PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONDITIONS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONDITIONS AND PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY OF MARJAD PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY OF MARJAD BAOR OF KALIGANJ UPAZILA, JHENAIDAH, BAOR OF KALIGANJ UPAZILA, JHENAIDAH,

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH By

Md. Ferdous Alam

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

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Introduction

Water is the most vital element among the natural resources, and is crucial for the survival of all living organisms.

“Marjad Baor” is a large biologically significant Oxbow lake (NCS, 1991) and declared as an Ecological Critical Area by DoE in 1999.

It is loosing it’s area and natural condition because of anthropogrnic activities.

Agricultural practices are increasing day by day at the surrounding area.

“Marajd Baor” is the main source of income of the adjacent fisherman community and it possess a wide range of biodiversity.

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Aims and Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study is to determine the water quality of

the “Marjad Baor through the analysis of its physico-chemical conditions, phytoplankton diversity and their interrelationships.

The present investigation has been taken to achieve the following specific objectives:

To find out the physico-chemical conditions of the Marjad baor.

To find out the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in the Marjad Baor.

To find out the relationship between physico-chemical conditions and phytoplankton diversity in the Marjad Baor.

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MATERIALS AND METHODSMATERIALS AND METHODS

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Materials and Methods

Location of the Study Area

Present study was conducted at the Marjad Baor, the largest Baor of Bangladesh which is under Kashthabhanga Union of Kaliganj Upazilla.

It is situated at the north of Chaugachha Upazila under Jessore district and at the south – west part of Kaliganj Upazila under Jhenaidah district.

The total area of Marjad Baor is about 253 hectares which is 25 km apart from Kaliganj Upazila.

It is located between the latitude of 23018′27.08″ N to 23018′40.08″ N and between the longitudes of 89004′08.24″ E to 89005′51.78″ E.

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Figure 1: Map of the study areawww.ePowerPoint.com

Figure 2: Sampling spot 1 – Hizoltola Ghat

Figure 3: Sampling spot 2 – Nalvanga Ghatwww.ePowerPoint.com

Figure 4: Sampling spot 3 – Middle of the Baor

Figure 5: Sampling spot 4 – Mirzapurwww.ePowerPoint.com

Study period

Country boats were used to collect both water and phytoplankton samples.

Water samples were collected from each spot at a depth of 35-40 cm below the water surface.

The phytoplankton samples were collected from four spots, with plankton net (1 meter long, diameter of 22 cm) of No. 22 silk bolting cloth (Mesh size 0.076 mm).

Collection of water and phytoplankton samples

The present study was carried out from January, 2010 to March, 2010.

The samples were collected for three terms with an interval of one month.

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Table 1: List of analyzed parameters Category of parameters Name of the parameters Place of analysis

Physical parameters

Water Temperature and Air Temperature

Field analysis

Transparency

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Chemical parameters

Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Free Carbon-Dioxide (CO2)

Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD5)

Laboratory analysis

Carbonate Alkalinity (CO3-)

Bicarbonate Alkalinity (HCO3-)

Calcium Hardness (Ca2+)

Magnesium Hardness (Mg2+)

Total Hardness

Chloride (Cl-)

Phosphate (PO43-)

Nitrate (NO3-)

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Table 2: Analytical methods used to determine the Baor

water chemistry and phytoplankton abundance Parameters Unit Methods /Instruments References

Temperature oC Centegrade Mercury Thermometer

Ramesh and

Anbu, 1996

pH - Microprocessor pH meter (HANNA instruments, pH 211)

EC µs/cm TDS meter (H1-9635, portable water proof Multirange Conductivity/TDS meter, HANNA)

TDS ppm TDS meter (H1-9635, portable water proof Multirange Conductivity/TDS meter, HANNA)

DO mg/l Winckler’s method

BOD5 mg/l Winckler’s method

Free CO2 mg/l Welch method

Ca2+ mg/l Titrimetric method

Mg2+ mg/l Titrimetric method

Cl- mg/l Titrimetric method

HCO3- mg/l Welch method

PO43- ppm Ascorbic acid method (Thermospectronic, UV-visible

Spectrophotometers, Helios 9499230 45811)

NO3- ppm Ultraviolet spectrophotometric screening method

(Thermospectronic, UV-visible Spectrophotometers, Helios 9499230 45811)

Phytoplankton Unit/l Electron Microscope and Counting Cell Aphawww.ePowerPoint.com

Calculation for phytoplankton counting

The abundance of phytoplankton groups were calculated according to the following formulae (Welch, 1948).

