physiotherapy intervention in oa knee · pdf filephysiotherapy interventions –...
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1 | 1.1 Topic goes here | Project number | 14.12.08 Copyright © 2008 National University Health System
Education
Clinical Care
Research
Physiotherapy intervention in OA KneeLeonard Ong Yao Jian, Physiotherapist15 October 2011
Contact: 96961433Email: [email protected]
Content
1. Issues commonly encountered by Physio
2. Physiotherapy interventions
– Strengthening exercises
– Taping
– Manual therapy
– Education/lifestyle changes
– Modalities• Heat, cold, ultrasound, laser, tens
– Agility and perturbation training
3. Aerobic fitness/non impact exercises
4. Joint protective measures
If you are thinking of giving out brochures and videos on exercises
as part of management..
Physiotherapy interventions
Exercise, Modalities
Specific strengthening, stretchesNeuromuscular exercisesGait re‐trainingTapingManual TherapyEducation, Cognitive behavioral
therapyAgility and Perturbation training
IceBerg
Issues commonly encountered by Physio
1.
Muscular tightness/weakness• Fat pad, Pes
anserinus, Saphenous
Neuritis
2.
VMO activity
3.
Patellar tracking
4.
Pain relief
• On a whole, level 1 evidence that Physiotherapy referral is recommended 1‐6
Fat Pad
• Highly pain sensitive structure in the knee Clockaerts2010
• Often a potential source of pain in knee OA Clockaerts2010
• Physiotherapy– Taping Rana
2003 Level 1 evidence
– TENS/Ultrasound/Cryotherapy– Selective strengthening and stretching
Muscular tightness/weakness• Weakness of quads/glutes
• overactive pes
ans/adductor/ITB
– Pes
anserinus– Tenderness on touch of pes
ans
– Pes
Ans
Bursitis or pes
ans
muscle strain• Degenerative changes• Pronation
of footinward
rotation of tibiastrains
tendon
• Sudden change in walking pattern• Tight quads/weak hamstring (cocontraction
causing weakness
unproven)overload• Weak quads/tight hamstring Bursitis
Muscular tightness/weakness
– Saphenous
neuritis Morganti
2002
• painful condition which can imitate other pathology
around the knee• caused by either irritation or compression at the
adductor canal • Palpation of add canal will reveal pain/tightness
– ITB/Lateral retinaculum
tightness patellar maltracking
Muscular weakness/tightness
– Pain relief– Myofascial
release
– Selective stretching and strengthening• Glute
medius, glute
maximus, pes
anserinus,
adductors, ITB/TFL
– Taping – Postural correction
Improve gluts strength correlated
with decrease progression of OA
PFOA vs
TFOA
• Increase lateral muscle co‐contraction helps to decrease medial knee load (KIM BENNAL’S IMAGE)
• Management of PFOA and TFOA can be very different
• Challenge:: most patients have both PFOA and TFOA
Strengthening• Quads strengthening for patients with symptomatic OA knee• Level II evidence, Grade B recommendation AAOS 2009
• What if it’s too painful?– Isometrics and exercises in non painful ROM still have carryover
effects to improving function and strength Marks 1994
• What of the VMO?– VMO observed to be atrophied by many clinicians– There is no preferential delay in VMO activation in OA Dixon 2007
• Rehabilitation programmes
for OA knee patients should not therefore be
aimed at altering the timing of VMO activation relative to VL
– VMO found to be active for longer durations throughout the day than VL in
OA knee subjects as compared to controls Dixon 2007
What of those subgroups with severe OA?
Quadriceps training shown to be less effective for
these patients than those with mild‐mod OA
•Exercises that encourage more valgus
directing forces to the knee
•Neuromuscular training Ageberg2011
•sensorimotor
control
•compensatory functional stability
Benefits of exercise
• Physical benefits– Improved strength
– Improved mobility
– Better sleep– Reduced bodyweight– Cardiovascular fitness and chronic disease risk factors
• Mental benefits– Self confidence– Stress buster– Reduce pain
Taping• Level II evidence with Grade B
reccomendation
in reducing pain and improving function AAOS Guidelines 2009
• Patellar tape may reduce malalignment
and pain associated with patellofemoral
joint OA
Medial patella glide and tilt Rana
2003
• Unload pes
anserinus
or fat pad
Manual therapy• Manual therapy = accessory joint movements,
muscle stretching, and soft‐tissue mobilization
• Both PFJ and TFJ– stretches the joint capsule
– gently mobilises any restriction to normal movement
– loosens adhesions
– local and widespread hypoalgesic
effects (Level 1
evidence Mossa2007)1.
