Animal Kingdom

• Classify similar animals into Phyla

• 36 Animal Phyla – Only 1 has vertebrates

Nekton

• Strong swimmers in the pelagic realm

CUTTLEFISH

Squid

Giant Squid Captured, Filmed for First Time : Dec 22, 2006- Japan

Fig. 13-12, p. 268

An immature female specimen of the squid researchers are calling Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni the "colossal squid". (April 2003)

Cephalopod Mollusks

• Pelagic = squid, cuttlefish, chambered nautilus

• (benthic = octopus)

• Foot modified into tentacles

• Active predators

• Highly evolved nervous system

• Largest of the invertebrates (59 ft squid)

Vertebrates:Cartilaginous Fish –

• Skeletons made of cartilage• skates, rays

– more benthic

– Dorsoventrally flattened

• sharks – More pelagic

– Torpedo shaped and streamlined

Fig. 13-13, p. 269

Fig. 13-14, p. 269

Cartilaginous Fish

• skeletons made of tough elastic cartilage

• negatively buoyant– Use fins for lift– Store oil in liver

• Gill slits are visible

• some of the active sharks must swim to breathe

Vertebrates: Bony Fish

• Skeletons made of bone

• most numerous and successful of all vertebrates

Fig. 13-15, p. 270

Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes

• swim bladders

Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes

• operculum

Fig. 13-16, p. 271

Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes

• body shape effects the efficiency of movement

Vertebrates: Marine Reptiles

• Sea turtles, sea snakes, marine iguanas, marine crocodiles

Fig. 13-19, p. 273

Fig. 13-18, p. 272

Marine Reptiles

• ectothermic

• covered with scales

• breathe air with lungs,

• have specialized salt glands to excrete excess salt taken in from seawater

Vertebrates: Marine Birds

• Albatrosses, pelicans, gulls, terns, puffins and penguins

• are endotherms

• have feathers

• also have salt secreting glands

Fig. 13-20, p. 274

Vertebrates: Marine Mammals

• mammary glands

• hair

• endothermic

Marine Mammals

• Cetaceans – porpoises, dolphins and whales– toothed whales & baleen whales

Fig. 13-21a, p. 275

Fig. 13-21b, p. 276

Fig. 13-22a, p. 277

Marine Mammals

• Carnivora – seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters and polar

bears

Marine Mammals

• Sirenia– manatees- only herbivorous marine mammal

Fig. 13-25, p. 279

Marine Mammals

• streamlined bodies

• breathe air using lungs

• modified respiratory & circulatory system system

• osmotic adaptations