Major Animal PhylaPorifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata

Phylum Poriferasponges

Have no definite shape asymmetrical;No tissues or organsColony of specialized cellsImmobileGood powers of regenerationSkeleton of spongin and spicules

CLASSES OF SPONGESClass Calcarea has calcium carbonate spiculesClass Hexactinellida glass sponges with spicules of silicaClass Demospongiae no spicules, only spongin

SPONGE ANATOMY

Barrel sponge

Vase sponge

Tube sponge

Venus Flower Basket

Phylum Cnidariastinging-celled animals

Jellyfishes, corals, anemonesRadial symmetryTwo tissue layers with inner mesoglea Primitive nerve net but no brain2-way digestive tractStinging cells for capturing food.

CLASSES OF CNIDARIANSClass Hydrozoa Hydra, Portuguese-Man-of-War, Obelia; mostly polyp or hydroid stageClass Scyphozoa true jellyfishes; mostly medusa stageClass Anthozoa corals, anemonesClass Cubozoa box jellies

CLASS HYDROZOAHydra

CLASS SCYPHOZOA

Moon jelly

CLASS ANTHOZOA

Sea anemone

Aggregating anemones

Anemone

Coral polyps

Coral reef

CLASS CUBOZOA

Phylum Platyhelminthesflatworms

First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetryHave primitive brain3 tissue layers Includes free-living flatworms and parasitic flatworms (tapeworms, flukes)

CLASSES OF FLATWORMSClass Turbellaria free-living flatworms

Class Cestoda tapeworms

Class Trematoda - flukes

Flatworm

Flatworm

Flatworm

Tapeworm head (scolex)

Liver fluke

Phylum Annelidasegmented wormsEarthworms, sandworms, leeches One-way digestive system Have well-developed digestive and circulatory systems

CLASSES OF ANNELIDSClass Oligochaeta earthworms, bloodworms; oligo- means few and chaeta means a bristle or stout hairClass Polychaeta many bristles and parapodia (fleshly lobes to walk withClass Hirudinea leeches (most are NOT bloodsuckers)

Christmas tree worm

Feather-duster worm

Fireworm

Nereis a polychaete

Oligochaete

Leech

Phylum Mollusca-soft bodied animalsincludes snails, slugs, nudibranchs, chitons, limpets, clams, oysters, squid, octopus, nautilus, etc.Either have no shell, one shell, or two shellsMany have hard mouth parts (radula in gastropods, beak in cephalopods).

CLASSES OF MOLLUSCSClass Gastropoda snails, slugs, conchs, nudibranchs; have either no shell or one shell; name means stomach footClass Bivalvia clams, oysters, mussels; have two shells that hinge togetherClass Polyplacophora chitons; snail-like with 8 embedded plates on its backClass Cephalopoda squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish; name means head foot; well-developed nervous system

Nudibranch

Nudibranch

Nudibranch

Chiton

Chiton

Reef Squid

Cuttlefish

Blue-ring octopus

Chambered nautilus

Triton shell

Oyster on half-shell(needs Tabasco)

Scallop

Phylum Arthropoda joint-legged animals

includes insects, crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, and arachnidsexoskeleton made of chitinmust shed shell to grow

CLASSES OF ARTHROPODSClass Crustacea shrimps, lobsters, crabs, crawfishesClass Amphipoda small; called scudsClass Isopoda sea lice; some are parasiticClass Stomatopoda mantis shrimpsClass Pycnogonida sea spidersClass Merostomata horseshoe crabsClass Cirripedia - barnacles

Bulldozer larva - Crustacea

Bulldozer

Cleaner shrimpCrustacea

Spider crabCrustacea

Crab zoeacrustacea

Crab megalops

Stone crab

Hermit crab - crustacea

Amphipoda

Giant Isopod

Parasiticisopod

Ligia exotica - isopod

Mantis shrimp - Stomatopoda(thumbsplitter)

Horseshoe crabMerostomata

Sea spider- Pycnogonida

Barnacles - Cirripedia

Phylum Echinodermata spiney-skinned animalsincludes sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and crinoidsreverted back to radial symmetry (radial in adults / bilateral in larvae)tube feet and water vascular systemMost exhibit pentamerism

WHY ARE ECHINODERMS RANKED SO HIGH?Clues from embryology study of the early development of animalsProtostomes versus DeuterostomesProtostome blastopore forms the mouth in all animals except echinoderms and chordatesDeuterostomes blastopore forms the anus in echinoderms and chordates

CLASSES OF ECHINODERMSClass Asteroidea sea starsClass Ophiuroidea brittle stars, serpent starsClass Echinoidea sea urchins, sand dollarsClass Holothuroidea sea cucumbersClass Crinoidea sea lilies, feather stars

Sea star - Asteroidea

Bat star - Asteroidea

Pycnopodia - Asteroidea

Brittle star - Ophiuroidea

Sea urchin - Echinoidea

Purple urchinsEchinoidea

Sand dollar - Echinoidea

Sea cucumberHolothuroidea

Feather star - Crinoidea

Phylum ChordataIncludes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammalsChordate characteristics:Dorsal hollow nerve tubeNotochordPharyngeal gill slitsPost anal tail

CHORDATE CLASSIFICATIONThe Protochordates - invertebrate chordatesSubphylum Urochordata sea squirts, salps, and ascidiansSubphylum Cephalochordata lancelets

True Chordates:Subphylum Vertebrata

Tunicate - Urochordata

Tunicate - Urochordata

Salp- Urochordata

CEPHALOCHORDATEAmphioxus

SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATAClass Agnatha jawless fishes; lampreys and hagfishesClass Chondrichthys cartilaginous fishes; sharks, rays, skates, chimerasClass Osteichthys boney fishesClass Amphibia frogs, salamandersClass Reptila turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiliansClass Aves birdsClass Mammalia - mammals

VERTEBRATE BODY PLANRecapitulation Theory Ontogeny recapitulates PhylogenyThe embryological and developmental changes an organism goes through restates its evolutionary historyEvolution cannot go back and change historyit can only modify what is pre-existing

Sea lamprey - Agnatha

Hagfish - Agnatha

Great white shark - Chondrichthys

Tiger shark - Chondrichthys

Manta ray - Chondrichthys

Stingray - Chondrichthys

Ratfish (Chimera)- Chondrichthys

Electric ray - Chondrichthys

Leafy sea dragon - Osteichthys

Sargassum fish - Osteichthys

Deep sea angler fish - Osteichthys

Clown anemone fish - Osteichthys

Bull dolphin - Osteichthys

Bullfrog - Amphibia

Green sea turtle Reptila

American alligator - Reptila

Osprey - Aves

Great blue heron - Aves

Humpback whales - Mammalia

Sea lionMammalia