PHYLA REVIEW

PHYLUM PORIFERA Sessile Spongeocoel Pores in body osculum

PHYLUM CNIDARIANS Jellyfish, hydra, sea

anemone, & coral Polyp and medusa

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp32/32020.html

Whoa!!Double whoa!!

hydra

stinging cellwith nematocyst

trigger

dischargednematocyst

undischargednematocyst

tentacles

mouth

sensorycell

stingingcell

STINGING CELLS OF CNIDARIANS

Nematocyst: a venomous cell unique to Cnidarians. Fires a structure & releases a toxin to capture & kill prey.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

“FLAT WORMS” Flukes, tapeworms

PHYLUM NEMATODA

Round Worms Hook worms &

pinworms Eating undercooked

meat

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Molluscs, clams, snails,

octopus Soft body with shell 3 main parts

Muscular footVisceral massmantle

PHYLUM ANNELIDA Segmented Worms

Divided by septa Earthworms &

leeches hermaphrodites

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Most successful

and diverse phyla Spiders,

millipedes, crustaceans, & insects

Exoskeleton of chitin

3 main parts Abdomen Thorax head

ARTHROPOD GROUPS

Insects6 legs, 3 body parts

Crustaceans3 or more pairs of legsgills, 2 pairs antennaecrab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp

Arachnids8 legs, 2 body partsspiders, ticks, scorpions

PHYLUM ECHINODERMS Starfish, sea

urchins, sea cucumbers, & sand dollars

Arms of 5 Spiny

endoskeleton

VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

•Class Agnatha•Class Chondrichthyes•Class Osteichthyes•Class Amphibia•Class Reptilia•Class Aves•Class Mammalia

AGNATHA Jawless Fish Slinder body No paired fins Lays eggs Cartilage skeleton Lamprey eel & Hagfish

EMERGENCE OF JAWS

Increase range for prey capture

Increase size of prey Increased energy content

of prey Jawed species increase in

size

CHONDRICHTHYES

Sharks, skates, & rays Cartilage skeleton Well-developed jaws Paired fins Body Plan:

Tail-PropulsionDorsal Fin-stabilizationOil stored in liver for

buoyancy lay eggs AND live birth

Manta Ray

Skate

OSTEICHTHYES Bony Fish Skin covered by flat,

bony scales Gills with operculum

(flap) Swim bladder for

buoyancy Lay eggs body

gills

GILLS Use Dissolved O2 in

H20 for gas exchange Large, highly folded

organ-> increase S.A

EMERGENCE OF FEET…TETRAPODS

Four feet Except snakes Used for locomotion:

crawling, walking, running, flying or swimming

AMPHIBIA

“two” lives (water and terrestrial)

Frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians

Lay eggs (not hard shelled)

Gas exchange via LUNGS, in mouth, & across skin (scaleless)

Ectotherm “cold-blooded”

lung

buccalcavity

glottisclosed

REPTILIA Lizards, snakes, turtles, &

crocodiles Scales made of keratin ectothermic Lay eggs (hard shelled) Lungs for breathing embryoleathery

shell

chorion

allantoisyolk sac

amnion

AVES Characteristics

body structure○ feathers & wings○ thin, hollow bone;

flight skeleton○ bipedal

body function○ very efficient lungs & air sacs○ endotherms

reproduction○ Lay eggs trachea

anteriorair sacs

lung

posteriorair sacs

MAMMALS Characteristics

body structure○ hair○ specialized teeth○ Most have sweat glands○ Mammary glands

body function○ four-chambered heart○ endothermic

reproduction○ internal fertilization and

development nourishment through

placenta○ birth live young○ mammary glands make

milk

mice, ferret elephants, batswhales, humans

musclescontract

diaphragmcontracts

MAMMALS Sub-groups

MONOTREMES○ egg-laying mammals○ duckbilled platypus, echidna

MARSUPIALS○ pouched mammals○ short-lived placenta○ koala, kangaroo, opossum

P L AC E N TA L○ true placenta○ shrews, bats, whales, humans

VERTEBRATE QUICK CHECK…

Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are

endothermic Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals

very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups

of mammals?