A g r i c u l t u r a l Watershed S t u d i e s

Task Group C (Canad ian S e c t i o n ) - A c t i v i t y 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e f e r e n c e Group on Great Lakes

P o l l u t i o n from Land U s e A c t i v i t y

Phosphorus I n t e g r a t i o n R e p o r t

CONTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHORUS TO THE GREAT LAKES FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND I N THE

CANADIAN GREAT LAKES BASIN

M.H. Miller and A.C . S p i r e s Department of Land Resource S c i e n c e

U n i v e r s i t y of Guelph Guelph, Ontario

March, 1978

DISCLAIMER

The i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t i s a n i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e

d a t a from s e v e r a l p r o j e c t s conduc ted as a p a r t of the e f f o r t s of t h e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e f e r e n c e Group on Great Lakes P o l l u t i o n from Land Use A c t i v i t i e s

(PLUARG), an o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Commission, e s t a b l i s h e d

u n d e r the Canada-U.S. Great Lalies \da t e r Q u a l i t y Agreement of 1972 . The

c o n c l u s i o n s a r e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e a u t h o r s and n o t of t h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r t he i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s . The r e s u l t s and c o n c l u s i o n s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y

r e f l e c t the views of tlie R e f e r e n c e Group o r i t s recommendations t o t h e

Commission.

i

The a d t h o r s wish t o e x p r e s s t h e i r npp re(- i a t i o n to tlici rn<iny p c i o p I C %

who p rov ided i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s rc.1)oi-t . Of p a r t i r i i l a r impor tancc~

h a s been t h e a s s i s t a n c e of D . R . Coote and 17.M. M , i c l ) o n a l t l i n p rov i t l i ng t h c .

i n f o r m i t i o n 0.1 land u s e ;I; t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l w C i t c ~ r s h c ~ t l ~ , i nd i n t l i e Or,t;ii-io

s u b b a s i n s of t h e Lower Great Lakes WntershcJ t l . Thanks a r e ex tended t o D . I rv in t . a t i d A . M( 1,onn;in for t h c , ( lrauylit iny:

O F t h e f i g u r e s and t o K . H a l l i b u r t o n f o r thc. t y p i n g o f t h t , rn , ini i%rript .

T h i s p r o j e c t w a s funded t t i rough I l d t i c n t i o n , J ~ c ~ s c ~ ~ i r ~ ~ I i , ~ n t l S p c ~ i a 1

S e r v i c e s D i v i s i o n , O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y of- Agric,\ i l tiirc, <inti I 2 c i o t l .

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I) IS C [,A I MliK

ACKNOWI, I<D(:I<MI:N'I'S

'I'Al3lIl< OF CONTENTS

1,lS'T OF 'I'ABLl<S

LIST ( IF FIGURES

1 .0 SLlmIARTi

2 . 0 TN'rRODUC'I'ION

3.0 AGKICULTURAL WATERSHED STUDIES

3.1 A g r i c u l t u r a l C o n t r i b u t i o n

3.1.1 T o t d l P

3 .1 .7 T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P

3 .2 C o n t r i b u t i o n from Cropland

3 . 2 . 1 Sediment A s s o c i a t e d P

3 . 2 . 2 Di s so lved R e a c t i v e P

3 .3 C o n t r i b u t i o n from L i v e s t o c k

3.4 C o n t r i b u t i o n from S t reambank E r o s i o n

3 .5 C o n t r i b u t i o n from Unimproved Land

3.6 C o n t r i b u t i o n from P r i v a t e Waste Disposal Systcms

3.7 C o n t r i b u t i o n from S u b s u r f a c e D r a i n i g e

3 .8 A d d i t i o n a l S o u r c e s

3 .9 F e r t i l i z e r Phosphorus Use i n A g r ' c u l t a r a l Watersheds

3.10 D i s c u s s i o n o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Watershed S t u d i e s

4.0 EXTRAPOLATION TO SUBBASTNS OF GRAND AND SAUGCEN RIVERS

5.0 EXTRAPOLATION TO O N T A R I O PORTION OF LOWER GREAT LAKES BASIN

5.1 To t a l Phosphorus

5 . 2 T o t a l D i s s o l v e d Phosphorus

6 .0 REMEDIAL MEASURES

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

i

ii

iii

i v

V

1

3

4

4 4

5 8

8

11

13

13

1 3

1 3

1 4

15

16

18

1 9 25

25

3 -.

3 1

34

36

L I S T OF TABLES

T a b l e 1: U n i t Area Loads of T o t a l Phosphorus from A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds .

T a b l e 2 : E s t i m a t e d Annual T o t a l D i s s o l v e d Phosphorus Load from A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds .

T a b l e 3: Annual T o t a l Phosphorus Load ( T o n n e s l y e a r ) from S o u r c e s V i t t i i n t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds .

T a b l e 4 : F e r t i l i z e r Phosphorus App l i ed I n A g r i c u l t u r a l N a t e r s h e d s i n R e l a t i o n t o Requirements bv S o i l Tes t .

T a b l e 5: E s t i m a t e d l o a d s of t o t a l P (Tonnes /yea r ) from a g r i c u l t u r a l s o u r c e s i n s u b b a s i n s of t h e Grand and Saugeen R i v e r Basins.

T a b l e 6: Es t ima ted t o t a l P loadings from d l 1 s o u r c e s and e s t i m a t e d l o a d i n g s from a g r i c u l t u r a l l and i n s e c t o r s of t h e S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Great Lakes B a s i n .

LIST OF APPENDIX T U L E S

T a b l e A-1 : C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds .

T a b l e A-2: C o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x f o r t o t a l P and t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P loads and A g r i c u l t u r a l 1Ja tc . r s l ied c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

T a b l e A-3: F e r t i l i z e r phosphorus u s e i n A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds R e l a t i v e t o Requ i remen t s as I n d i c a t e d by S o i l Tes t .

T a b l e A-4: Annual u n i t area l o a d s a n d t o t a l l o a d i n g s of t o t a l phosphorus and t o t a l d i s s o l v e d phosphorus due t o a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s i n s u b b a s i n s of t h e S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Great Lakc>s B a s i n as est imated by r e g r e s s i o n e q i i a t i o n s .

T a b l e A-5: Remedial measure programs f o r Ag Watc.rsl1cds 1, 3, 4 and 5 as examples of a s u g g e s t e d appruac l i t o r e m e d i a l measure recommendations.

7

10

1 2

1 7

22

30

37

38

39

4 1

50

i v

LIST OF FIGURES

F i g u r e 1.

F i g u r e 2.

F i g u r e 3 .

F i g u r e 4 .

F i g u r e 5 .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t o t a l P from a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d and % c l a y i n s u r f a c e s o i l and 2 of t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i n row c r o p s .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P from a g r i c u l u t r a l l a n d and 2 c l a y i n t h e s u r f a c e s o i l and amount of f e r t i l i z e r p l u s manure P added i n t h e w a t e r s h e d .

S u b b a s i n s o f t h e Grand R i v e r B a s i n used i n e x t r a p o l a t i o n of d a t a from t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Water s h e d s . S u b b a s i n s of t h e Saugeen R i v e r B a s i n used i n e x t r a p o l a t i o n of d a t a from t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l W a t e r s h e d s .

U n i t a r e a l o a d s of t o t a l P from a g r i c u l t u r a l l and i n S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Great Lakes B a s i n .

L I S T OF APPENDIX FIGURES

F i g u r e A - 1 . L o c a t i o n of s u b b a s i n s of S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of Great Lakes B a s i n .

6

9

20

2 1

2 7

55

V

1 . 0 SUMMARY

The c o n t r i b u t i o n s of phosphorus t o t h e Great Lakes from a g r i c u l t u r a l

l and and t h e a s s o c i a t e d a c t i v i t i e s i n S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o have been e s t i m a t e d

p r i m a r i l y from t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d from t h e m o n i t o r i n g d a t a and t h e

s e v e r a l d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s conducted i n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l wa te r -

s h e d s . Because t h e r e i s v e r y l i m i t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y i n t h e N o r t h e r n

O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Canad ian G r e a t Lakes B a s i n , t h e es t imates made are

t h o u g h t t o b e v a l i d f o r t h e t o t a l Canadian Great Lakes B a s i n .

