Phrases,Clauses,

Sentences,and How to Punctuate Them

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Completing your Grammar Text Book

1. Each slide equals one page in your book. 2. Write on the front and back of each page.3. Write neatly and clearly. 4. Copy down the notes exactly as they appear.5. Space your notes so that they take up the entire page: leave space after main headings and subheadings, etc.

6. Color code your notes by underlining headings, subheadings, and examples in color as they appear on the slide.

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The Phrase

The Prepositional Phrase

Common Prepositions

1

The PhraseA phrase is a group of words that function as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject.

The Prepositional Phrase

A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (object of the preposition).

Common Prepositions

64 Commonly Used Prepositions

about beneath in front of outsideabove beside in place of overaccording to besides in spite of pastacross between inside since after beyond since instead of throughagainst but into throughoutalong by like toamong despite near towardaround down next to underaside from during of underneathas except off untilat except for on upbecause of for on account of uponbefore from onto withbehind in out withinbelow in back of out of without

Examples of Prepositional Phrases 2

Text: Elements of Language1.

2.

3.

Novel: _________________________ 1. 2. 3.

2Examples of Prepositional Phrases

Text: Elements of Language prep. object

1. Into the thick mist vanished the carriage. prep. object

2. Linh Phan has the lead in the school play. prep. object object prep. object

3. Come with Rick and me to the concert.

Novel: _________________________ 1.

2.

3.

3Adjective & Adverb Phrases

Examples of Adjective PhrasesText: Elements of Language

1. 2.

3Adjective & Adverb Phrases

Adjective PhrasesBoth Adverb PhrasesWhich one? Both are When? Where?What kind? Prepositional How? Why? Phrases How often? How long?How many? To what extent?How much?

They modify nouns Both modify They modify verbs,And pronouns something else adjectives, or adverbsin a sentence

Examples of Adjective PhrasesText: Elements of Language1. Rosa chose the one with blue stripes. (which one?) 2. We bought a CD by Janet Jackson. (what kind?)

4Examples of Adverb PhrasesText: Elements of Language1. 2.

The Participial Phrase

4Examples of Adverb PhrasesText: Elements of Language1. The cavalry will reach the fort by noon. (when?)2. We got our new puppy at the animal shelter. (where?)

The Participial Phrase A participial phrase consists of a participle and its modifiers. The entire phrase acts as an adjective.

Participle = a verb acting as an adjective

5Examples of Participial PhrasesText: Elements of Language 1.

2.

Novel: _________________________ 1. 2.

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Examples of Participial Phrases Text: Elements of Language subject verb

1. Stretching slowly, the cat jumped down from the windowsill.

subject verb

2. The tornado predicted by the meteorologist did not verb

hit our area.

Novel: _________________________ 1. 2.

6The Infinitive Phrase

Examples of Infinitive PhrasesText: Elements of Language1. 2. Novel: _________________________1. 2.

Examples of Infinitive PhrasesText: Elements of Language noun/subject verb1. To be a good gymnast takes hard work. verb subject adj. adverb2. Are you ready to go to the gym now?

Novel: ________________________1.

2.

The Infinitive Phrase 6

An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and its modifiers. The entire phrase may be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

Infinitive = to + verb

7The Appositive Phrase

Examples of Appositive Phrases

Text: Elements of Language

1.

2. Novel: _________________________ 1. 2.

7The Appositive Phrase

An appositive phrase renames or explains the word before it.

Examples of Appositive PhrasesText: Elements of Language

1. Jamaica, a popular island for tourists, is in the Non-essential info. = commas Caribbean Sea. 2. May I introduce you to Vernon, my cousin from Non-essential info. = commas Jamaica. 3. My sister Alicia is at basketball practice. Essential info. = no commas

Novel: _________________________1. 2.

8The Clause

The Independent Clause(main clause)

Examples of Independent ClausesText: Elements of Language1.

2. 3.

Novel: _______________________________1.

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The ClauseA clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence.

The Independent Clause(main clause)

An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence.

Examples of Independent ClausesText: Elements of Language

1. My mother drove me to school.2. My mother drove me to school, but my brother rode his bicycle. 3. Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me to school.

Novel: _______________________________1.

9The Subordinate Clause

(dependent clause)

The Adjective Clause

9The Subordinate Clause

(dependent clause)A subordinate clause does NOT express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me to school.