L

caN

)1000(

Where,N = Number of phytoplankton per liter of original water.a = Average number of plankton in per all counts in the counting cell.c = Volume of original concentration in ml.L = Volume of water passed through the net.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Table 3: Physico-chemical conditions and phytoplankton abundance of Marjad Baor

- = Not Detected

Parameter Unit Mean value (January–March, 2010)

Spot - 1 Spot – 2 Spot – 3 Spot - 4

Air temperature oC 30.33±2.05 30.67±2.05 29±2.45 28±2.45

Water temperature oC 27±3.27 26.30±2.87 25.30±3.68 24.70±3.30

Transparency cm 50.67±5.0 45.30±3.0 66.30±2.58 62.70±2.87

EC µs/cm 230.67±3.30 230.67±1.25 233.33±4.69 210±1.63

TDS mg/l 109.5±6.4 119.33±0.12 118.30±2.65 106±0.66

pH 7.52±0.21 7.14±0.13 7.53±0.03 7.63±0.15

DO mg/l 8.23±0.05 7.57±0.82 7.03±0.49 8.37±0.33

BOD5 mg/l 1.3±0.08 2.37±0.17 1.10±0.22 1.37±0.21

Free CO2 mg/l 0.07±0.09 0.08±0.08 0.12±0.02 0.02±0.02

CO3- mg/l - - - -

HCO3- mg/l 142.9±2.57 142.3±1.82 130.2±2.0 126.2±1.60

Ca2+ mg/l 68.13 85.65±5.0 68.62±4.64 55.79±3.32

Mg2+ mg/l 19.77±5.12 15.40±3.03 23.80±2.11 23.80±2.11

Total hardness mg/l 87.90±5.12 101.60±2.31 92.42±6.64 79.60±5.15

Cl- mg/l 7.70±0.82 9.56±0.78 7.70±0.82 7.70±0.82

PO43- ppm 0.094±0.004 0.093±0.001 0.091±0.001 0.096±0.006

NO3- ppm 1.65±0.4 1.82±0.22 0.66±0.21 0.82±0.01

Phytoplankton Unit/l 43,416±8,510 36,633±8,684 48,216±7,100 56,900±9,738 = Lowest Value = Highest Value www.ePowerPoint.com

Class Species Total abundance (units/l)Spot - 1 Spot - 2 Spot - 3 Spot - 4

Cyanophyceae

Anabaena sp. 4728 11671 18255 7101Nostoc sp. 15226 7232 10965 18965

Oscillatoria sp. 21634 24083 16346 28253Lyngbya sp. 7998 12418 6567 5360

Gloeocapsa sp. 9378 12290Aphanocapsa sp. 7463 6368Merismopedia sp. 3751 4916Aphanothece sp. 2748 3616

Nodularia sp. 3264 5743Sytonema sp. 3670 4831

Microchaete sp. 2858 3761

Chlorophyceae

Stigeoclonium sp. 3055 4021 5108Uronema elongatum sp. 3205 3363 2980 5907

Chaetophora sp. 2967 3906Rhizoclonium sp. 3426 6337Cladophora sp. 6669 2440 3211Pediastrum sp. 3154 2705Closterium sp. 3621 3363 5873 4489Cosmarium sp. 1993 2612Oedogonium sp. 3790Staurastrum sp. 3176 4180 3465

Myrmecia sp. 3074 2626 2011 2322

Bacillariophyceae

Synedra sp. 4637 2749 3616 6077Fragilaria sp. 2242 2951Melosira sp. 2934 2416 5752Navicula sp. 5952 7715 6683 7801

Pinnularia sp. 3905 3980 4831 5053Gyrosigma sp. 6460 3242 4267 5053Cymbella sp. 4177 6944Cybetta sp. 5035

Nitzschia sp. 7278 2946 2430 8228

Euglenophyceae

Euglena sp. 6409 3968 3776 8399Phacus sp. 3155 4152

Trachelomonas sp. 3192 2748 2170 5890Total 1,30,250 1,09,900 1,44,650 1,70,700

Highest abundant group

2nd highest abundant group

3rd highest abundant group

Table 4: Diversity and abundance of phytoplankton species

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Figure 6: Percentage composition of phytoplankton