R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s were deve loped t o r e l a t e t h e u n i t a r e a

l o a d s of t o t a l P and t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P t o wa te r shed c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

The t o t a l P u n i t area l o a d s were p r e d i c t e d (R =0.86) by a r e g r e s s i o n

i n c l u d i n g % c l a y i n t h e s u r f a c e s o i l and t h e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e area i n

row c r o p s . The t o t a l P u n i t a r e a l o a d i n c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g X c l a y i n

t h e s u r f a c e s o i l d u e p r o b a b l y t o i n c r e a s e d sed imen t l o a d . The u n i t area

l o a d a l s o i n c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r t i o n of row c r o p . T h i s i s due t o

two f a c t o r s ; i n c r e a s e d e r o s i o n and hence i n c r e a s e d sed imen t l o a d , and

i n c r e a s e d f e r t i l i z e r phosphorus u s e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h row c r o p p r o d u c t i o n .

The t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P u n i t a r e a l o a d s were p r e d i c t e d (R =0.83) by a

r e g r e s s i o n i n c l u d i n g % c l a y and amount of f e r t i l i z e r and manure P added i n

t h e w a t e r s h e d . These r e g r e s s i o n s were used t o es t imate t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s

from a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s i n s u b b a s i n s of t h e Grand and Saugeen River

B a s i n s and f i n a l l y f o r a l l s u b b a s i n s i n S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o .

2

2

The c o n t r i b u t i o n s of t o t a l P from c r o p l a n d , l i v e s t o c k o p e r a t i o n s ,

s t r eambank e r o s i o n and unimproved a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d were e s t i m a t e d

i n d e p e n d a n t l y f o r t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s and f o r t h e s u b b a s i n s of t h e

Grand and Saugeen R i v e r B a s i n . I t was e s t i m a t e d t h a t a b o u t 70% of t h e

a g r i c u l t u r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n of t o t a l P c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o r u n o f f from

c r o p l a n d , 20% t o l i v e s t o c k o p e r a t i o n s , and 5% t o e a c h of s t r eambank e r o s i o n

and r u n o f f from unimproved a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d . About 40% of t h e t o t a l P

w a s e s t i m a t e d t o b e i n t h e d i s s o l v e d form. A d d i t i o n a l s o u r c e s which w e r e

found t o c a u s e l o c a l i z e d c o n t r i b u t i o n s were: ( 1 ) p r i v a t e w a s t e d i s p o s a l

s y s t e m s l o c a t e d c l o s e t o d r a i n a g e d i t c h e s o r which were d i r e c t l y c o n n e c t e d

t o f i e l d d r a i n a g e s y s t e m s ; ( 2 ) c o n t r i b u t i o n from s u b s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e of

c u l t i v a t e d o r g a n i c s o i l areas; and ( 3 ) d r a i n a g e from f a r m y a r d s i n c l u d i n g

s e e p a g e from s i l o s .

- 2 -

E x t r a p o l a t i o n t o t h e Grand and Saugeen R i v e r B a s i n s u s i n g t h e

r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s i n d i c a t e d t h a t 50 t o 70% of t h e t o t a l P l o a d i n t h e s e

K i v e r s cou ld be a t t r i b u t e d t o a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s .

T h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s were a l s o used t o estimate t h e u n i t area

l o a d s of t o t a l P i n ove r 300 s u b b a s i n s i n t h e S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of

t h e Great Lakes B a s i n . The u n i t area l o a d s of t o t a l P from a g r i c u l t u r a l

l and ranged from 0 .15 t o 1 .66 k g / h a / y r . The h i g h e r v a l u e s were found i n

t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e b a s i n where i n t e n s i v e row c r o p p r o d u c t i o n

i s p r a c t i s e d on c l a y s o i l s .

The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s were developed f o r s m a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l 2 wate r t i s eds (20 t o 60 km ) and t h u s p r e d i c t t h e d e l i v e r y t o t h e o u t l e t s of

w a t e r s h e d s of s i m i l a r s i z e . However, i f a d e l i v e r y r a t i o of 1 i s assumed

f o r t r a n s p o r t of phosphorus from t h e o u t l e t s t o t h e Lakes , t h e u n i t area

l o a d s can be used t o estimate t h e l o a d i n g t o t h e Lakes . I n t h i s manner i t

w a s e s t i m a t e d t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3000 t o n n e s of t o t a l P are c o n t r i b u t e d

a n n u a l l y t o t h e Great Lakes from a g r i c u l t u r a l l and and a s s o c i a t e d a c t i v i t i e s

i n S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o . About 1200 t o n n e s ( 4 0 % ) of t h i s phosphorus i s i n t h e

d i s s o l v e d form.

A l l of t h e estimates i n t h i s r e p o r t a re based on o n l y one o r two

years of m o n i t o r i n g . While t h e estimates a re t h e b e s t t h a t can b e made, t h e

v e r y l i m i t e d t i m e b a s e must b e c o n s i d e r e d i n any a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e

i n f o r m a t i o n .

- 3 -

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The c o n t r i b u t i o n s of phosphorus from v a r i o u s a g r i c u l t u r a l

a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Great Lakes B a s i n have

been e s t i m a t e d p r i m a r i l v from i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d from t h e mon i to red

d a t a and t h e d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s conducted i n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l

w a t e r s h e d s . Because t h e r e i s v e r y l i m i t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y i n t h e

S o r t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Great Lakes B a s i n , t h e es t imates made a re

t h o u g h t t o be v a l i d f o r t h e t o t a l Canad ian Great Lakes B a s i n .

So a t t e m p t h a s been made t o p r e s e n t a r e v i e w of t h e voluminous

l i t e r a t u r e on a g r i c u l t u r a l c o n t r i b i i t i l > n s o f phosphorus t o ground and s u r f a c e

water. A comprehensive r e v i e w of c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o n u t r i e n t en r i chmen t of

Lake E r i e , Ldke O n t a r i o and the i n t e r n a t i o n a ~ s e c t i o n of the S t . Lawrence

R i v e r from a g r i c u l t u r a l d c t i \T i t ies i n 0 n t a i - i ~ ~ jli is completed i n 1973 (Hore

and XacLean 1 9 7 3 ) . T h e major , i c > t i v i t v s i n c e tli'it time has been r e l a t e d t o

t h e PLUARG program and thus is i n c - l \ i d c . t i i n tliis rc 'pnr t .

The major s o u r c e s ot pliosplicJru5 t roni c i c r i c u l t(ir'i1 a c t i v i t i e s a r e

(1) s u r f a c e r u n o f t from c rop ldnd ( 2 ) rkinof C t i-oiii 1 ivt>stc)c*l\ ope r ' i t i ons

i n c l u d i n g r u n o f f of w i n t e r sp read niaiikirc' ( 3 ) strc~~iiiihcinl, t . rosion and ( 4 )

r u n o f f from unimproved land. A4dd i t icJnd1 sourc't~s tlia t n i a v be s i g n i f i c a n t

i n l o c a l i z e d a reas a r e clraii1ag.t. w a t e r s t roni c ' i i 1 t i v . i t c d cJrS.inic. s o i l s and

s e e p a g e from p r i v a t e wc+ste d i s p c ) s a l svstcm.;. N o . i t t c a i i i p t Ii'is been niadt, t o

q u a n t i f y t h e l o a d s from t h e l 'ittrr t v c ) soIIrccxs i n t l i c ' bci5iii, btit t h e v a r c

d i s c u s s e d i n f u r t h e r d e t a i l L a t e r i n tliis r c p o r t .

