repository of PRS.

Introduction

Plant based drugs are being increasingly used in recent times all

over the world. However, their standardization has become a matter

of great concern in getting a wider acceptance for them. Further,

non-availability of genuine Phytochemical Reference Standards

(PRS) puts a serious limitation in the process of standardization.

For this purpose the concerned stakeholders would be in need of

the detailed procedure of isolation of PRS with all spectral data

needed for their correct identification and characterization.

To address this, Medicinal Plants Unit of the Indian Council of


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Medical Research has initiated a programme for generation of PRS

for some frequently used Indian medicinal plants. Under this

programme, simple procedure for isolation of the PRS has been

adopted making appropriate modifications in the method reported in

the literature. The quantification of PRS in the plant part used was

also meticulously carried out. Special emphasis has been laid on

complete characterization of the PRS by recording the physico-

chemical and spectral data. Extensive use of spectral methods like

UV- VIS, IR, IH NMR and i3C NMR spectroscopy have been made

for this purpose. Incorporation of the original spectra and their

interpretation was also thought to be useful for the stakeholders.

Besides this, a comprehensive literature search was carried out

and all other chemical constituents are listed to give a clear idea

about the complexity of the extract. Illustrations of chromatographic

fingerprinting of the plant extract with the isolated PRS using TLC

and HPLC have been given. The profiling by gas chromatography

was also carried out for the volatile PRS.

Information on the other plant sources yielding the same PRS can

also be of interest in certain situations. Such information was also

generated and included under each monograph. Based on all these

data, monographs of 30 PRS compounds are presented in this

volume. The monographs are compiled and presented in the

standard format as follows:

Generic name and the IUPAC name of the PRS.

Structure of the PRS.

Plant species, along with its family, and its part used for the

isolation.

Photographs of the plant and plant part used.


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Occurrence of the PRS in other plants as reported in the literature.

Detailed procedure for the isolation of the PRS.

Characterization of the PRS

Physical data: Nature of the PRS, mp/bp, optical rotation and

solubility in different solvents.

Data on molecular formula, molecular weight and elemental

composition.

UV- VIS, IR, IH NMR and i3C NMR spectral data along with original

spectrum and detailed interpretation. Mass spectral data are also

presented in some cases.

Chromatographic finger printing of the plant material with reference

to the PRS

Reported major and other chemical constituents are listed.

Structure of important chemical constituents are presented.

Details of TLC studies with reference to PRS are given along with

representative chromatograms.

Details of HPLC assay of total plant extract with reference to the

PRS are given along with representative chromatograms.

GC profile, wherever applicable, is also given with representative

chromatograms.

List of all the relevant references is provided.

Relevant appendices giving materials and methods (Appendix I),

extraction methods (Appendix II), separation techniques used

(Appendix III) and indices on chemical constituents (Index I) and

botanical names of plants (Index II) are given at the end.

Contents


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Foreword V

Preface VII

Acknowledgements VIII

Introduction IX

Monographs:

1 Alizarin 1

2 Aloin 10

3 Bergapten 19

4 Betulin 32

5 Carvone 48

6 Cedrol 59

7 Colchicine 75

8 Curcumin 84

9 Diosgenin 93

10 Ellagic acid 105

11 Emodin 119

12 Eugenol 129

13 Gardenin A 143

14 Gentianine 152

15 Imperatorin (Marmelosin) 161

16 Jasmone 172

17 Karanjin 184

18 Nimbin 192

19 Palasonin 202

20 Proscillaridin A 211

21 Protopine 218


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22 Pseudopelletierine 230

23 Purpurin 240

24 Rutin 249

25 a-Santonin 266

26 Scopoletin 275

27 Swertiamarin 293

28 Taraxerol 305

29 N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylholarrhimine 319

30 Trigonelline Hydrochloride 329

Appendices

I Materials and methods 341

II Extraction methods 343

III Separation techniques used 344

Indices

I Chemical constituents 347

I Botanical names 357

Volume II

ISBN: 9770976605004

Foreword

Phytochemical Reference Standards (PRS) have a special status in

standardization of herbal drugs. Ideally the PRS should be a

therapeutically active compound. However in majority of the plant

based drugs, the therapeutically active compounds have not been

identified. Under such circumstances any compound unique to the

plant or major phytochemical constituent which can be helpful in

developing assay method can be used as a PRS. International

agencies like World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations


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Industrial Development Organization (UNIOO), International Centre

for Science and High Technology (ICS) and Asia Pacific Centre for

Transfer of Technology (APCTT) have also emphasized the need

for herbal drug standardization to develop safe and efficacious

drugs. TLC and HPLC fingerprint profiles of the plant extracts can

be worked out with the help of the suitable PRS. Availability of the

PRS is, therefore, an important requirement of the herbal drugs

standardization. A need for PRS has been realized not only by

herbal drug industries but also by Indian Pharmacopoeial

Commission, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Committee and the

National Medicinal Plant Board. With this background, a

programme was initiated to isolate the PRS from the selected

medicinal plants, optimize the procedure of isolation and

characterize them completely. Information on first thirty marker

compounds was presented in the first volume on 'Phytochemical

Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants' brought

out in 2010. It was greatly appreciated and well received in India

and abroad by all those actively involved in the field.

