Photonic Devices for Vehicle Evolution

- The Latest in Optical MEMS and Solid State Photonics

Jack Bennett

HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS UK – Nov 2015

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Company Overview

Technology company, with focus on extensive

research

Founded 1953

Over 4000 Employees

World leader in Photonics

Largest Photonics company in the world today

Complete one-stop-shop for all needed know-how,

design and high reliability mass production

But also - Well over 100 million devices built into cars

Best known for - The LHC (CERN - Higgs Boson)

4 Divisions

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Products of Solid State Division

Si photodiodes APD/ MPPC Photo ICs Image sensors PSD

Infrared detectors Visible sensors Colour sensors LED Optical comms

LCOS-SLM Flat panel sensors Mini-spectrometers Modules Automotive devices

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Markets and Applications

(Bio-) Medical and Dental Analytical

Industrial

High Energy Physics and

Science

Automotive Consumer

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Automotive Applications

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Setting the Scene for the Future

What are the megatrends?

Rise of Industry 4.0 and IoT (internet of things – includes vehicles)

Rise of Automation (vehicles + many other things)

Connectivity (cars the next big platform?)

Urbanisation – Smart cities, smart infrastructure management (interact with cars)

Trend to small size, high speed, green devices ( Photonics)

Software, big data, cloud computing etc

Hamamatsu sees future as evolving from a “detector company”…

…To “IC, ASIC, CMOS, MOEMS” company More integration, more functionality

Future markets will be driven by use cases, not always technology

Many new applications being thought up, and new industries created with

MEMS/MOEMS and Photonic devices

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What is MEMS / MOEMS ?

MOEMS – Micro Opto Electro Mechanical Systems

Bringing together optics, electronics and mechanical moving parts in micro-scale

components

MEMS/MOEMS a focus and key technology for us

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What is MEMS / MOEMS ?

MEMS Technology

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MEMS Mirrors

~1 mm diameter mirror

Capable of scanning in 2 dimensions, many thousands of times per second

Then, if you focus a Red/Green/Blue laser onto this you effectivly have a full colour

laser projector

This requires no complex optics (because the laser beams are collimated), a very

small volume and a small amount of power

This is a MEMS Mirror :

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What is MEMS / MOEMS and a Micro Mirror?

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Structure and Operating Principle

As you alternate the current in the wire, a force is produced on the mirror (Lorentz Force)

The mirrors are actuated at their resonant frequency, or in static mode

It uses innovative, fatigue-free actuation (no mechanical contact or gearing)

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Example of [Gen-1] Demo Unit (Not Product)

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Key Features

Small size

Low voltage operation <5V

Low power consumption

Wide oscillation angle

High speed

Sensitivity to dust – None

Sensitivity to radiation – None

Use in resonant mode (resonant frequency), or static mode (DC or steering mode)

Magnetic actuators have high linearity, high mirror control & direct and precise

mirror position sensing

The laser beam used is collimated, then the image will always be in focus, so

there is no need for complex optics

Displays using lasers have high Illuminance and high colour reproductivity

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Other Applications

Creating structured light for 3D imaging/mapping and machine vision or factory

automation – “Smart light pattern projection”

Gas sensing (the larger area 2mm devices)

Replacing galvos and mechanical mirrors in scanners. Only not for high power

applications yet.

Beam switching (optical fibres, high speed comms, multi-gas sensing etc)

Pico projectors

Smart glasses and helmet / visor displays

Retina scanning

Vehicle Headlights

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MEMS Mirrors

We believe laser MEMS based HUDs will provide the image clarity, resolution,

wide angle and compact size required for the future of automotive HUDs

Laser technology is not yet proven in the automotive sector but interest is large

due to the technology's potential

Hamamatsu Photonics are one-stop company for all needed know-how;

Our Solid State Division and Integral Optics Division design all core elements

Mass production capability

High quality & reliability consistent with the automotive sector

The next generation of opto-semiconductors are being realised through MOEMS

technology

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Every element and compound will absorb light at specific wavelengths, like a fingerprint

This technique is called absorption spectroscopy

Spectroscopy can be used for fuel quality measurements, AdBlue measurements,

exhaust gas analysis, alcohol checking etc

MEMS Spectrometers - Background

MOEMS technology shrinks these devices from printer/handheld sized, to fingertip

sized – Multi-gas spectral measurement

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MEMS Spectrometers – New Technology

Micro-spectrometer MEMS-FPI MEMS-FTIR

Diffraction type spectrometer

UV – Near-IR

Sensitivity x 100

Hermetically sealed

Fabry-Perot Interferometer

Near-IR to Mid-IR

Tuneable Filter Technology

Low cost

Fourier Transform Interferometer

Near IR (Mid-IR in future)