The forms of phosphorus tlia t h'ive recc i v t > c i tlic3 iiiLiljor c.orisidt.ration

a r e t o t a l P and t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P . Tlie tc ) ta l P i n c 1tidc.s sc.diinc.nt-~issociated

and d i s s o l v e d P . The u s e of t o t a l P 011 sediu ien t i s n o t tht, niost s c n s i t i v e

measure of t h e P a v a i l a b l e t o b i o l o g i c a l s v s t e n i s bc.c . i i is t~ '1 ni'i j o r p o r t i o n

may be i n forms s u c h as a p a t i t e t l iat have a v e r y l o w s o l i i b i l i t v . 'l'tic

p r o p o r t i o n of t h e t o t a l P t h a t is i n r 'u i iava iLablcr ' forms w i l 1 v'irv

depend ing on t h e s o u r c e of t h e s e d i m e n t . The pliospliorris on sc .d imc ,n t dc,r ived

from h i g h l y f e r t i l i z e d f i e l d s w i l l have a 1iigtit.r degree, of ' i vC i i l , i h i 1 i t y

t h a n would t h a t on sed imen t d e r i v e d from s t r eambank c r o s i o n or From

unimproved l a n d . A l though some c o n s i d e r a t i o n was g i v e n t o t l i i s [ac

t h e d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s , i t h a s n o t been p o s s i h l e t o p a r t i t i o n t l i c ' scat1

a s s o c i a t e d phosphorus from t h e v a r i o u s s o u r c e s i n t o rr;iv;i i I ab Ic~" ;ind

" u n a v a i l a b l e r ' forms .

o r i i i

Illc'll t -

- 4 -

This r e p o r t p r e s e n t s t h e combined r e s u l t s of s e v e r a l s t u d i e s i n

t h e a g r i c i t l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s i n terms of t h e t o t a l a g r i c u l t u r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n

and t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from e a c h of t h e f o u r ma jo r s o u r c e s . The i n f o r m a t i o n

o b t a i n e d from the a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s h a s been e x t r a p o l a t e d t o p r o v i d e

estimates of t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from each s o u r c e i n t h e Grand and Saugeen

River b a s i n s . F i n a l l y , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n h a s been e x t r a p o l a t e d t o p r o v i d e

estimates of t h e t o t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n from a g r i c u l t u r a l s o u r c e s i n t h e

r e m a i n i n g r e g i o n s of t h e S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Great Lakes B a s i n .

I t h a s n o t been p o s s i b l e t o e s t i m a t e t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from each i n d i v i d u a l

s o u r c e i n t h e t o t a l b a s i n .

3.0 AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED STUDIES _____-.--

3.1 A g r i c u l t u r a l C o n t r i b u t i o n ____

3.1.1 T o t a l P

The a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s were se l ec t ec l t o r e p r e s e n t t h e r a n g e

of s o i l s , c l imate , c r o p p i n g s y s t e m s and l i v e s t o c k e n t e r p r i s e s found i n t h e

O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Lower Great Lakes B a s i n . Land use a c t i v i t l e s o t h e r

t h a n a g r i c u l t u r e were v e r y I i m i t e d i n t h e w a t e r s h e d s a l t h o u g h t h e r e were

c l u s t e r s of non-farm r e s i d e n c c J s i n some w a t e r s h e d s . N i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of

t h e p o s s i b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n from these r e s i d e n c e s , i t was assumed t h a t t h e

t o t a l l oad from t h e s e w a t e r s h e d s w a s a g r i c u l t u r a l i n o r i g i n . The t o t a l

a g r i c u l t u r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n i n 1976 w a s de t e rmined f o r e a c h wa te r shed by

s u b t r a c t i n g t h e es t imated load from non-farm p r i v a t e waste d i s p o s a l sys t ems

from the t o t a l measured l o a d f o r 1976 as c a l c u l a t e d by t h e NAQUADAT method.

The load from non-farm p r i v a t e waste d i s p o s a l sys t ems was e s t i m a t e d a s

f o l l o w s : Est imates were o b t a i n e d from O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y o f Environment of

t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l l oad from e a c h w a t e r s h e d t h a t cou ld b e a t t r i b u t e d

t o p r i v a t e waste d i s p o s a l s y s t c m s . I t w a s assumed t h a t t h i s l oad would be

from farm and non-farm r e s i d e n c e s i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e i r numbers. Thus t h e

I m t l from non-farm p r i v a t e waste d i s p o s a l sys t ems w a s c a l c u l a t e d .

T h e u n i t area P load from a g r i c u l t u r a l l and w a s t h e n c a l c u l a t e d

by d i v i d i n g t h e t o t a l l oad from a g r i c u l t u r a l s o u r c e s by t h e area of a g r i -

c u l t u r a l l a n d i n e a c h w a t e r s h e d . (See Appendix T a b l e A-1).

To d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n between w a t e r s h e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and

u n i t area l o a d o f t o t a l P , s t e p w i s e m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s e s w e r e per-

formed. The u n i t area P l o a d s from t h e 1 4 w a t e r s h e d s (11 a g r i c u l t u r a l

- 5 -

w a t e r s h e d s p l u s 3 a d d i t i o n a l w a t c r s h e d s f o r wtiiclL \imi I‘ir i n f o r m a t i o n W‘IS

a v a i l a b l e ) were r e l a t e d t o 14 watershr.d r h a r n c t c , r i \ t i ( x ( o n i p i I c ~ l b y D . R .

Coo te . (See Appendix T a b l e A - 1 t o r d a t a ) .

The s i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s br>tween t l i e u n i t circ’,i 1 o<id\ , i m l ~ a t c ~ r s l i c d

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix T a b l e A-2. A I t h o r i p l i scavc.r,iI

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d , the mu1 t i p l c b r egrc . ss ion a n a l y s e s

i n d i c a t e d t h a t two v a r i a b l e s , X c l a y i n tlie s i i r i a ~ c soi 1 <inti / o f t t i c

a g r i c u l t u r a l l and i n row c r o p s , acror inted f o r most of tlica v<ir i . i b i I i t y . N o

o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i g n i f i c a n t l y irnprovc’d t h c , rc ,grc ,ss ion , i f tctr thc . c,f fc,c t s

of t h e s e two v a r i a b l e s were removed. U s i n g the s q ~ 1 ~ 1 t - c ~ ~ of th t ’ / c l a y

( C l ) and 2 row c r o p s ( R C ) s i g n i f i c a n t l y improvc4 t l i c ) rrli.’,rcs\sion comparc.tl

t o t h e l i n e a r terms. The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n i s <is I o l l o w s : 2 2 T o t a l P ( k g / h a / y r ) = -0 .0930 + 0.000846 ( C l ) + 0.000212 (RC )

2 2

R2 = 0 . 8 6

The r e l a t i o n s h i p i s shown g r a p h i c a l l y in F i g u r e 1 . T h e u n i t a r e a l o a d s

e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e 11 a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s r i s ing t h i 5 r e g r e s 5 i o n a r e

shown i n T a b l e 1.

The impor t ance of t h e c l a y c o n t e n t of t h e w a t e r s h e d s o i l s can be

e x p l a i n e d on t h e b a s i s of t h e i n f l u e n c e of s o i l t e x t u r e on i n f i l t r a t i o n anti

r u n o f f . Wi th i n c r e a s i n g c l a y c o n t e n t , rr inoff i n c r e a s e s and t h e sed imen t

l o a d i n c r e a s e s (van V l i e t - e t -- a1 1 9 7 8 ) . ‘I’he i n f l u e n c e of row c r o p s can

be e x p l a i n e d by a combina t ion of t h e e f f e c t s o f row c r o p s on sed iment load

( v a n V l i e t __ e t _ _ a1 1978) and on t h e h i g h e r f e r t i l i z e r phosphorus u s e

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h row c r o p c u l t i v a t i o n . The f e r t i l i z e r P a d d i t i o n i n t h e

w a t e r s h e d s was c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e X row c r o p s ( r = 0 . 8 6 ) . T h i s a s p e c t

w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n more d e t a i l l a t e r i n t h i s r e p o r t ( S e e Sec . 3 . 8 ) .

. 2 T o t a l D i s so lved P

The p r o p o r t i o n of t h e measured l o a d s of t o t a l P from t h e a g r i c u l -

t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s t h a t w a s i n t h e d i s s o l v e d form ranged from 25-60% w i t h a

mean of 43%.

R e l a t i o n s h i p s between t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P and wa te r shed c h a r a c t e r -

i s t i c s w e r e deve loped i n a manner s i m i l a r t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d f o r t o t a l P .

The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p s of t o t a l d i s s o l v e d

P and wa te r shed c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix T a b l e A-2.