Local mechanical disturbance may modify the chemical environment
and thereby alter concentrations of inflammatory mediators
2.
trigger segmental inhibitory mechanisms
3.
activate descending pain inhibitory systems, mediated supraspinally
Manual therapy
• Reduces pain• Improve function
• May delay or even prevent need for surgical intervention
• Best to combine manual therapy with exercise
MT NSAIDS equally effective Tucker2003
V.S
MT + exercise
MT
Placebo ultrasound
home exercise
programLevel 2 evidence
Deyle2000
Level 1 evidenceDeyle2000
Education
•Level 2 evidence with Grade B recommendation that patient education should represent a mainstay of therapy AAOS Guideline 2009
–Behavioral instruction (CBT), relaxation training, biofeedback, Problem-solving strategies, Energy conservation behaviors, Pain coping skills training e.g. walk instead of running, alternative activities
Combat Obesity!•Every 1kg increase in weight leads to 4kg increase in
knee load•Every reduction in 1 point of BMI reduce TKR by 6%•<8% Aussies report trying to lose weight as part of OA
rx!
Tens
• Level 2 evidence Cochrane 2010• Pain quads inhibition
– Cortical and spinal reflex mechanisms
• Quads inhibition decreased shock attenuation and increased joint surface wear
and tear• TENSdisinhibit
quads motor neuron pool
excitability• Exercises to be done during TENS application
Cold
• Numb the pain, decrease swelling, constrict blood vessels and block nerve impulses to the
joint
• Using ice packs and ice massage
• More beneficial than no treatment (Level II evidence)
Ultrasound and Heat
• Ultrasound– No benefit (Level 1 evidence)
• Heat pack/Shortwave Diathermy– improving circulation and relaxing muscles
– No good quality studies done to support or refute the use
Agility and perturbation training
• Agility training– side stepping, crossover etc
• Perturbation– Balance foam, rollerboards
etc
• Level 1 evidence that agility and perturbation in addition to a exercise physiotherapy program did
not offer additional benefits Fitzgerald 2011
Gait re‐training Kemp 2008
• Holding cane in opposite hand had a 10% decrease in knee load
• Dose response effect– Therapist teaching and supervision– Patient technique critical
• the right time to exert weight on the cane to offload
the knee is often too early
•Unproven techniques•toe‐out gait•medial thrust gait•increased lateral trunk lean•nordic
walking poles
Shoes Kemp 2008
Lower load: Soft, flexible soles
Higher load: Stiff, bulky, heel heights
Barefoot vs
shoes?
Shoes shown to increase medial knee load by 7.4%
Aerobic fitness/non impact exercises
• Aerobic v.s. strengthening : equal reduction in pain and disability Roddy
2005
(Level 2 evidence)
• Hydrotherapy v.s. strengthening: equal strength and functional gains Foley 2003
(Level 2 evidence)
• Taichi
v.s. strengthening: inconclusive evidence
BUT Strengthening = Physiotherapy !!
1 study underway to investigate Taichi
vs
PT
• Why choose PT over aerobic/non impact?
– Taping, manual therapy, modalities, education which has good evidence not addressed
Joint protective measures AAOS 2009
• Rationale: to reduce valgus
or varus
forces on knee
• Laterally wedged shoes for medial knee OA– no benefit over normal shoes (Level II evidence)
– Grade B recommendation NOT to use it
• Valgus
force directing knee brace for medial OA– No evidence to support use (Level II evidence)
• Varus
force directing knee brace for lateral OA– No studies done
Summary1.
Physiotherapy interventions
– Strengthening exercises
– Neuromuscular exercises– Taping
– Manual therapy
– Education/lifestyle changes
– Modalities• Heat. ultrasound
• Cold, Laser, TENS
– Agility and perturbation training
– Gait retraining
2. Aerobic fitness/non impact exercises
3. Joint protective measures
Limitations
• Studies do not distinguish grades of OA knees, only symptomatic vs
non‐symptomatic
– most studies included participants of all grades
• Studies on modalities still limited, no standardization on dosage, application time,
etc
When should you refer?