Encouraged by the response, efforts to characterize the PRS were

continued with much more vigor which resulted into the preparation

of next thirty monographs presented in this volume which is second

in the series. The role played by the researchers at Agharkar

Research Institute, Pune and Natural Remedies Private Limited,

Bangalore is praiseworthy in bringing out this volume. I appreciate

the efforts of the Chairman and the members of the various

Committees viz., Scientific Advisory Group, the Task Force and the

Technical Review Committee.

I hope that this volume will be well-received by the active

researchers and the personnel involved in pharmacopoeial


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standards and industrial houses within the country and abroad.

Preface

Emphasis of the world has shifted to the plant based drugs in the

last few decades. These drugs are manufactured by different

industrial houses all over the world. In fact, many industries located

in different parts of the world are involved in the manufacture of the

same drugs. Authentication, standardization and quality control of

these drugs attain a paramount importance in such situations.

To address this issue, Indian Council of Medical Research initiated

a programme for laying down Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal

Plants. Nine volumes of Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal

Plants have come out so far from this work covering a total of 309

plants. The publications have been appreciated not only by the

academic institutions but also by industrial houses and

Pharmacopoeial Commissions.

The methods standardized involved the chromatographic

fingerprinting of the plant extracts with reference to a suitable

marker compound usually designated as 'Phytochemical Reference

Standard (PRS)’. Availability of PRS, thus, becomes a key factor in

carrying out the standardization. Realizing this, a new programme

on generation of PRS was initiated by ICMR five years ago with

specific focus on the development of methods to isolate the PRS in

sufficient quantities in pure form and fully characterize them by

generating all the necessary physio-chemical and spectral data.

UV- VIS, IR, IHNMR and i3C NMR spectra of each PRS have been

incorporated for the convenience of those who intend to isolate

PRS on their own and want to confirm the authenticity of the

isolated PRS by comparison with the given spectral data. Mass

spectral data are also presented in some cases. Further a


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repository of the isolated compounds is also being developed for

these reference standards. Monographs of the first thirty PRS were

published in 2010 in the first volume of 'Phytochemical Reference

Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants'. This book was also

well received in India and abroad. This enhanced confidence of

regulatory authorities in this programme and ICMR tried to

strengthen this programme further. The result of these efforts is the

present second volume of 'Phytochemical Reference Standards of

Selected Indian Medicinal Plants' covering another thirty

monographs.

It is hoped that this volume will be found useful by the stakeholders

involved in developing pharmacopoeial standards, industrial houses

within the country and abroad in providing quality plant raw

material.

Preparation of the third volume in the series is in progress.

Contents

Foreword V

Preface VII

Acknowledgements VIII

Introduction IX

Contents of Volume I (Phytochemical Reference Standards

Covered)XI

Monographs:

1 Amarogentin 1

2 Arjunetin 13

3 Arjungenin 23

4 Asclepin 34


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5 Asiatic acid 43

6 Bacopaside X 55

7 Bacoside A 68

8 Bacosine 81

9 Bassic acid 93

10 Betaine 103

11 Capsaicin 113

12 Echinocystic acid 123

13 Galangin 133

14 Genistein 145

15 -Gingero 157

16 Hayatin 167

17 Hecogenin 177

18 Hederagenin 188

19 Hesperidin 199

20 Indican 212

21 Malkanguniol 221

22 Naringin 231

23 Neriifolin 243

24 Parkinsonin A 253

25 -Shogaol 262

26 Tecoside 272

27 Valerenic acid 280

28 Voacangine 290

29 Withanolide A 302

30 Withanoside IV 313


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Appendices


II Extraction method 329


IVPhytochemical reference standards (PRS) alloacted to

participating institutions333

Indices


II Botanical names 349

Volume III

ISBN: 97709766050024

Foreword

Phytochemical Reference Standards (PRS) have a special status in

standardization of herbal drugs. Ideally the PRS should be a

therapeutically active compound. However in majority of the plant

based drugs, the therapeutically active compounds have not been

identified. Under such circumstances any compound unique to the

plant or major phytochemical constituent which can be helpful in

developing assay method can be used as a PRS. International

agencies like World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations

Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), International Centre

for Science and High Technology (lCS) and Asia Pacific Centre for

Transfer of Technology (APCTT) have also emphasized the need

for herbal drug standardization. TLC and / or HPLC fingerprint

profile of the plant extracts can be worked out with the help of the

suitable PRS. Availability of the PRS is, therefore, an important

requirement of the herbal drugs standardization. A need for PRS

has been realized not only by herbal drug industries but also by


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Indian Pharmacopoeial Commission, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial

Committee and the National Medicinal Plant Board. With this

background, a programme was initiated to isolate the PRS from the

selected medicinal plants, optimize the procedure of isolation and

characterize them completely. Information on sixty PRS was

presented in the earlier published two volumes on 'Phytochemical

Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants'. It was

greatly appreciated and well received in India and abroad by all

those actively involved in the field.

Encouraged by the response, efforts to characterize the PRS were

continued with much more vigor which resulted into the preparation

of next thirty monographs. These monographs are presented in the

present third volume. These phytochemical reference standards

isolated from the plants were correctly identified by the

taxonomists. A voucher specimen of each of these plants is also

maintained.

The role played by the researchers at Agharkar Research Institute,

Pune and Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore is praiseworthy in

bringing out this volume. I appreciate the efforts of the Chairman

and the members of the various Committees viz., Scientific

Advisory Group, the Task Force and the Technical Review

Committee.

I hope that this volume will be well-received by the active

researchers and the personnel involved in pharmacopoeial

standards and industrial houses within the country and abroad.

Preface

Emphasis of the world has shifted to the plant based drugs in the

last few decades. These drugs are manufactured by different


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industrial houses all over the world. In fact, many industries located

in different comers of the world are involved in the manufacture of

the same drugs. Authentication, standardization and quality control

of these drugs attain a paramount importance in such situations.

Indian Council of Medical Research realized this requirement and

initiated a programme on development of quality standards for

Indian medicinal plants. These efforts resulted into the publication

of twelve volumes of 'Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants'.

More than 400 medicinal plants are covered in these volumes.

These volumes have been appreciated not only by the academic

institutions but also by industrial houses and Pharmacopoeial

commissions.

The methods standardized involved the chromatographic

fingerprinting of the plant extracts with reference to a suitable

marker compound usually designated as 'Phytochemical Reference

Standard (PRS),. Availability of PRS, thus, becomes a key factor in

carrying out the standardization. Realizing this new programme on

generation of marker compounds was initiated by ICMR seven

years ago. PRS from selected Indian Medicinal Plants were

isolated and completely characterized under this programme.

Further a repository of the isolated compounds is also being

developed for reference. Monographs of the 60 PRS were

published in the earlier two volumes of 'Phytochemical Reference

Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants'. These volumes

were well received both in India and abroad. United States

Pharmacopoeia appreciated the two volumes in their annual

meeting held in Hyderabad. This enhanced confidence of

regulatory authorities in this programme and ICMR tried to

strengthen this programme further. The result of these efforts is the


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present third volume of 'Phytochemical Reference Standards of

Selected Indian Medicinal Plants' covering another thirty

monographs.

It is hoped that this volume will be found useful by the stakeholders

involved in developing pharmacopoeial standards, industrial houses

within the country and abroad in providing quality plant raw

material.

Preparation of fourth volume in the series is in progress.

Contents

Foreword V

Preface VII

Acknow ledgements VIII

Introduction IX

Contents of Volume I (Phytochemical Reference Standards

Covered)XI

Contents of Volume II (Phytochemical Reference Standards

Covered)XII

Monographs:

1 Adifoline 1

2 Agnuside 10

3 a-Asarone 22

4 Bacopaside I 32

5 Boeravinone B 46

6 a-Boswellic acid 56

7 b-Boswellic acid 66

8 Cajanol 77

9 Chebulinic acid 86


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10 Cirsilineol 97

11 Corilagin 109

12 Corosolic acid 121

13 2',3'-Dehydrosalannol 136

14 Demethoxycurcumin 147

15 (- )-Epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate 158

16 d-Fenchone 171

17 Ferulic acid 187

18 Gymnemagenin 199

19 Harmaline 210

20 Hexahydrocurcumin 220

21 Hypophyllanthin 231

22 Mahanimbine 241

23 Maslinic acid 252

24 Neoandrographolide 265

25 Norepinephrine 275

26 Picroside II 284

27 Pulegone 296

28 Randialic acid B 313

29 Rebaudioside A 323

30 Xanthinin 336

Appendices


II Extraction methods 349


IV Phytochemical reference standards (PRS) allocated to 353


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participating institutions

Indices


II Botanical names 373

Sample Pages

Volume I


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Volume II


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Volume III


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phytochemical reference standards of selected indian medicinal plants · 2018-06-05 · medicinal...

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