- 6 -

2.0

&4 h \ m r \

2 ' a 1 s( - m 0

I- 4-

O

1.0

&4 h \ m r \

2 .o -

m 0

I- CI

'4 O

2 TOTAL P(Kg,/ha/yr) = -0.0939 + 0.000846 ( C 1 ) 2 + 0.000212 (RC)

?

RL = 0.86

F i g u r e 1. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t o t a l P from a g r i c u l t u r a l l and and % c l a y i n s u r f a c e s o i l and % o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l l and i n row c r o p s .

- I -

T a b l e 1: U n i t Area Loads of T o t a l Phosphorus from A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds .

Watershed E s t i m a t e d U n i t Area Load From:

Agr i c u l t u r a l l C r op 1 and L i v e s t o c k 3 S t reambank4 E r o s i o n _ _ _ -_.__ A c t i v i t i e s --___-

____I______________----- kg p /ha Iy r _________________________

Ag - 1

Ag - 2

Ag - 3

Ag - 4

Ag - 5

Ag - 6

Ag - 7

Ag - 10

Ag - 11

Ag - 13

Ag - 1 4

1 .79

O 0 1 8

1.10

0.51

0.69

0.15

0.03

1 . 3 2

0.71

0.85

0.57

1.65

0.65

0.56

0.78

0.81

0 . 3 1

0 . 3 1

1 .09

0 ,

1 . 4 3

0 .32

0.01

0.01

0.12

0.19

0.14

0.12

0.06

0.12

0.10

0.01

0 . 1 3 --

0.11

0.007 0.02

0.11

0.005

0.003

0.005

0.01

0.05

0.02

0.05

Weighted Mean 0.65 0 . 6 8 0.08 0.03

E s t i m a t e d from r e g r e s s i o n of mon i to red t o t a l P u n i t area l o a d (NAQUADAT Method) on w a t e r s h e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

E s t i m a t e d l o a d from c r o p l a n d (See f o o t n o t e t o T a b l e 3) d i v i d e d by a r e a of c r o p l a n d ( c u l t i v a t e d c r o p s p l u s hay)

E s t i m a t e d l o a d from l i v e s t o c k ( T o m e s ) d i v i d e d by a r e a of a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d

P l o a d from s t r eambank ( T a b l e 3 ) I t o t a l area of w a t e r s h e d .

- 8 -

Two w a t e r s h e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , % c l a y (C l ) and f e r t i l i z e r + manure

P (Kg/ha) added (P) w e r e t h e o n l y v a r i a b l e s which w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d

t o t h e u n i t area l o a d of t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P . The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n

deve loped i s as f o l l o w s :

T o t a l d i s s o l v e d P ( k g / h a / y r ) = -0.217 + 0.0122 C 1 + 0 .0103 P

R2 = 0 . 8 3

The r e l a t i o n s h i p is shown g r a p h i c a l l y i n F i g u r e 2 and t h e u n i t area l o a d s

e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e 11 a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s u s i n g t h e r e g r e s s i o n a r e

p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 2 .

The f e r t i l i z e r + manure P added i s a ma jo r f a c t o r i n a c c o u n t i n g

f o r t h e d i s s o l v e d P l o a d . T h i s f a c t o r h a s r e p l a c e d t h e % row c r o p s found

t o b e i m p o r t a n t i n a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e v a r i a t i o n i n t o t a l P l o a d . The

f e r t i l i z e r + manure P added would a l te r t h e "ava i . l ab le P" t o a much g r e a t e r

e x t e n t t h a n t h e t c : i l P and t h e r e f o r e h a s a more d i r e c t e f f e c t on d i s s o l v e d

P t h a n does t h e % row c r o p s .

3 . 2 C o n t r i b u t i o n from Cropland

3 . 2 . 1 Sediment A s s o c i a t e d P A model h a s been deve loped ( S p i r e s and Miller, 1978) f o r p r e d i c t i n g

t h e sed imen t a s s o c i a t e d phosphorus i n r u n o f f from c r o p l a n d . The model i s

based on t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p .

Sediment P l o a d = Sed. Load x P conc. i n s u r f a c e s o i l x P Enr ichment r a t i o .

A t t e m p t s were made t o estimate t h e sed imen t l o a d from month ly

g r o s s e r o s i o n v a l u e s (van V l i e t e t a l , 1978) and monthly d e l i v e r y r a t i o s

( v a n V l i e t -- e t a l , 1978) f o r e a c h w a t e r s h e d . However, v a l i d estimates c o u l d

n o t b e made f o r d e l i v e r y r a t i o s . Consequen t ly measured sed imen t l o a d v a l u e s

w e r e u sed i n c a l c u l a t i n g sed imen t P l o a d from t h e Ag w a t e r s h e d s . The

a v e r a g e P c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e s u r f a c e s o i l w a s o b t a i n e d from a n a l y s i s of

some 200 s u r f a c e s o i l s from t h e Ag w a t e r s h e d s ( S p i r e s and Miller, 1978) .

The P e n r i c h m e n t r a t i o w a s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g a r e l a t i o n s h i p between e n r i c h -

ment and sed imen t c o n c e n t r a t i o n deve loped ( S p i r e s and Miller, 1978) from

r u n o f f s amples c o l l e c t e d from Ag-4, Ag-5, Ag-13 and Ag-1. ( F o r f u r t h e r

d e t a i l s see S p i r e s and Miller, 1978) .

- 9 -

Li h \ (u r \ OY Y L1

Li h \ m r \

y" a

T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P (Kg/ha /y r ) = -0.217 + 0.0122 C 1 + 0 .0103 P 2 R = 0 . 8 3

F i g u r e 2. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P from a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d and % c l a y i n t h e s u r f a c e s o i l and amount of f e r t i l i z e r p l u s manure P added i n t h e w a t e r s h e d .

- 10 -

T a b l e 2: E s t i m a t e d Annual T o t a l D i s s o l v e d Phosphorus Load from A g r i c u l t u r a l W E t er s h e d s

- _ _ ~

Watershed 1 9 7 6

Load1 Measured E s t i m a t e d Load

f rom A g r i c u l t u r a l A c t i v i t i e s ---

k l h a l y r T l y r kg/ha/yr2 ~ 1 y r 3

Ag - 1 0.21 1.06 0.40 1. Y3

Ag - 2 0.06 0.46 0.08 0 . 6 3

__ _____

Ag - 3

Ag - 4 Ag - 5 A g - 6

Ag - 7

Ag - 10 Ag - 11

A g - 1 3

Ag - 14

0.57

0.33

0.47

0.08

0.03

0.52

0 . 2 1

0.34

0.37

3.09

0.62

1.28

0.40

0.21

1.54

0.47

0.71

1 . 6 4 - - - - - - . - -

0.50

0.34

0.30

0.11

0

0.42

0.29

0. 36

0.22 . - . _ ~ _ .

2.74

0.62

0.86

0. 56

0

1.20

0.67

‘1. 6 2

0.95 -. . ._

MOE C a l c u l a t i o n s

E s t i m a t e d from r e g r e s s i o n of measured l o a d s on w a t e r s h e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

U n i t area l o a d x a r e a o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d

2

- 1 1 -

3 . 2 . 2 D i s so lved Rtiac t i v e - - P

D i f f i c u l t i e s w e r c ’ r~ncc)iJntc~rtd i n iiita5iiriiig t c i t < i I t l i ~ , s o I v c ~ d P i n - - - . -- -

runoff from c rop land ( S p i r e 5 M i l l v r , 1 9 7 8 ) . I n tlto5cs s , i m p I c * \ for whicti

r e l i a b l e r e s u l t s wcre o b t , i i n t d , tficb c l i ~ ~ o I v ( ~ 1 ro<i( t i v c 1’ < I ( (o r in t ed f o r ii

v e r y h igh p r o p o r t i o n o f t h t > t o t a l d i s \ o l v c d P .

