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1| 1.1 Topic goes here | Project number | 14.12.08 Copyright © 2008 National University Health System Education Clinical Care Research Physiotherapy intervention in OA Knee Leonard Ong Yao Jian, Physiotherapist 15 October 2011 Contact: 96961433 Email: [email protected]

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Page 1: Physiotherapy intervention in OA Knee · PDF filePhysiotherapy interventions – Strengthening exercises – Taping – Manual therapy ... Report of a Joint Working Group of

1 | 1.1 Topic goes here | Project number | 14.12.08 Copyright © 2008 National University Health System

Education

Clinical Care

Research

Physiotherapy intervention in OA KneeLeonard Ong Yao Jian, Physiotherapist15 October 2011

Contact: 96961433Email: [email protected]

Page 2: Physiotherapy intervention in OA Knee · PDF filePhysiotherapy interventions – Strengthening exercises – Taping – Manual therapy ... Report of a Joint Working Group of

Content

1. Issues commonly encountered by Physio

2. Physiotherapy interventions

– Strengthening exercises

– Taping

– Manual therapy

– Education/lifestyle changes

– Modalities• Heat, cold, ultrasound, laser, tens

– Agility and perturbation training

3. Aerobic fitness/non impact exercises

4. Joint protective measures

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If you are thinking of giving out  brochures and videos on exercises 

as part of management.. 

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Physiotherapy interventions

Exercise, Modalities

Specific strengthening, stretchesNeuromuscular exercisesGait re‐trainingTapingManual TherapyEducation, Cognitive behavioral 

therapyAgility and Perturbation training

IceBerg

Page 5: Physiotherapy intervention in OA Knee · PDF filePhysiotherapy interventions – Strengthening exercises – Taping – Manual therapy ... Report of a Joint Working Group of

Issues commonly encountered by Physio

1.

Muscular tightness/weakness• Fat pad, Pes

anserinus, Saphenous

Neuritis

2.

VMO activity

3.

Patellar tracking

4.

Pain relief

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• On a whole, level 1 evidence that  Physiotherapy referral is recommended 1‐6

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Fat Pad

• Highly pain sensitive structure in the knee Clockaerts2010

• Often a potential source of pain in knee OA Clockaerts2010

• Physiotherapy– Taping Rana

2003 Level 1 evidence

– TENS/Ultrasound/Cryotherapy– Selective strengthening and stretching

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Muscular tightness/weakness• Weakness of quads/glutes

• overactive pes

ans/adductor/ITB

– Pes

anserinus– Tenderness on touch of pes

ans

– Pes

Ans

Bursitis or pes

ans

muscle strain• Degenerative changes• Pronation

of footinward

rotation of tibiastrains

tendon

• Sudden change in walking pattern• Tight quads/weak hamstring (cocontraction

causing weakness 

unproven)overload• Weak quads/tight hamstring Bursitis

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Muscular tightness/weakness

– Saphenous

neuritis Morganti

2002

• painful condition which can imitate other pathology 

around the knee• caused by either irritation or compression at the 

adductor canal • Palpation of add canal will reveal pain/tightness

– ITB/Lateral retinaculum

tightness patellar  maltracking

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Muscular weakness/tightness

– Pain relief– Myofascial

release

– Selective stretching and strengthening• Glute

medius, glute

maximus, pes

anserinus, 

adductors, ITB/TFL

– Taping – Postural correction

Improve gluts strength correlated 

with decrease progression of OA

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PFOA vs

TFOA

• Increase lateral muscle co‐contraction helps  to decrease medial knee load (KIM BENNAL’S  IMAGE)

• Management of PFOA and TFOA can be very  different

• Challenge:: most patients have both PFOA and  TFOA

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Strengthening• Quads strengthening for patients with symptomatic OA knee• Level II evidence, Grade B recommendation  AAOS 2009

• What if it’s too painful?– Isometrics and exercises in non painful ROM still have carryover

effects to improving function and strength Marks 1994

• What of the VMO?– VMO observed to be atrophied by many clinicians– There is no preferential delay in VMO activation in OA Dixon 2007

• Rehabilitation programmes

for OA knee patients should not therefore be 

aimed at altering the timing of VMO activation relative to VL

– VMO found to be active for longer durations throughout the day than VL in 

OA knee subjects as compared to controls Dixon 2007

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What of those subgroups with  severe OA?

