physics 2025: working with electronic equipment purpose learn how to use basic electronic...
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
PurposeLearn how to use basic electronic
equipment:• Digital multi meter • Oscilloscope • Function generator• Bread board
Apply and verify Ohm’s laws.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Digital Multi Meter (“DMM”)
A DMM is a device to measure• voltage,• current,• resistance,• and more….depending on the model
There are two modes to measure voltage and current:•“AC” (alternating current)•“DC” (direct current)
You need to know whether you are measuring an “AC” or “DC” current/voltage and set your DMM accordingly. Otherwise your measurement is wrong.
Note: We use the term “DC” or “AC” also for voltages, even thoughThe “C” stands for “Current” (Example: 5V DC).
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Measuring AC with a DMMV or I
time
AC
If you measure this AC voltage/current in the “DC” mode, the result is the average (averaged over time) value (in this case zero).
average value
If you measure this AC voltage/current in the “AC” mode, the result is the the peak value divided by (assuming a sinusoidal oscillation around zero).2
AA
A707.0
2
Always measure AC in the AC mode.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Measuring DC with a DMM
V or I
time
DC
If you measure this voltage/current in the “DC” mode, the result is the average (averaged over time) value, which equals the DC value.
average value
Always measure DC in the DC mode.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Setting AC or DC on DMM (Fluke 87)
DC voltage
AC voltage
Current:Switch betweenDC and AC bypushing theblue button.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Setting AC or DC on DMM (MultiTec 320)
Voltage:Put dial to “V”.Switch betweenDC and AC bypushing theDC/AC button.
Current:Put dial to mA or A.Switch betweenDC and AC bypushing theDC/AC button.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Measuring a Voltage with the DMMVoltmeters have very high resistance. Very little current will flow through a voltmeter even if V is high. It is hard to damage a voltmeter.
Voltmeters are connected “in parallel” to measure the voltagebetween two points.
0.003
COM V
V
Resistor
5 V
GND = 0 V
current
A very tiny amount of current (ideally almost zero) goes through the voltmeter.
Important: Use COM (ground) and V ports for voltage measurement!
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Measuring a Current with the DMM
Current meters (“amp meters”) have very low resistance. When hooked up to an even small voltage difference, a large current would flow through a current meter. It would be easy to damage a current meter. Current meters are protected by a fuse (if you blow the fuse the current meter will no longer work until the fuse is replaced).
Amp meters are connected “in series” to measure the current in a circuit.
0.003
COM V
A Resistor
5 V
GND = 0 V
current
Important: Use COM (ground) and mA or A (large currents) ports for current measurement!
mA
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
NEVER DO THIS !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
0.003
COM V
A Resistor
5 V
GND = 0 V
huge current
Because the amp meter has almost no resistance, it gives the electrons an easy path between 5V and ground. Huge current through amp meter will blow the fuse.
A
Fuse will blow out !!!
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The Correct Way, Again
0.003
COM V
A Resistor
5 V
GND = 0 V
current
NoticeIf you follow the path of the current you can see that it is forced to go through the resistor,which limits its current (by Ohm’s law….Current = Voltage / Resistance).
mA
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The Function Generator
• Time-varying voltage/current.• Three different wave shapes (sinusoidal, square, triangular).• Variable frequency.• Variable amplitude of the signal.• DC offset of signal.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The Function Generator – Wave Shape Selection
Sinusoidal Wave
Square Wave
Triangular (“Sawtooth”)Wave
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The Function Generator – Frequency Range
Up to 5 Hz
Up to 50 Hz
Up to 500 Hz
Within each range you can vary the frequency (see next slide).
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The Function Generator – Frequency Variation
Coarse regulation
Fine regulation
Display of frequency:For low frequenciesyou need to wait a few seconds for the correctvalue to show (it takestime to measure it).
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The Function Generator – Output Level
Signal output: Connect BNC cable here.
Adjust the amplitudeof the signal at “Output Level”.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
What is “DC Offset” ?
0 VoltNo “DC offset”
0 Volt
2 Volt
Signal has “DC offset”of + 2 Volts (the signal fluctuates around +2 V instead of 0 V).
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The Function Generator – Generating a “DC Offset”
Push “DC OFFSET”Button IN to enableDC offset adjustments.
Adjust the amount ofDC offset here.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The Heathkit “Bread Board”
Called “Bread Board” because you can use itto “breed” electriccircuits.
The board allows you to test your circuitsbefore you build apermanent version.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The Heathkit “Bread Board” – the Actual “Board”
This is the board:
Makes connecting electric components(resistors, capacitors,integrated circuits…)EASY.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
How the “Holes” are Connected
5 holes in a“column” areelectricallyconnected.