The d i s s o l v e d r(=<*( t i v e P i n riinot 1 f roil1 ( r o p I , i n t l w , i s found

( S p i r e s and M i l l e r . 1978) to ( o n 5 t i t r i t e r n r i c l i < I \ Y O / 0 1 t t i c s t o t c i l P w1rc.n

sedimtmt c o n c e n t r d t i o n w a s le55 t h < i n 100 n i g / l . ‘l‘ t ic p r o p o r t i o n of L h c

t o t a l P t h a t was i n the d i s s o 1 v c . d torm tic( r c ~ f i \ c ~ t l 5 e t l i m c ~ n t c o n ( c .n t ra t ior i

i n c r e a s e d b r i t ave raged 24% i n t h e 37 5 , i r n p I c ~ ~ 0 1 rririof f r o l 1 c . c tc’tl f rum 4 2 - 4

and Ag-5.

7 t i ~ d i s s o l v e d re,qctivc. P i n rrinoff Iin5 t ) c , e n 5 h o w n t o titi s i p n i f i -

3 t a n t l y e - o r r e l a t t d w i t h botli the, e q i i i l ihriiini P ( o n ( i I n t r < i t i o n ancl the NaHCO - e x t r a c t a b l e P levc.1 of t h e 5 c d i m t l n t c x c e p t whc r ( i i i~ini i re 15 prc,scJnt o n t h e

s u r f a c e a t the time of thc, riinoff ( I : h ~ i t n c ~ g n r , 1977) . IJowcavtJr, i t was n o t

p o s s i b l e > t o d e v e l o p r e l a t i o n s h i p \ hetwc.cn ( I i ~ \ o l v e d P a n d soi 1 and runof f

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r camplec, ( o l l e c ted f rorn t h c t i l t i l r a l wa te r shed5

( S p i r e s and M i l l e r , 1978) . One would c~xpc’( t t h a t t h c s r r w o i i l d bcs a r e l a t i o n -

s h i p between th( - e x t r a c t a b l e P i n thta , ( d i m e n t and t h a t i n thti s o i l from

which t h e sed imen t i \ d e r i v e d . While , i n g e n e r a l , t h e t i i ~ ~ h < ~ r e x t r a c t ab Le

P was found i n sed imen t from s o i l 5 w i t h h i g h e r e x t r a c t a b l e P , t h e r e l a t i o n -

s h i p v a r i e d w i d e l y w i t h rrinoft c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 5 . There was a l s o v a r i a t i o n

i n e x t r a c t a b l e P en r i r t imen t r a t i o w i t h t h e n a t u r e of t h e s o i l s u r f a c e

( B h a t n a g a r , 1 9 7 7 ) . T h u s i t h a s not been p o s s i b l e t o d e v e l o p a r e l a t i o n s h i p

t o p r e d i c t t h e d i s s o l v e d P i n r u n o f f from c r o p l a n d .

I n g e n e r a l , i t c a n be s t a t e d t h a t t h e d i s s o l v e d P w i l l be g r e a t e r

from f i e l d s t h a t have a h igh a v a i l a b l e P l e v e l and from f i e l d s t h a t have

manure on t h e s u r f a c e . The d i s s o l v e d r e a c t i v e P i n r u n o f f from f i e l d s w i t h

manure on t h e s u r f a c e ranged from 0.19 - 1 . 4 2 mg/l w i t h a mean of 0 .69

m g / l compared t o a r ange of 0 .07 - 0 . 2 1 and a mean of 0.08 m g / l f o r

r u n o f 5 T r o m f i e l d s w i t h no s u r f a c e manure.

I n e s t i m a t i n g t h e t o t a l P c o n t r i b u t i o n from c r o p l a n d , i t h a s been

assumed t h a t d i s s o l v e d P c o n s t i t u t e d t h e same p o r t i o n s of t h e t o t a l P as i t

d i d f o r t h e t o t a l a g r i c u l t u r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n . The t o t a l P c o n t r i b u t i o n from

c r o p l a n d i n t h e Ag w a t e r s h e d s w a s e s t i m a t e d by a d d i n g t h e d i s s o l v e d P con-

t r i b u t i o n based on t h i s a s s u m p t i o n t o t h e s e d i m e n t - a s s o c i a t e d P e s t i m a t e d

from t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 3 . 2 . 1 . The r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d

i n T a b l e 3 . The u n i t area l o a d of t o t a l P from c r o p l a n d i n e a c h w a t e r s h e d ,

Table 3: Annual T o t a l Phosphorus Load (Tonnes /year ) f rom S o u r c e s W i t h i n t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds . ~~

Watershed 1976 Measured E s t i m a t e d Load From:

A g r i c u l t u r e Crop land5 L i v e s t o c k 6 Streambank7 Unimproved8 Load

E r o s i o n Land 'eale R O E * ' NAQUADAT~ , R e g r e s s i o n 3 :um o f S o u r c e s 4

Ag - 1 6.50 8.69 8.63 8 .20 7 .55 0.06 0 .57 0 . 0 2

Ag - 2 2.06 1 .85 1 . 3 9 3 . 5 0 3.17 0 .05 0 . 0 5 0 . 2 3

Ag - 3 5.67 5.46 6 . 6 3 3 . 9 5 3.12 0 .66 0 . 1 3 0.04

A g - 4 1.86 1 .40 0 .93 1 . 9 3 1 . 3 8 0.34 0 . 2 0 0 . 0 1

Ag - 5 4.60 3.21 1 . 9 9 2 . 4 0 1 . 9 6 0 .39 0.01 0.04

Ag - 6 0.90 0.80 0 .79 1 . 9 1 1 . 1 6 0 . 5 8 0 .02 0 . 1 5

A g - 7 0.50 0 .53 0 . 1 3 0 .84 0 . 4 0 0 .28 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 3

Ag - 1 0 4.64 4.43 3. 86 3 . 0 3 2 .60 0 . 3 5 0 .04 0.04

Ag - 11 1 . 1 7 0 .70 1 . 5 4 0 .39 0.30 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 5 0 . 0 1

Ag - 13 1 .82 1 . 5 1 1 . 4 1 2 . 2 2 2.17 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 I

0 . 2 2 0 . 0 3 P; -- Ag - 1 4 3.67 2.66 2 . 5 1 2 . 0 7 1 . 2 6 0 .56 _- I

C a l c u l a t e d from OME mon i to red d a t a u s i n g B e a l e R a t i o E s t i m a t o r method n

C a l c u l a t e d from ONE moni to red d a t a u s i n g NAQUADAT method

Uni t area l o a d from a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d e s t i m a t e d f rom r e g r e s s i o n ( T a b l e 1 ) x area of a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d

Sum of e s t i m a t e d l o a d from c r o p l a n d , l i v e s t o c k , s t r e a m b a n k e r o s i o n and unimproved land

Sediment a s s o c i a t e d P + D i s s o l v e d P from c r o p l a n d . Sediment a s s o c i a t e d P e s t i m a t e d from model b a s e d on g r o s s e r o s i o n , e s t i m a t e d d e l i v e r y r a t i o and e s t i m a t e d P e n r i c h m e n t r a t i o . D i s s o l v e d P c a l c u l a t e d assuming p r o p o r t i o n of t o t a l P f rom c r o p l a n d t h a t w a s i n d i s s o l v e d form was t h e same as f o r t h a t f rom a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d :

L

4

Sed, Assoc P from C r o p l a n d (Plodel) T o t a l P from Ag Land (Regr) - D i s s . P A g Land ( 3 e g r ) - x Diss. P A g Land -_ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ ~ - D i s s o l v e d P from Cropland = --------'__----

E s t i m a t e d by Robinson and Drape r (See L i v e s t o c k I n t e g r a t o r s R e p o r t )

Streambank s e d i m e n t s e s t i m a t e d by K. Knap x a v e r a g e P conc . (0 .733) x P Enrichment r a t i o (1.1)

C a l c u l a t e d assuming u n i t area l o a d of 0 .08 k g / h a of rinii i iproved land

- 1 3 -

c a l c u l a t e d bv d i v i d i n g the t o t a l e s t i m a t e d load by t h e a r e a of improved

c r o p l a n d , i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1.