Quadriceps training shown to be less effective for 

these patients than those with mild‐mod OA

•Exercises that encourage more valgus

directing forces to the knee

•Neuromuscular training Ageberg2011

•sensorimotor

control 

•compensatory functional stability

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Benefits of exercise

• Physical benefits– Improved strength

– Improved mobility

– Better sleep– Reduced bodyweight– Cardiovascular fitness and chronic disease risk factors

• Mental benefits– Self confidence– Stress buster– Reduce pain

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Taping• Level II evidence with Grade B 

reccomendation

in reducing pain and  improving function  AAOS Guidelines 2009

• Patellar tape may reduce malalignment

and  pain associated with patellofemoral

joint OA

Medial patella glide and tilt Rana

2003

• Unload pes

anserinus

or fat pad

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Manual therapy• Manual therapy = accessory joint movements, 

muscle stretching, and soft‐tissue mobilization 

• Both PFJ and TFJ– stretches the joint capsule

– gently mobilises any restriction to normal movement 

– loosens adhesions

– local and widespread hypoalgesic

effects (Level 1 

evidence Mossa2007)1.

Local mechanical disturbance may modify the chemical environment

and thereby alter concentrations of inflammatory mediators

2.

trigger segmental inhibitory mechanisms 

3.

activate descending pain inhibitory systems, mediated supraspinally

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Manual therapy

• Reduces pain• Improve function

• May delay or even prevent need for surgical  intervention

• Best to combine manual therapy with exercise

MT NSAIDS equally effective Tucker2003

V.S

MT + exercise

MT

Placebo ultrasound

home exercise 

programLevel 2 evidence 

Deyle2000

Level 1 evidenceDeyle2000

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Education

•Level 2 evidence with Grade B recommendation that patient education should represent a mainstay of therapy AAOS Guideline 2009

–Behavioral instruction (CBT), relaxation training, biofeedback, Problem-solving strategies, Energy conservation behaviors, Pain coping skills training e.g. walk instead of running, alternative activities

Combat Obesity!•Every 1kg increase in weight leads to 4kg increase in 

knee load•Every reduction in 1 point of BMI reduce TKR by 6%•<8% Aussies report trying to lose weight as part of OA 

rx!

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Tens

• Level 2 evidence Cochrane 2010• Pain quads inhibition

– Cortical and spinal reflex mechanisms

• Quads inhibition decreased shock  attenuation and increased joint surface wear 

and tear• TENSdisinhibit

quads motor neuron pool 

excitability• Exercises to be done during TENS application

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Cold

• Numb the pain, decrease swelling, constrict  blood vessels and block nerve impulses to the 

joint

• Using ice packs and ice massage

• More beneficial than no treatment (Level II  evidence)

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Ultrasound and Heat

• Ultrasound– No benefit (Level 1 evidence)

• Heat pack/Shortwave Diathermy– improving circulation and relaxing muscles

– No good quality studies done to support or refute  the use

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Agility and perturbation training

• Agility training– side stepping, crossover etc

• Perturbation– Balance foam, rollerboards

etc

• Level 1 evidence that agility and perturbation in  addition to a exercise physiotherapy program did 

not offer additional benefits Fitzgerald 2011

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Gait re‐training Kemp 2008

• Holding cane in opposite hand had a 10%  decrease in knee load

• Dose response effect– Therapist teaching and supervision– Patient technique critical

• the right time to exert weight on the cane to offload 

the knee is often too early

•Unproven techniques•toe‐out gait•medial thrust gait•increased lateral trunk lean•nordic

walking poles

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Shoes Kemp 2008

Lower load: Soft,  flexible soles

Higher load: Stiff, bulky,  heel heights

Barefoot vs

shoes? 

Shoes shown to increase medial knee load by 7.4%

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Aerobic fitness/non impact exercises

• Aerobic v.s. strengthening : equal reduction in pain  and disability Roddy

2005 

(Level 2 evidence)

• Hydrotherapy v.s. strengthening: equal strength  and functional gains Foley 2003

(Level 2 evidence)

• Taichi

v.s. strengthening: inconclusive evidence 

BUT Strengthening = Physiotherapy !!