High speed

World first

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3D ToF Distance Image Sensors

Obstacle Detection

Gesture Control

3D Imaging

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ToF Distance Image Sensors

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3D Imaging - Background

Gauging the distance, size and shape of an object is of paramount and self-

evident practical importance in everyday life

Nature has evolved a variety of ways for organisms to obtain 3-D information:

stereoscopic vision utilizing two or more eyes, and sonar ranging are two

examples

Extending this ability to inanimate systems such as robots, “decision makers”

in automated assembly lines, or self-driving vehicles has been and continues

to be an active area of research and development

The breakthrough is the development of a CMOS-architecture imaging array

where each pixel is a photonic mixer device

We will take a look at a type of 3-D camera, referred to as an indirect time-

of-flight (I-TOF) camera

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Principle of Operation

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Example

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Distance Accuracy

An achievable uncertainty of a few cm, for a distance of a few meters, is low

enough for I-TOF cameras to find many practical applications

Distance uncertainty as a function of collected charge

The more light there is the more accurate the distance resolution

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Connectivity - Information Transfer

We will need a high speed communication / data transfer system to handle

the ever increasing amounts of data

We are developing the next generation 5 Gb/s MOST transceivers

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What is MOST? (Media Oriented Systems Transport)

MOST is a fibre optic transceiver solution,

for audio/video/other data transmission via

the MOST bus

The latest generation is capable of 150

Mbps (per channel)

Used to transport data between

infotainment devices, eg, radio to

speakers, Blu-ray player to HD screen,

GPS etc

Also a MOST Ethernet channel available,

so it is compatible with external devices

like smartphones

MOST is the standard in cars today

Advantages such as the low weight of

fibres, high quality of signals and no EM

noise can interfere with optical signals

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MOST – Next Gen

5 Gb/s

50 um fibre, GaAs photodiode and VCSEL

emitter will be used

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Distance and Position Measurement / LIDAR

Time of Flight (TOF) measurement

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LIDAR – Light Sources

New Pulsed Laser Diodes

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LIDAR – Detectors

APDs (avalanche photodiodes, gain ~100)

APD array technology

Custom hybrid devices - APDs with TIA / IC

MPPC (multi pixel photon counters) - Silicon photomultipliers (gain ~ 1,000,000)

Huge advancements in MPPC performance (Solid state version of a PMT)

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LIDAR - MPPCs

Key technology

It is a multi-pixelated APD operated in Geiger mode

MEMS fabrication processes (TSV technology)

Silicon, Solid State, low cost

Photomultiplier - gain ~1,000,000

Small size, high speed, rugged, low voltage operation compared to a PM-Tube

The total output from incident photons varies in proportion with the number of pixels

that are excited with a certain probability

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What technology improvements have Hamamatsu made?

Reduced crosstalk

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What technology improvements have Hamamatsu made?

Reduced crosstalk

Reduced afterpulsing

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What technology improvements have Hamamatsu made?

Reduced crosstalk

Reduced afterpulsing

Reduced dark count rate

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What technology improvements have Hamamatsu made?

Reduced crosstalk

Reduced afterpulsing

Reduced dark count rate

Increased fill factor

Pixel Pitch Previous SiPM Latest SiPM

50um 61% 74%

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What technology improvements have Hamamatsu made?

Reduced crosstalk

Reduced afterpulsing

Reduced dark count rate

Increased fill factor

Increased PDE

PDE = QE x Fill Factor x Avalanche Probability

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What technology improvements have Hamamatsu made?

Reduced crosstalk

Reduced afterpulsing

Reduced dark count rate

Increased fill factor

Increased PDE

Increased operating voltage range

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Headlight, LED and Display Control

Automatic Headlight control.

Control of LED or lamp brightness and colour for dashboard instruments and displays in the car.

S9705 Light to

frequency converter

S9067-101

Photo IC diode S11153-01MT

Photo IC diode S11154-01CT

Photo IC diode

S11012-01CR

Digital Color Sensor S10917-35GT

Color Sensor

Photo ICs (Photodiode + IC) Photodiodes with RGB filter

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Customisation of Photo ICs

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Photonic Applications in Automotive Report

Market report on Photonic Technologies for the automotive industry

Goal – To provide to Automotive companies to make them aware of Photonics

Put together by EPIC and Tematys

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Vision

We use the technologies of light to help create a future world with balance

among all forms of life

We call this “Life Photonics”

We believe that photonics technology can provide the means to overcome

many of the challenges mankind faces

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Thank you

http://www.hamamatsu.com/jp/en/community/automotive/index.html

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