3.6 C o n t r i b u t i o n from P r i v a t e W a s t e Disposal _ _ _ _ S i s t e n i s

E f f l u e n t from s e p t i c tank sys tems c o n t a i n s Iiigli ~ o n c c n t r a t i o n s ( i f

P (Chan, 1977) . T h i s phosphorus is adsorbed on soi I p a r t i c 1 t . s and is

- 14 -

r a p i d l y a t t e n u a t e d as t h e e f f l u e n t p e r c o l a t e s t h rough t h e d i s p o s a l bed and

i s u s u a l l y below t h e c r i t e r i a s e t f o r p u b l i c s u r f a c e w a t e r q u a l i t v w i t h i n

10 m from t h e t i l e f i e l d (Chan, 1 9 7 7 ) . T h i s d i s t a n c e migh t he somewhat

g r e a t e r i f s p e t i c t a n k sys t ems were i n s t a l l e d i n p o o r l y d r a i n e d s i t e s .

Phosphorus a d s o r p t i o n i s c o n s i d e r a b l y reduced under a n a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s .

Even under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , t h e d i s t a n c e r e q u i r e d t o e t f e c t i v e l v a t t e n u a t e

t h e phosphorus i s p r o b a b l y n o t more t h a n 25 t o 30 m e t e r s .

T h e r e w a s e v i d e n c e of a r e l a t i v e l v major c o n t r i b u t i o n of phosphorus

from p r i v a t e waste d i s p o s a l sys t ems i n wa te r shed Ag-13 i n Essex Co. T h i s

w a t e r s h e d had a much g r e a t e r number of r ~ i r a l r e s i d e n c e s t h a n anv of t h e

o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s . These r e s i d e n c e s were c o n c e n t r a t e d a l o n g

Hwy. 7 7 n o r t h of Learnington. The pho5phoriis c o n c e n t r a t i o n 5 downs t r eap from

Hwy. 7 7 were c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e Lipstream (Gavnor, 1 9 7 7 ) . T h i s

w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y t rue f o r o n i t r i b i i t c l r v t h a t p a i 5 ~ d i l o s e t o a major

c o n c e n t r a t i o n of r u r a l r e 5 i d e n t e % . A5 w e l l a s h i g h P conc e n t r ‘ i t i o n , t h i s

t r i b u t a r y a l $ o e x h i b i t e d d m u t h h ig l ie r Na ( one e n t r a t i o n than t h e remainder

of the water5 l ied . ‘ I h i s i c , f u r thc- r evidcncc. of c o n t r i b i i t i o n trom p r i v a t e w a s t e

d i s p o s a l 5y5terns ab e f f l u c n t from 5 e p t i c t ank5 ha5 n h igh Yd c o n t e n t . I n

a d d i t i o n t o tlrc r u r a l r t 5 itlenc e-,, a mii5liroom produc t i o n o p e r a t i o n W a c ,

loc a t e d a d j a i e n t t o this t r i b u t a r y downstream from t h e r u r a l r e s i d e n c e s .

Phosphorus c o n c e n t r a t i o n 5 d o w n s t r e m f rum t h e mristiroom o p e r a t i o n were n o t

h i g h e r than t h o s e between t l i c mushroom o p e r , i t i o n and t h e r u r a l r e s i d e n c e s

( S p i r e 5 dntl M i l l e r , 1 9 7 8 ) . r t 1 i 5 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r u r a l r e s i d e n c e s were

t h e 1 i k e 1 y 5oiirt*c’ of t he phosptioru5.

P r i v a t e w , i % t e dispo5al 5ysteni5 a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d t o be a n

i rnport , int sot i r r t ’ ) f P t o t l l e ( ; r en t I,akc,5. Ilowever, t h e y may have a marked

e f f c , c t on l o ( , i 1 w<i te r q u a l i t y if the t i l e bed is w i t h i n a f e w meters of an

opcbn t l i t c 11 o r w l i i rc’ t h e t i le bed i 5 clircc t l y connec ted t o CI f i e l d d r a i n a g e

5 y 5 tern.

‘1.7 Con t r i t - ,ut ion I coni S u b s u r f a c e DrainaAe . . . . .~~ ~ ~ .~. . . .. - - _ _ ~ ~ ~ -~ ---- ~.

‘L’trcs c o n t r i b u t i o n o f P from subs r i r f ace d r a i n a g e i n m i n e r a l s o i l s

i s ( ~ o n s i t l c r c ! c l t o be i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from

surf; i( .( , riinol I . ‘ I ’ l i i s is d u c ~ to the v e r y g r e a t phosphorus a d s o r p t i o n

r ; ip; i ( ’ i ty 01- miner;iI s o i l s i n O n t a r i o .

Con t r i h r i t ioiis from s u b s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e w a t e r from o r g a n i c s o i l s ,

IIowcvc’r, may be v e r y h igh on a u n i t area basis a s shown by a s t u d y of

- 15 -

n u t r i e n t c o n t e n t o f t i l c l drainage, w a t e r i n t h c E r i e a u n i , i r s l i (Mi 1 I c h r , M . l l . ,

1974) . The a v e r a g e t o t a l P r o n t e n t of t i l c , t l r a inngc~ wntcsr I r o n i ones sites

d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1971-1975 was 31 .4 kg P / l i c i / y r . The. ,ivclr;igc, f o r tlrc, Llirec

s i t e s moni tored was 22.2 kg P / h a / y r . ‘ r l i c . \ o i 1s from w l i i c Ii t l i i \ tlr<iin,igc>

w a t c i r o r i g i n a t i d liavc, h e ~ c ~ n v e r y hc , iv i l v f c3r t i l i / c c l I o r ni,iriv y c > < i r \ . ( ’ i i r rc>nt

phosphorus t c r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n \ a r e <il)oiit 100 kg I ’ / l i < i w t i i c t i i s ~ i l ~ o r i t

IO times t h a t which woiiltl bc, r e ( ornmr~ncled f roni t t i c a 5 o i 1 t c , \ t .

The c * o n t r i b u t i o n ot P Ironi t h e 1 , r i c ~ ~ i i i n i ; i r i t i i i I i k c l l v n i t i ( I r

g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t from o t h e r cti1 t i v , i t e d ory.inic \ o i l s i n O n t n r i o . 1,abor-

a t o r y 1c.aching and a d s o r p t i o n s t u d i e s (Mi 1 l c , r , M.H., 1 9 / 8 ) li<ivc> i n t l i ca t c~ t l

t h a t t h e o r g a n i c s o i l i n Erieau marsh ha\ a m u c - h 1owc.r P n t l5o rp t ion tapac i t y

t h a n t h a t from t h e 13radford and (;rand t$end marshes . ‘ T t i i \ appcsars t o bc.

d u e t o a lower c o n t e n t of Fc and A 1 i n t h e s o i l from l:ric,ari marsh. I n

a d d i t i o n , f e r t i l i z e r P a p p l i c a t i o n 5 i n t h e Erir.aii mars11 arc’ c o n s i d e r a b l y

h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e i n o t h e r a r ea \ .

T h e t o t a l a r e a o f c r i l t i va t ec l o r g a n i c s o i l i n O n t a r i o i s

r e l a t i v e l y small ( a b o u t 7000 h a ) . Thus thc, P c o n t r i b u t i o n i 5 r e l a t i v e l y i n -

s i g n i f i c a n t i n terms of t h e G r e a t Lakes. Tlte e f f e c t on l o c a l b o d i e s o f

water such as Rondeau Harbour , however, i s v e r y s e r i o i i 5 . Even i f t h e

e x c e s i i v e U S E of f e r t i l i z e r was d i s c o n t i n u e d immedia te ly , ttic h i g h concen-

t r a t i o n s of P i n t h e d r a i n a g e water would c o n t i n u e f o r a t l e a s t 10 y e a r s .

C o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e a b i l i t y of t h e s o i l t o

ret<iin phosphorus b e f o r e o r g a n i c s o i l area5 a re developed f o r c r o p p r o d u c t i o n .

An a n a l v s i s of t h e s o i l for t o t a l Fe and A I w i l l g i v e a r e a s o n a b l e i n d i c a t i o n

of t h e r e t e n t i o n a b i l i t y ( M i l l e r , M . H . , 1 9 7 8 ) .

