Physical and chemical properties and process of matter including some atom models

By: Andres Duque

Physical processPhysical:

Decantation. to pour (a liquid, such as wine) from one container to another, esp

without disturbing any sediment.

Condensation: he act or process of condensing, or the state of being condensed

Evaporation: to change or cause to change from a liquid or solid state to a vapour

Filtration: a liquid or gas that has been filtered

Filtration: a liquid or gas that has been filtered

Chemical processBurning: to undergo or cause to undergo combustion

Oxidation: the act or process of oxidizing

Fermentation: a chemical reaction in which a ferment causes an organic molecule to split into simpler substances, esp the anaerobic conversion of sugar to ethyl alcohol by yeast.

Chemical processReduction: the act or process or an instance of reducing.

Ionization: to change or become changed into ions.

Catalysis: acceleration of a chemical reaction by the action of a catalyst.

Electrolisis: the conduction of electricity by a solution or melt, esp the use of this process to induce chemical changes.

Atomic model

Democritus:

Atomic model Dalton:

Atomic model Thomson:

Atomic model Rutherford:

Atomic model Bohr

Atomic model Schrodinger:

Atom history Actually, the thought about electricity came before atoms. In about 600 B.C. Thales of

Miletus discovered that a piece of amber, after rubbing it with fur, attracts bits of hair and feathers and other light objects. He suggested that this mysterious force came from the amber. Thales, however, did not connect this force with any atomic particle.

In 1897, the English physicist J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed a model for the structure of the atom. Thomson knew that electrons had a negative charge and thought that matter must have a positive charge. His model looked like raisins stuck on the surface of a lump of pudding.

In 1900 Max Planck, a professor of theoretical physics in Berlin showed that when you vibrate atoms strong enough, such as when you heat an object until it glows, you can measure the energy only in discrete units. He called these energy packets, quanta.

A heated controversy occured for many years on deciding whether light consisted of waves or particles. The evidence appeared strong for both cases. Later, physicists showed that light appears as either wave-like or particle-like (but never both at the same time) depending on the experimental setup.

The results of the experiments came unexpected. Most of the alpha particles went smoothly through the foil. Only an occasional alpha veered sharply from its original path, sometimes bouncing straight back from the foil! Rutherford reasoned that they must get scattered by tiny bits of positively charged matter. Most of the space around these positive centers had nothing in them. He thought that the electrons must exist somewhere within this empty space. Rutherford thought that the negative electrons orbited a positive center in a manner like the solar system where the planets orbit the sun.

Not until 1919 did Rutherford finally identify the particles of the nucleus as discrete positive charges of matter. Using alpha particles as bullets, Rutherford knocked hydrogen nuclei out of atoms of six elements: boron, fluorine, sodium, aluminum, phosphorus, an nitrogen. He named them protons, from the Greek for 'first', for they consisted of the first identified building blocks of the nuclei of all elements. He found the protons mass at 1,836 times as great as the mass of the electron.

In 1912 a Danish physicist, Niels Bohr came up with a theory that said the electrons do not spiral into the nucleus and came up with some rules for what does happen. (This began a new approach to science because for the first time rules had to fit the observation regardless of how they conflicted with the theories of the time.)

RULE 1: Electrons can orbit only at certain allowed distances from the nucleus.

RULE 2: Atoms radiate energy when an electron jumps from a higher-energy orbit to a lower-energy orbit. Also, an atom absorbs energy when an electron gets boosted from a low-energy orbit to a high-energy orbit.

By the 1920s, further experiments showed that Bohr's model of the atom had some troubles. Bohr's atom seemed too simple to describe the heavier elements. In fact it only worked roughly in these cases. The spectral lines did not appear correct when a strong magnetic field influenced the atoms.

n 1924 a Frenchman named Louis de Broglie thought about particles of matter. He thought that if light can exist as both particles and waves, why couldn't atom particles also behave like waves? In a few equations derived from Einstein's famous equation, (E=mc2) he showed what matter waves would behave like if they existed at all. (Experiments later proved him correct.)

In 1926 the Austrian physicist, Erwin Schrödinger had an interesting idea: Why not go all the way with particle waves and try to form a model of the atom on that basis? His theory worked kind of like harmonic theory for a violin string except that the vibrations traveled in circles.

Industrial an medicinal use Chemical medicinal:There is no way anyone can

guarantee that medication that expired 3 years ago is safe to use. Even though the tablets look the same on the outside there may have been chemical changes to the drugs or loss of potency. A broken tooth will require prompt attention from your dentist anyway so I would recommend contacting him/her as soon as possible to schedule an appointment and take care of all needs related to the broken tooth.

Industry- Chemical to transform raw materials into more specialized

products. The place where chemical products are produced is usually called chemical plant. The chemical industry relies on the knowledge and investigation of the chemical properties of different materials.

Medicine- Physical There are a number of health problems

associated with aging that affect a person's mental alertness, mood, or memory.

But when an older person who is being treated for epilepsy becomes unusually depressed, confused, and unable to remember things, there may be some other explanations. For example:

Toxicity Drug Interactions Sensitivity