classes in Spot - 1

53.88%

16.88%

21.87%

7.37%

Cyanophyceae

Chlorophyceae

Bacil lariophyceae

Euglenophyceae

44.45%

21.97%

24.6%

8.98%

Cyanophyceae

Chlorophyceae

Bacil lariophyceae

Euglenophyceae

Figure 7: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 2

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48.45%

20.97%

23.6%

6.98%

Cyanophyceae

Chlorophyceae

Bacil lariophyceae

Euglenophyceae

48.37%

19.6%

23.66%

8.37%

Cyanophyceae

Chlorophyceae

Bacil lariophyceae

Euglenophyceae

Figure 8: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 3

Figure 9: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 4

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Parameters Phytoplankton

Spot - 1 Spot - 2 Spot - 3 Spot - 4

Air temperature (oC) - - 1.0** 1.0*

Water temperature (oC) - - 0.999* -

Transparency (cm) -0.901 -0.851 -0.979 -0.553

EC (µs/cm) - - - 1.0*

TDS (mg/l) 1.0** - -0.933 -0.987

pH -0.964 - - -

DO (mg/l) - -0.918 -0.997 -

BOD5 (mg/l) - 0.998* - -0.991

Free CO2 (mg/l) - 0.998* - -0.876

HCO3- (mg/l) -0.792 -0.875 -0.979 1.0**

Ca2+ (mg/l) - -0.872 -1.0* -0.993

Mg2+ (mg/l) -0.792 - -0.936 -0.948

Total Hardness (mg/l) -0.792 -0.569 -0.996 -0.980

Cl- (mg/l) - -0.758 - -

PO43- (ppm) -0.465 - - -0.985

NO3- (ppm) 1.0** - 0.999* -

Table 5: Relationship between different physico-chemical factors and phytoplankton abundance

‘-’negative relationship

‘*’ significant value

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Parameters Positively Significant Negatively Significant

Air temperature (oC) Water temperature, EC, NO3-,

Phytoplankton

pH, DO, HCO3-, Ca2+,Total

Hardness

Water temperature (oC) Air temperature, DO, NO3-,

Phytoplankton

TDS, DO, BOD5, Ca2+

Transparency (cm) HCO3- EC

EC (µs/cm) pH, HCO3-, Phytoplankton Transparency, DO

TDS (mg/l) BOD5, Mg2+, NO3-, Phytoplankton DO

pH EC DO, Mg2+, Total Hardness

DO (mg/l) Water temperature, Free CO2, Ca2+,

Cl-

EC, TDS, BOD5

BOD5 (mg/l) TDS, Free CO2, Phytoplankton Water temperature, Mg2+, DO

Free CO2 (mg/l) DO, BOD5, Cl-, Phytoplankton --

HCO3- (mg/l) EC, Transparency, Ca2+, Mg2+, Total

HardnessAir temperature

Ca2+ (mg/l) DO, HCO3-, PO4

3- NO3-, Phytoplankton

Mg2+ (mg/l) TDS, Total Hardness, PO43-, NO3

- pH, BOD5

Total Hardness (mg/l) PO43- pH, NO3

-

Cl- (mg/l) DO, Free CO2 --

PO43- (ppm) Ca2+, Mg2+ --

NO3- (ppm) TDS, Mg2+, Phytoplankton Ca2+, Total Hardness

Table 6: Significant relationship between different physico-chemical factors and phytoplankton abundance

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Parameters units Bangladesh standard

Mean values of the parameters at different spot Remarks

SP-1 SP-2 SP-3 SP-4

Water temperature 0C 22-45 27 26.33 25.33 24.67 Within the standard

Transparency cm <100 50.67 45.33 66.33 62.67 Within the standard

TDS ppm ≤ 1500 109.5 119.33 118.3 106 Within the standard

EC µs/cm 500-1500 230.67 237.67 233.33 210 Within the standard

pH - 6.5-8.2 7.52 7.14 7.53 7.63 Within the standard

BOD5 mg/l 3-6 1.3 2.37 1.1 1.37 Within the standard

DO mg/l 6-8.5 8.23 7.57 7.03 8.37 Within the standard

Free CO2 mg/l <10 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.02 Within the standard

Total hardness mg/l 100-200 87.90 101.06 92.42 79.60 Below the standard except SP-2

Total Alkalinity mg/l 20-200 142.9 142.3 130.2 126.2 Within the standard

Ca2+ mg/l 30-100 68.13 85.65 68.62 55.79 Within the standard

Mg 2+ mg/l 5-50 19.77 15.40 23.8 23.8 Within the standard

Cl- mg/l ≤ 150 7.70 9.56 7.70 7.70 Within the standard

PO43- ppm <0.1 0.094 0.093 0.091 0.096 within the standard

NO3- ppm ≤10 1.65 1.82 0.66 0.82 Within the standard

Table 7: Comparison between Bangladesh standards for fish culture and measured values

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

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From the above study it can be said that the water of “Marjad Baor” is poorly alkaline and it is a eutrophic lake.

The physico-chemical condition of the baor water is favorable for phytoplankton growth at this time. But some of the parameters are approaching to exceed the standard.

Oscillatoria sp. was the dominant species in most of the spots than Anabaena sp. which may be the main sign of eutrophication.

Addition of domestic wastes, agricultural runoff and other anthropogenic practices are changing the natural quality of water.

If the ecological condition of Marjad Baor can not be restored as soon as possible a huge number of biological diversity will be in threatened condition. So, further study is needed for the better management of the “Marjad Baor”.

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THANKS TO ALLTHANKS TO ALL

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