phylogeny and systematics order out of chaos…. phylogeny phylon = tribe genesis = origin the...
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Phylogeny and Systematics
Order out of chaos…
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Phylogeny
• Phylon = tribe
• Genesis = origin
• The evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species
• Part of the science of Systematics
• Systematics ecompasses phylogeny and taxonomy
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species
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Fossils
• Form in sedimentary rocks
• Hard parts such as shell, bone, or teeth
• Hardened by mineralization
• Soft parts replaced by mineralization becoming stone
• Molds or casts of decayed organisms
• Preservation in amber, ice, tar
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Relative Dating
• Younger sediments are on top of older ones
• Index fossils are widespread and reliable ones
• Rock layers provide a “relative” age for fossils in the layers
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Geological Time Scale
• Four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
• Boundaries between eras correspond to mass extinctions
• Eras are subdivided into Periods
• Periods are subdivided into Epochs
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Absolute Dating
• Ages given in year quantities
• Ratio of Carbon-12 to Carbon-14
• Carbon-14 decays to Nitrogen-14
• Half-life of C-14 is 5,730 years
• U-238 has a half-life of 4.5 billion years
• L-amino acids convert to D forms over time
• Racemization clock is temperature sensitive
Click here to see a half life simulation
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Types of Radioactive Decay
• Alpha decay – Helium nucleus ejected
• Beta decay – Electron or positron ejected
• Gamma decay – Gamma photon emitted
Read more about radioactive decay
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Continental Drift
• Major geographic factor in evolution
• Continents move about on the Earth’s surface
• Continents merged as Pangea 250 mya.
• Pangea begins to break up 180 mya.
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How the dinosaurs died out…
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Mass Extinctions• Mass extinctions are followed by
diversification of survivors
• Extinctions are inevitable in a changing world
• Permian extinction: 95% of marine animals became extinct in less than 5 million yrs.
• Cretaceous extinction separates Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras: 65 mya
• Impact hypothesis
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SYSTEMATICS
The study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context
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Carolus Linnaeus, or Carl Linné, 1707-1778, Swedish botanist.
http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/linnaeus.html
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Taxonomy
• The naming and classification of organisms
• Formalized by Carolus Linnaeus(1707-78)
• Binomial nomenclature: Genus & species
Leopard = Panthera pardus
African Lion = Panthera leo
• Hierarchical classification system
• Taxon = a group at any level (plural,taxa)
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Domains
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Diversity of Systems
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CLADISTICS
A Taxonomic Approach To Classification
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Cladistics• Phylogenetic approach to classification
• Based on dichotomous (2-way) branching
• Branches show new species budding from a common ancestor
• Branching symbolizes historical chronology
• Each branch is called a clade
• Clades consist of an ancestral species and all of its descendants: Monophyletic
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Examine groups for common ancestors. Branches should bifurcate (split in two).
Taxon one consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendents
Taxon 2 includes some, but not all of A’s descendents
Taxon 3 lacks a common ancestor. Two ancestors for one group (D,E,G,H)
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Cladistic Analysis
Clades are defined by their shared-derived characters
The outgoup (Lancelet) and ingroup share characters that were present in the common ancestor. The ingoup is defined by the presence of a vertebral column.
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Phylogeny Inferred From
• Morphological data (comparative anatomy)
• Fossil data
• DNA
• Proteins
• Embryology (embryo & fetal development)
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Molecular Clocks
• Rely on genomic regions that evolve at a fairly constant rate
• Must be referenced to fossil records to provide accuracy
• Difficult to relate to absolute time