But:Red and Greenare NOT connectedacross the center break.
The center break
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
How the “Holes” are NOT Connected
Holes in a“row” areelectricallyNOT connected.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
How the “Holes” are NOT Connected
Top break
Holes are NOT connectedacross the top break.
Note: Many of our bread boards do not have the double row above the top break any more.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Power Supply to the Bread Board
Main Power: Switches all voltagesON or OFF.
GND = 0 Volts (“Ground”)
Example:To get 5 Volts:Use GND and +5
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Example of Setting up a Simple Circuit
Resistor
5 V
GND
5VR Circuit Diagram
A more pictorial view of thesame circuit.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
And How it Looks on the Bread Board
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
And from Another Angle…..
Notice, how wetake advantageof the hidden connections between theholes in acolumn.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Binary Numbers
In digital electronics information is coded as binary numbers whichcontain only Ones and Zeroes.
Example: 1001 (binary) = 1x23+0x22+0x21+1x20 = 9 (decimal)
Any decimal number can be converted to a binary number and storedelectronically (e.g., in a computer).
1’s and 0’s are often stored as High (5Volt) and Low (0 Volt) voltages.
For example, the number shown above (1001) could be represented by 4 “data lines” that have either high or low voltages.
5V 5V0V 0V
1 0 0 1
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Data Switches, Logic Indicators
The bread board has “Data Switches” providing “High” and “Low” voltage for digital logic .
The bread board also has LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) which act as logic indicators (a quick way to find out whether a voltage is “High” or “Low”).
Switch
Output(low or high)
5V (SW2 up)
0V (SW4 down)
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Resistor Color Code
Our resistors have 4 colored bands on them. See your manual for color code.
Gold = 5% uncertainty
First bandRed = 2
Second bandBlack = 0
Third bandBrown = Multiplier 10 W
Resistance = 2 0 * 10 W = 200 W 10 W
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
The OscilloscopeA device to display a voltage as a function of time (useful for voltages that vary with time – e.g. oscillating signals). You can display 2 signals simultaneouslyusing the two input channels (Ch.1 and 2).
time
Voltage
Channel 1 input Channel 2 input
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Changing the Horizontal (Time) Scale
Change horizontaltime scale here.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Changing the Vertical Scale on Channel 1
Change the verticalscale here.
For more optionson how to usechannel 1 pressthe MENU button.
The little knob shifts the signalup or down (unlessthe cursor is used).
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Using the Cursor
Press the CURSORbutton to enable thecursors.
Once the cursorbutton is pushedthese two knobsmove the twocursors.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Using the Cursor
Change the type ofcursor betweenvoltage cursor ortime cursor with thisbutton.
Indicates voltage atwhich cursors 1 and2 are.
Indicates voltagedifference betweencursor 1 and 2.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Time Cursor Selected
The two timecursors.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Connectors and Their Names
“BNC” cable
“Shield”
Center pin
A BNC cable is basically a double cable:One “cable” is the center conductor ending in the center pin.The other “cable” is the “shield”. A BNC cable can do the job of two parallel wires.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
An Adaptor Used in this Lab
Adapter: BNC (female)to Banana (male)
“Ground” indicator:Indicates that this sideof the banana end connectsto the “Shield” of the BNCconnector.The other banana end connectsto the center conductor of theBNC.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Suggestion for Using Cables and DMM
BNC small clips easilyattach to resistors etc.
Use adapter to plug into DMM
The “Ground” plugon the BNC/Bananaadapter connects tothe small black clip.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
More…..
• More and different types of cables can be throughout room 405 hanging on the walls.
• There are also more and other types of adapters in the brown cabinet labeled “L” to the left of the entrance or they may be on the shared table.
• Should – against all warnings – you blow a fuse on yourDMM, ask your TA for a replacement.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Checking Fuse on Mutitec320 DMM is Easy
Just dial to “mA” and the display should look like this.
This symbol indicates a broken fuse.
Other types of DMMshave no indicator.
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Wires
Special Wires: Do not cut !
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Banana Leads fit to DMM Ports
Black wire: COM (convention)
Use COM and V ports for voltage and resistance measurements
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Microclips
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
BNC - Banana Adapter
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Completing a Circuit
Measuring Voltage with Microclips
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Measuring Current
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Resistors in Series
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Parallel Resistors - Measuring Current in Main Branch
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Physics 2025: Working With Electronic Equipment
Please put the special cables neatly back into the blue boxes !