Physical Science Final Review

Who is the Father of Atomic Theory?

Thomson’s Experiment:

• In Thomson’s model of the atom, the negative charges are scattered throughout an atom filled with a positively charged mass of matter.

• The “plum pudding” model

What did this experiment prove?

Beam of Alpha-Particles wereREPELED by Positive Charges in the nucleus

Atomic Theory:

Who’s Model of the Atom?

Neils Bohr

An ______ _______is a visual model of the most likely locations for electrons in an atom.

www.unitedstreaming.com – Physical Science – Elements, Compounds, and AtomsAn Orbital is a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.* An electron cloud is a good approximation of how electrons behave in their orbitals.

Electron Cloud

Atomic Structure Basics:

• Protons: positively charged particles, weighing 1 atomic mass unit (1.67x10-24 grams) and located in the nucleus.

• Neutrons: neutrally charged particles, weighing approximately 1 atomic mass unit and located in the nucleus.

• Electrons: negatively charged particles , weighing zero atomic mass units, located in orbitals of the energy levels found outside the atomic nucleus

Atomic Number:

• The number of protons in an atom determines what element it is.

• Add or subtract even one proton from an atom of any element and you no longer have the original element in any form. Now you have a different element!

• Play the Name the Atom Game at:

• http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/basics_interactive.html

Periodic Table Basics:

Essential Question: What are Horizontal Rows called?

Answer: PERIODS

Electron Configuration

• The “Period” number is equal to the number of energy levels in an atom

• Remember: The number of electrons are equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom

What are Groups on the Periodic Table?

Essential Question: Groups are also known as Families of Elements.They share chemical properties. WHY?Answer: They have the same number of outer shell electrons.

Electron Configuration

• For Groups IA – VIII the group numbers are equal to the number of outer shell electrons or valence electrons

• Group “IA” has ONE valence electron

• Group “IIA” has TWO valence electrons; etc.

Name that GROUP:

The Alkali Metals IA = one outer shell electrons

therefore Oxidation state?

+1

Name that GROUP:

The Alkali Earth Metals IIA = two outer shell electrons

Oxidation state?

+2

Name that GROUP:

The Noble Gases VIIIA = eight outer shell electrons (except Helium which has 2 but is FULL)

therefore Oxidation state?

NOT!

Name that GROUP:

The HALOGENS

The Salt Formers

VIIA = SEVEN outer shell electrons

therefore Oxidation state?

-1

Name that GROUP:

The Transition Metals

B series = usually 2 or 3 outer shell electrons

therefore Oxidation state?

+2 or +3

Chemical Bonding:

• Three types of bonding

• Ionic

• Covalent

• Metallic

AWESOME MOVIE ON BONDING

30 minutes long

Bonding Animations and short clips

Game: Ionic Bonding

Atomic Structure:

How many neutrons in the following isotopes?

Hydrogen – 1

Helium – 4

Lithium – 6

Sodium – 22

More Isotope stuff…

XA

Z

H1

1H (D)

2

1H (T)

3

1

U235

92U238

92

Mass Number

Atomic Number

Element Symbol

Nuclear Energy Essential Questions:

• Why is it worth the RISK??

• Tremendous OUTPUT of ENERGY!!• Fission or Fusion?

•Fission! Atoms of U-235 are split•Use the link to see how Nuclear Fusion works:

http://science.howstuffworks.com/fusion-reactor.htm/printable

Heat energy:

• Direction of Energy Flow?

• HOT toward COLD

States of Matter

• Watch what happens to molecules when heated by doing cool virtual experiments.

• Click on the icon below to get started:

Change of PhaseFIRST DO THIS Temperature Experiment By Clicking Here!

To Understand this Graph CLICK HERE

Chemical or Physical Change?

Chemical Change

• New substances formed with new properties

• Examples:

• Rusting

• Gas forming during a reaction (bubbles)

• A precipitant forming during a reaction

Physical Change

• No new substances formed

• Examples:

• Ice melting

• Water evaporating

• Dry ice subliming into Carbon dioxide

• Salt or sugar dissolving in water

Types of Matter:

www.kentchemistry.com/links/Matter/ClassifiyingMatter.htm

Review basics about classifying matter by following the link below. Watch the video clips! Make sure you scroll all the way down to the chart to test your knowledge!

Where is Magnetism Concentrated?

Magnetism is strongest at the

POLES

Magnetic Domains :

Not aligned:

Magnetic domains are ALIGNED in a permanent magnet :

What happens if you cut a magnet in half?

Electricity and Magnetism:

Get in line!

Electromagnets:

• What Happens if you increase the number of coils in an electromagnet?

• The magnet gets STRONGER!

Induction charging of two metal spheres:

Potential Energy:

PEgrav = mass • g • height

Too hard to remember? Use the Reference Table!

Answer key:

A: PE = 40 J (since the same mass is elevated to 4/5-ths height of the top stair)

B: PE = 30 J (since the same mass is elevated to 3/5-ths height of the top stair)

C: PE = 20 J (since the same mass is elevated to 2/5-ths height of the top stair)

D: PE = 10 J (since the same mass is elevated to 1/5-ths height of the top stair)

E and F: PE = 0 J (since the same mass is at the same zero height position as shown for the bottom stair

Note since

PEgrav = m *• g • h

Doubling of the height will result in a doubling of the gravitational potential energy.

• A tripling of the height will result in a tripling of the gravitational potential energy.