3 .8 A d d i t i o n a l . - S o u r c e s - _ _ ~

A d d i t i o n a l l o c a l i z e d s o u r c e s of phosphorus from a g r i c u l t u r a l

a c t i v i t i e s h a v e been i d e n t i f i e d . One l o c a t i o n s t u d i e d i n P r o j e c t 20

e x h i b i t e d v p r y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of phosphorus i n t i l e d r a i n a g e water

d u r i n g e a r l y f a l l sampl ing . D r a i n a g e from r e c e n t l y f i l l e d s i l o s which w a s

d i r e c t l y l i n k e d t o f i e l d d r a i n a g e w a s t h o u g h t t o b e t h e s o u r c e (Beak

C o n s u l t a n t s L t d . , 1 9 7 7 ) . O t h e r s imi la r s o u r c e s would b e d r a i n a g e f rom

f e e d l o t o p e r a t i o n s , m i l k i n g p a r l o u r s e t c . t h a t was d i r e c t l y l i n k e d t o f i e l d

d r a i n a g e s y s t e m s .

- 16 -

These s o u r c e s may r e s u l t i n v e r y h i g h l o c a l i z e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of

pliosphorus i n s t r e a m s . No estimate has been made of t h e f r equency of

o( 'currc 'ncc o f such s i t u a t i o n s b u t the t o t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n i s though t t o be

i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n r e l a t i o n t o o t h e r s o u r c e s .

3.9 ~- F e r t i l i z e r _ _ _ _ __ __ - Phosphorus _____ Use i n A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds -

The. a v e r a g e f e r t i l i z e r P u s e on the c r o p s grown i n each wa te r shed

w c i s o b t a i n c d from the r e p o r t on l a n d use i n t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s ,

(F rank 'ind R i p l e y , 1 9 7 8 ) . These d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n append ix t a b l e A-3

and clrp summarized by c r o p and by wa te r shed i n T a b l e 4 .

T h e a v e r a g e amoiint o f f e r t i l i z t l r P r e q u i r e d f o r most economic

p r o d u c t i o n has a l s o been e s t i m a t e d f o r e a c h c r o p i n each w a t e r s h e d . T h i s

estimate i s t h e a v e r a g e r equ i r emen t f o r t h a t c r o p i n t h e coun ty i n which

t h e wa te r shed i s l o c a t e d a s i n d i c a t e d by tlie s o i l t e s t of samples submi t t ed

d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d J u l y 1 , 1975 t o J u n e 30, 1976. The re a r e two as sumpt ions

i n t h i s e s t i m a t e which must be r ecogn ized i n any n t e r p r e t a t i o n . The f i r s t

a s sumpt ion i s t h a t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a p a r t i c u a r c r o p i n t h e wa te r shed

i s similar t o t h a t i n t h e wbole coun ty . The second a s sumpt ion i s t h a t t h e

a v e r a g e r equ i r emen t a s i n d i c a t e d b y s o i l t e s t i s t h e t r u e a v e r a g e r e q u i r e -

ment f o r t h e c o u n t y . Approximate ly 15-20% of t h e f a r m e r s i n O n t a r i o submi t

s o i l samples i n any g i v e n y e a r . The a v e r a g e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a county

d o n ' t v a r y g r e a t l y from y e a r t o y e a r i n d i c a t i n g a r e d s o n a b l e c o n s i s t e n c v .

I t i s p o s s i b l e , however, t h a t f a r m e r s w i t h e i t h e r a h i g h e r o r a lower

r e q u i r e m e n t t h a n t h e a v e r a g e f o r a coun ty submi t samples on a more r e g u l a r

b a s i s . Recogn iz ing t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s , t h e e s t i m a t e s o b t a i n e d

are t h e b e s t estimates t h a t can b e made of t h e f e r t i l i z e r P r e q u i r e m e n t s .

Whi le some d i s c r e p a n c i e s undoub ted ly e x i s t f o r i n d i v i d u a l c r o p s i n i n d i v i d u a l

w a t e r s h e d s as p r e s e n t e d i n append ix t a b l e A - 3 , t h e o v e r a l l a v e r a g e s f o r

c r o p s and f o r w a t e r s h e d s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 4 a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o be q u i t e

r e l i a b l e .

These d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t , on t h e a v e r a g e , f e r t i l i z e r P a d d i t i o n s

exceed the e s t i m a t e d r e q u i r e m e n t s fo r a l l c r o p s e x c e p t hay -pas tu re . The

g r e a t e s t excess o c c u r s w i t h v e g e t a b l e c r o p s fo l lowed by tobacco and c o r n .

The excess a p p l i c a t i o n a l s o v a r i e s from wa te r shed t o wa te r shed due p a r t l y

t o t h e d i f f e r e n t crops grown b u t a l s o t o t h e g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e of t h e f a r m e r s

t o f e r t i l i z a t i o n .

- 167 -

T a b l e 4 : F e r t i l i z e r Phosphorus App l i ed i n A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds i n R e l a t i o n t o Requ i remen t s by S o i l Test .

- BY WATERSHED BY CROP

Crop F e r t i l i z e r P Applied' F e r t i l i z e r P ApplSedI2 Wa t e r s ti ed s o .

F e r t i l i z e r P Requ i red F e r t i l i z e r P Requ i red

A l l Crops C u l t i v a t e d 3

R a t i o of C o un t y

2 -I__-

___- - Crops -

1 Esses 1 . 9 1 . 9 Corn

7 S o r f o l k 3 .6 3.8 B a r l e y

2 . 4

1.8

3 Huron 2 . 0 2 . 5 Wheat 1 . 9

it \<e 11 i n g t o n 0 .8 1.1 Soybeans 0 .6

J Oxford 3 . 1 2 . 2 Tobacco 3 .6

G Huron 0 .7 1 . 5 Pfixed G r a i n 1 .8

7 So r thumber l and 2 . 1 2 . 8 White Beans 4 . 7

1 0 S i a g a r a N 0 . 6 1 . 5 Oats 1 . 6 11 P e e l 1 . 1 3 . 0 P o t a t o

1 3 Esses 4 . 0 4 . 0 Toma t o 4 . 2

5.0

14 Bruce 0 . 4 Ha y-P a s t u r e 0 .2 .__ 1 . 3 _ _

F e r t i l i z e r P App l i ed o b t a i n e d from PLUARG Report - Laud Use A c t i v i t i e s i n E leven A g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s i n S o u t h e r n On ta r i n , Canada 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 6 . R . Frank and B . D . R i p l e y .

1

' F e r t i l i z e r P Requ i red o b t a i n e d from Summarv Report f o r O n t a r i o S o i l T e s t i n g S e r v i c e , J u l v 1, 1 9 7 5 to J u n e 30, 1 9 7 6 . D c ~ p a r t i i i e i i t o f Land Rcsource S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of G u e l p h .

Exc lud ing Hay-Pasture . 3

- 18 -

The a p p l i c a t i o n o f f e r t i l i z e r P i n excess of t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r

mos t economic c r o p p r o d u c t i o n w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e l e v e l of a v a i l a b l e P i n t h e

s o i l and hence t h e amount of phosphorus i n r u n o f f from t h e f e r t i l i z e d

f i e l d s . The d i s s o l v e d P c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n r u n o f f w i l l be i n c r e a s e d t o a

greater e x t e n t t h a n w i l l t o t a l P r e f l e c t i n g t h e g r e a t e r s o l u b i l i t y of t h e

r e c e n t l y a p p l i e d phosphorus . T h i s f a c t i s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e dependence of

d i s s o l v e d P u n i t area l o a d s i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s on t h e

f e r t i l i z e r + manure P added ( S e e S e c t i o n 3 . 1 . 2 ) . Al though f e r t i l i z e r P

a d d i t i o n s are e s s e n t i a l t o economic c r o p p r o d u c t i o n on many so i l s , a p p l i -

c a t i o n s i n excess of r e q u i r e m e n t s u n n e c e s s a r i l y i n c r e a s e t h e phosphorus

c o n t e n t of r u n o f f . I t must b e r ecogn ized t h a t r e d u c i n g t h e phosphorus

a p p l i c a t i o n t o r e q u i r e d amounts w i l l n o t r e d u c e t h e amount i n r u n o f f

a p p r e c i a b l y f o r many y e a r s . However, i n c r e a s e d u s e o f g r e a t e r amounts

t h a n r e q u i r e d w i l l f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e t h e amount i n r u n o f f .