Two kinds of subordinate clauses are the Adjective Clause and the Adverb Clause.

The Adjective Clause

An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjective clauses begin with Relative Pronouns:

that whom

which whose who

10Examples of Adjective Clauses Text: Elements of Language

1. 2.

Novel: _______________________________

1.

2.

10Examples of Adjective Clauses Text: Elements of Language noun

1. A snorkel is a hallow tube that lets a diver breath underwater. Pronoun

2. Those whose library books are overdue must pay fines.

Novel: _______________________________ 1. 2.

11The Adverb Clause

Examples of Adverb ClausesText: Elements of Language

1. 2. 3.

Novel: _______________________________

1. 2.

11The Adverb Clause

An adverb clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction:

Examples of Adverb ClausesText: Elements of Language

1. I feel as though I will never catch up. 2. After I finish painting my bookcases, I will call you. 3. I have more work to do today because I didn’t paint yesterday.

Novel: _______________________________1. 2.

12The Sentence

The Simple Sentence

The Compound Sentence

Coordinating Conjunctions

12The Sentence

The Simple Sentence

One complete thought – an independent clause The Compound Sentence

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a

comma and a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. You can remember the coordinating

conjunctions with the word FANBOYS:

Coordinating Conjunctions For But And Or Nor Yet So

13Examples of Compound SentencesText: Elements of Language1.

2.

3. Novel: ________________________ 1. 2.

Examples of Compound Sentences 13Text: Elements of Language 1. Kathryn’s scene is in the last act of the play, so she must wait in the wings for her

cue. 2. No one was injured in the fire, but several home were destroyed, and many trees

burned down. 3. No one was injured in the fire; several homes weredestroyed, and many trees

burned down. Novel: ________________________ 1.

2.

14The Complex Sentence

Examples of Complex SentencesText: Elements of Language 1. 2. Novel: ____________________________ 1.

2.

14The Complex Sentence

A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.

Examples of Complex SentencesText: Elements of Language

1. When I hear classical music, I think of Aunt Sofia. 2. Helen Keller, who overcame severe physical impair- ments, showed great determination.

Novel: ____________________________ 1. 2.

15The Compound-Complex Sentence

Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. Novel: ____________________________ 1. 2.

15The Compound-Complex Sentence

A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.

Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences Text: Elements of Language

1. The band began to play, and Clarissa was pulled onto the floor for a dance that was starting. 2. Whenever we go on vacation, our neighbors mow our yard, and they collect our mail.

Novel: ____________________________ 1. 2.

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PunctuationThe Comma ,

1. …to separate lists of words, phrases, and clauses: Words: We visited cities, people, and parks. Phrases: He worked in the morning, at dusk, and in the evening. Clauses: She developed the photos, I enlarged them, and Tim put them

in frames.

2. …between adjectives: We saw a run-down, rusty car outside. 3. …before the conjunction in a compound sentence:

We wanted a picture of the sunrise, but it rained that day.

(fanboy)

174. …dates & locations: Saturday, July 20 Phoenix, Arizona London, England 5. …around an interrupter or an appositive:

His hope, of course, was that she would return. Joe, my uncle, laughed at the joke. 6. …after an introductory phrase: To succeed in school, you must study. No, we don’t need any more supplies.

18Examples of Commas Novel: _________________________ Rule # ___:

Rule # ___:

Rule # ___:

19The Semicolon ; 1. …in place of a coordinating conjunction: Shelly’s birthstone is a ruby; Faith’s is an opal. 2. …to separate three or more independent clauses: The birds vanished; the sky grew dark; the little pond was still. 3. …Semicolon Comma “Combo” Use a semicolon and a comma with words like also, besides,

furthermore, however, as a result, at this time, consequently … I like the color of the leaves in October; however, I do not like raking them.

20Examples of SemicolonsNovel: _________________________1. 2. 3.

The Colon :1. …formal greeting - Dear Sir: 2. …time - 8:30 AM 3. …before a list - In music we study these composers: Copland, Ives, and Barber.

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DO NOT USE A COLON AFTER A VERB OR A PREPOSITION

Incorrect: Bring: a book, a pencil, and paper.Correct: Bring the following: a book, a pencil, and paper.

Incorrect: The program consists of: a solo, a duet, and a trio. Correct: The program consists of these acts: a solo, a duet, and a

trio.

Examples of Colons Novel: ____________________________ 1. 2.