•Mixed message to patients
•Severe lack of co‐operation between health care providers
•Think “combination”, not one “most effective” treatment method
•Work together, not “refer”
to one another
Take home message
Patient: “I tried accupuncture, physiotherapy, but nothing seems to help!”
Me: “How long ago did you do physiotherapy?”
Patient: “Few years back, forgot already”
Me: “So have you been doing the exercises the physiotherapist taught you?”
• Send the message home to your patients: “Keep moving!”• Intermittent “booster sessions”
to encourage continued active
lifestyle• Patients resistant to surgery or prefer trying conservative
management
Take home message
A collaborative effort is important for combating the disease!
If you have any questions or you wish to work together with me for any musculoskeletal
physiotherapy, feel free to contact me at
hp: 96961433 email: [email protected]
Leonard Ong Yao JianPhysiotherapist
NUH Rehabilitation Department
Ba.App.Sc
(Physiotherapy)
Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist (CSCS)
How to contact me?
References 1.
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clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic pain in older adults. American Geriatrics Society Panel on
Exercise and Osteoarthritis JAGS. 2001;49:808‐823
2.
Knee Osteoarthritis: Management options. www.pcrsocietyorguk/guidelibnes_00_03pjsp
3.
Lower extremity muscuoloskeletal
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The management of persistant
pain in older persons. AGS Panel on Persistantr
Pain in older persons. JAGS.
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Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of OA
of hip and knee. Report of a Joint Working Group of
the British Society for Rheumatology and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians. Journal of the Royal
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Altman, RD, Lozada, CJ. Practice Guidelines in the management of OA. Osteoarthritis & Cartilage. 1998 May;6 Suppl
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A Foley, J Halbert, T Hewitt, M Crotty. Does hydrotherapy improve strength and physical function in patients with
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controlled trial comparing a gym based and a hydrotherapy based
strengthening
programme
Ann Rheum Dis
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8.
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et al. Aerobic walking or strengthening exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee? A systematic review. Ann
Rheum Dis
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Henry Pollard, Graham Ward, Wayne Hoskins,Katie
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KAY M. CROSSLEY, GIOVANNI P. MARINO, MICHAEL D. MACILQUHAM, ANTHONY G. SCHACHE, RANA S. HINMAN. Can
Patellar Tape Reduce the Patellar Malalignment
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JA, De Clerck
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infrapatellar
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joint tissue: a narrative review. Osteoarthritis
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2.
Penny Mossa, Kathleen Slukab, Anthony Wright. The initial effects of knee joint mobilization
on osteoarthritic
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3.
Gail D. Deyle, MPT; Nancy E. Henderson, PhD, MPT; Robert L. Matekel, MPT; Michael G. Ryder, MPT; Matthew B.
Garber, MPT; and Stephen C. Allison. Effectiveness of Manual Physical Therapy and Exercise in Osteoarthritis of the
Knee A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000
Volume 132 (3) 173‐181
4.
Morganti
CM, McFarland EG, Cosgarea
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5. Fitzgerald GK, Piva SR, Gil AB, et al. Agility and perturbation training techniques in exercise therapy for reducing pain and improving function in people with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2011;91:452–469.
6. Ray Marks, MScPT, BScPT, BSc‘. The Effects of 16 Months of Angle-Specific Isometric Strengthening Exercises in Midrange on Torque of the nee-~xtensor Muscles Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Case Study. JOSPT 1994 Aug Vol 20(2) : 103-109
7. T.E. Howe, D. Rafferty Quadriceps activity and physical activity profiles over long durations in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and controls. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 19 (2009) e78–e83
8. John Dixon, Tracey E. Howe. Activation of vastus medialis oblique is not delayed in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee compared to asymptomatic participants during open kinetic chain activities. Manual Therapy 12 (2007) 219–225
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(AAOS) Richmond et al. Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. (Non arthroplasty) Full Guideline. J Am Acad
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Reducing joint loading in medial knee osteoarthritis: Shoes and canes. Kemp G et al. Arthritis Care & Research. May 15, 2008.
If you have any questions or you wish to work together with me for any musculoskeletal
physiotherapy, feel free to contact me at
hp: 96961433 email: [email protected]
Leonard Ong Yao JianPhysiotherapist
NUH Rehabilitation Department
Ba.App.Sc
(Physiotherapy)
Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist (CSCS)
37 | 1.1 Topic goes here | Project number | 14.12.08 Copyright © 2008 National University Health System
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