1 study underway to investigate Taichi

vs

PT

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• Why choose PT over aerobic/non impact?

– Taping,  manual therapy, modalities, education  which has good evidence not addressed

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Joint protective measures AAOS 2009

• Rationale: to reduce valgus

or varus

forces on knee

• Laterally wedged shoes for medial knee OA– no benefit over normal shoes (Level II evidence)

– Grade B recommendation NOT to use it

• Valgus

force directing knee brace for medial OA– No evidence to support use (Level II evidence)

• Varus

force directing knee brace for lateral OA– No studies done

Page 28: Physiotherapy intervention in OA Knee · PDF filePhysiotherapy interventions – Strengthening exercises – Taping – Manual therapy ... Report of a Joint Working Group of

Summary1.

Physiotherapy interventions

– Strengthening exercises

– Neuromuscular exercises– Taping

– Manual therapy

– Education/lifestyle changes

– Modalities• Heat. ultrasound

• Cold, Laser, TENS

– Agility and perturbation training

– Gait retraining

2. Aerobic fitness/non impact exercises

3. Joint protective measures

Page 29: Physiotherapy intervention in OA Knee · PDF filePhysiotherapy interventions – Strengthening exercises – Taping – Manual therapy ... Report of a Joint Working Group of

Limitations

• Studies do not distinguish grades of OA knees,  only symptomatic vs

non‐symptomatic

– most studies included participants of all grades

• Studies on modalities still limited, no  standardization on dosage, application time, 

etc

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When should you refer?

•Mixed message to patients 

•Severe lack of co‐operation between health  care providers

•Think “combination”, not one “most effective” treatment method

•Work together, not “refer”

to one another

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Take home message

Patient:  “I tried accupuncture, physiotherapy, but nothing seems to help!”

Me: “How long ago did you do physiotherapy?”

Patient: “Few years back, forgot already”

Me: “So have you been doing the exercises the physiotherapist taught you?”

• Send the message home to your patients: “Keep moving!”• Intermittent “booster sessions”

to encourage continued active 

lifestyle• Patients resistant to surgery or prefer trying conservative 

management

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Take home message

A collaborative effort is important for  combating the disease!

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If you have any questions or you wish to work  together with me for any musculoskeletal 

physiotherapy, feel free to contact me at 

hp: 96961433 email: [email protected]

Leonard Ong Yao JianPhysiotherapist

NUH Rehabilitation Department

Ba.App.Sc

(Physiotherapy)

Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist (CSCS)

How to contact me?

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References 1.

Exercise prescription for older adults with OA pain: Consensus practice recommendations. A supplement to the AGS 

clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic pain in older adults. American Geriatrics Society Panel on 

Exercise and Osteoarthritis JAGS. 2001;49:808‐823

2.

Knee Osteoarthritis: Management options. www.pcrsocietyorguk/guidelibnes_00_03pjsp

3.

Lower extremity muscuoloskeletal

disorders: a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 2003

4.

The management of persistant

pain in older persons. AGS Panel on Persistantr

Pain in older persons. JAGS. 

2002;50:S205‐S224

5.

Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of OA

of hip and knee. Report of a Joint Working Group of 

the British Society for Rheumatology and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians. Journal of the Royal 

College of Physicians of London. 1993 Oct;27(4): 391‐396

6.

Altman, RD, Lozada, CJ. Practice Guidelines in the management of OA. Osteoarthritis & Cartilage. 1998 May;6 Suppl

A:22‐24

7.

A Foley, J Halbert, T Hewitt, M Crotty. Does hydrotherapy improve strength and physical function in patients with 

osteoarthritis—a randomised

controlled trial comparing a gym based and a hydrotherapy based

strengthening 

programme

Ann Rheum Dis

2003;62:1162‐1167 

8.

E Roddy

et al. Aerobic walking or strengthening exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee? A systematic review. Ann 

Rheum Dis

2005;64:544‐548

9.

Henry Pollard, Graham Ward, Wayne Hoskins,Katie

Hardy. The effect of a manual therapy knee protocol on 

osteoarthritic

knee pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Can Chiropr

Assoc 2008; 52(4)

10.

Tucker M, Brantingham

JW, Myburg

C. Relative effectiveness of a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory medication 

(Meloxicam) versus manipulation in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Eur

J Chiro. 2003;50:163–183. 

11.

Rana

S Hinman, Kay M Crossley, Jenny McConnell, Kim L Bennell. Efficacy of knee tape in the management of 

osteoarthritis of the knee: blinded randomised controlled trial.

BMJ June 2003 327:1‐6

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KAY M. CROSSLEY, GIOVANNI P. MARINO, MICHAEL D. MACILQUHAM, ANTHONY G. SCHACHE, RANA S. HINMAN. Can 

Patellar Tape Reduce the Patellar Malalignment

and Pain Associated With Patellofemoral

Osteoarthritis? Arthritis & 

Rheumatism (Arthritis Care & Research) Vol. 61, No. 12, December

15, 2009, pp 1719–1725

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1.

Clockaerts

S, Bastiaansen‐Jenniskens

YM, Runhaar

J, Van Osch

GJ, Van Offel

JF, Verhaar

JA, De Clerck

LS, Somville

J. The 

infrapatellar

fat pad should be considered as an active osteoarthritic

joint tissue: a narrative review. Osteoarthritis 

Cartilage. 2010 Jul;18(7):876‐82. Epub

2010 Apr 22.

2.

Penny Mossa, Kathleen Slukab, Anthony Wright. The initial effects of knee joint mobilization

on osteoarthritic

hyperalgesia. Manual Therapy 12 (2007) 109–118

3.

Gail D. Deyle, MPT; Nancy E. Henderson, PhD, MPT; Robert L. Matekel, MPT; Michael G. Ryder, MPT; Matthew B. 

Garber, MPT; and Stephen C. Allison. Effectiveness of Manual Physical Therapy and Exercise in Osteoarthritis of the 

Knee A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000

Volume 132 (3) 173‐181

4.

Morganti

CM, McFarland EG, Cosgarea

AJ Saphenous

neuritis: a poorly understood cause of medial knee pain. J Am 

Acad

Orthop

Surg.2002 Mar‐Apr;10(2):130‐7.

5. Fitzgerald GK, Piva SR, Gil AB, et al. Agility and perturbation training techniques in exercise therapy for reducing pain and improving function in people with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2011;91:452–469.

6. Ray Marks, MScPT, BScPT, BSc‘. The Effects of 16 Months of Angle-Specific Isometric Strengthening Exercises in Midrange on Torque of the nee-~xtensor Muscles Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Case Study. JOSPT 1994 Aug Vol 20(2) : 103-109

7. T.E. Howe, D. Rafferty Quadriceps activity and physical activity profiles over long durations in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and controls. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 19 (2009) e78–e83

8. John Dixon, Tracey E. Howe. Activation of vastus medialis oblique is not delayed in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee compared to asymptomatic participants during open kinetic chain activities. Manual Therapy 12 (2007) 219–225

9.

(AAOS) Richmond et al. Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. (Non arthroplasty) Full Guideline. J Am Acad

Orthop

Surg

September 2009 vol. 17 no. 9 591‐600 

10.

Leonie B Oldmeadow, Harvinda

S Bedi, Hugh T Burch, Jenni

S Smith, Edmund S Leahy and Miron

Goldwasser

Experienced physiotherapists as gatekeepers to hospital orthopaedic outpatient care MJA 2007; 186 (12): 625‐62811.

Reducing joint loading in medial knee osteoarthritis: Shoes and canes. Kemp G et al. Arthritis Care & Research. May 15, 2008.

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If you have any questions or you wish to work  together with me for any musculoskeletal 

physiotherapy, feel free to contact me at 

hp: 96961433 email: [email protected]

Leonard Ong Yao JianPhysiotherapist

NUH Rehabilitation Department

Ba.App.Sc

(Physiotherapy)

Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist (CSCS)

Page 37: Physiotherapy intervention in OA Knee · PDF filePhysiotherapy interventions – Strengthening exercises – Taping – Manual therapy ... Report of a Joint Working Group of

37 | 1.1 Topic goes here | Project number | 14.12.08 Copyright © 2008 National University Health System

Thank you for your attention