The r e a s o n s f o r t h e e x c e s s phosphorus

t h e e s t i m a t e d r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e complex. Due t o

l e v e l of a v a i l a b l e phosphorus i n many s o i l s h a s

v e r y low amounts of f e r t i l i z e r P a r e r e q u i r e d .

phosphorus r e q u i r e m e n t . T h i s i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t

have s e e n t h e i r y i e l d s i n c r e a s e w i t h f e r t i l i z e r

a p p l i c a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o

p a s t f e r t i l i z e r u s e , t h e

i n c r e a s e d t o t h e p o i n t t h a t

Many s o i l t e s t s i n d i c a t e no

f o r farmers t o a c c e p t . They

use i n t h e p a s t and a re n o t

p r e p a r e d t o p l a n t t h e i r c r o p s w i t h o u t some f e r t i l i z e r phosphorus . In many

c a s e s , t h e i r f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n equipment w i l l n o t a p p l y less t h a n

150 kg /ha . With i n c r e a s i n g n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n f e r t i l i z e r s , t h e y

may a p p l y 50 o r more kg P 0 /ha when p e r h a p s 20 or even none i s r e q u i r e d .

T h e f e r t i l i z e r r e q u i r e m e n t s by s o i l t e s t a re b a s e d on e x t e n s i v e

r e sea rc .h d a t a from a l l areas of O n t a r i o . They have been s r i b s t a n t i a t e d by

d e m o n s t r a t i o n s i n s e v e r a l c o u n t i e s conducted by OMAF a d v i s o r y p e r s o n n e l .

I n c r e a s e d e f f o r t i n terms of promotion and d e m o n s t r a t i o n t o i n c r e a s e t h e

a c c e p t a n c e of t h e s o i l tes t i s t h e most f e a s i b l e approach t o r educe t h e

i n s t a n c e s of o v e r f e r t i l i z a t i o n .

2 5

3.10 D i s c u s s i o n of A g r i c u l t u r a l Watershed S t u d i e s _________- -___________ The a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s t u d i e s have provided a much g r e a t e r

u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e phosphorus c o n t r i b u t i o n s from a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d and t h e

f a c t o r s t h a t a f f e c t them. I t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t r u n o f f from c r o p l a n d is t h e

ma jo r s o u r c e of phosphorus from a g r i c r i l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s , fo l lowed by l i v e -

s t o c k , s t r eambank e r o s i o n and r u n o f f from unimproved l a n d . The p r o p o r t i o n

of t h e t o t a l sum of t h e s o u r c e s t h a t w a s e s t i m a t e d t o come from c r o p l a n d

ranged from less t h a n 50 t o 92% w i t h an a v e r a g e of 70%. The p r o p o r t i o n

- 19 -

e s t i m a t e d t o come from l i v e s t o c k ranged from less t h a n 1 t o 60% w i t h a n

a v e r a g e of 20%.

a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d a v e r a g e d 7% and 3% r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The c o n t r i b u t i o n from s t r eambank e r o s i o n and unimproved

It is a l s o a p p a r e n t t h a t t h r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , c l a y c o n t e n t of

s u r f a c e s o i l , p r o p o r t i o n of t h e area i n row c r o p s , and phosphorus added, a r e

t h e ma jo r d e t e r m i n a n t s of t h e phosphorus c o n t r i b u t i o n from a g r i c u l t u r a l

w a t e r s h e d s .

The l o a d i n g s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 3 from t h e f o u r s o u r c e s , c r o p l a n d ,

l i v e s t o c k , s t r eambank e r o s i o n , and unimproved l a n d are i n d e p e n d e n t estimates.

The ag reemen t of t h e sum of t h e s e s o u r c e s w i t h t h e l o a d e s t i m a t e d by

r e g r e s s i o n and w i t h t h e measured l o a d i s r e a s o n a b l y good. I t must b e

r e a l i z e d , however, t h a t t h e estimate f o r c r o p l a n d i s n o t e n t i r e l y i n d e p e n d e n t

of t h e measured l o a d ; t h e mon i to red sed imen t l o a d w a s used i n e s t i m a t i n g t h e

l o a d from c r o p l a n d ( S p i r e s and Miller, 1978) . The agreement t h a t e x i s t s is

e n c o u r a g i n g and g i v e s u s c o n f i d e n c e i n a t t e m p t i n g t o e x t r a p o l a t e t h e d a t a

t o l a r g e r areas.

4.0 EXTRAPOLATION TO SUBBASINS OF THE GRAND AND SAUGEEN RIVER BASINS

The i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s t u d i e s h a s

been e x t r a p o l a t e d t o t h e s u b b a s i n s of t h e Grand and Saugeen R i v e r B a s i n s

shown i n F i g u r e s 3 and 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y . Estimates were made of t h e t o t a l

c o n t r i b u t i o n from a g r i c u l t u r a l ac t iv i t ies and from each of t h e f o u r ma jo r

s o u r c e s ; c r o p l a n d , l i v e s t o c k , s t r eambank e r o s i o n and unimproved l a n d .

The e s t i m a t e d t o t a l P l o a d s are p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 5 a l o n g w i t h

t h e 1976 measured l o a d . The e s t i m a t e d load a t each p o i n t i n t h e b a s i n i s

t h e sum of t h e l o a d from each s u b b a s i n ups t r eam of t h a t p o i n t . The

estimates t h u s assume a d e l i v e r y r a t i o of 1; a l l t h e phosphorus e s t i m a t e d

a t a p o i n t i n t h e uppe r r e a c h e s is assumed t o a r r i v e a t t h e mouth.

The l o a d from a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s e s t i m a t e d by r e g r e s s i o n

c a n b e compared d i r e c t l y t o t h e 1976 measured l o a d b e c a u s e t h e r e g r e s s i o n .

w a s deve loped u s i n g 1976 mon i to red d a t a . However, t h e estimates f o r

c o n t r i b u t i o n from c r o p l a n d were made u s i n g l o n g term r a i n f a l l d a t a and

would n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e comparable t o 1976 v a l u e s .

The l o a d s from a g r i c u l t u r a l ac t iv i t ies e s t i m a t e d by r e g r e s s i o n

compare q u i t e r e a l i s t i c a l l y w i t h t h e 1976 measured l o a d . With t h e excep-

t i o n of SR-2, t h e e s t i m a t e d l o a d f o r t h o s e s u b b a s i n s t h a t have l i t t l e non-

a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y (GR-13, GR-14, GR-6, SR-5), i s v e r y c l o s e t o t h e

- 20 -

-LE

F i E u r c 3. S u b b a s i n s of t h e Grand R i v e r B a s i n used i n e x t r a p o l a t i o n of d a t a from t h e A F r i c u l t u r a l L!atersheds.

- 21

-

0

5 b

w (d

U

(d a

w 0

c 0 .d

U

(d rl

a

o v) 3

T a b l e 5: Es t ima ted l o a d s of t o t a l P (Tonnes /yea r ) f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l s o u r c e s i n subbasins of t h e Grand and Saugeen River B a s i n s . ( S e e P a g e 2 3 f o r footnotes)

8 Estimated load from 1976' T o t a l L Measured E s t i m a t e d

Load Load A g r i c u l t u r a l Act iv i t ies Crop l a n d 5 L i v e s tock6 Stream--/ Unimproved Bank Agr icu l tura l

4 E r o s i o n Land GRAND R e g i e s s i o n Sumof RIVER S o u r c e s

GR - 13 1 9 . 8

GR - 1 4 59.7

UL - 22 373.4

GR - 20 165.1

GR - 6 1 4 . 3

GR - 11 652.8

GR - 5 465.6

GR - 15 605.8

-- 575

20.9

46.9

139 .1

48.7

14.8

225.7

291.4

325.7

29.2

52.6

163 .3

63.5

29.9

264.0

308.6

337.8

21.2

39 .1

105.7

46 .3

24.7

181.9 215.7

239.1

6.6 0 .7

1 2 . 1 0.7

51.2 3.2

15.4 0.9 4 . 4 0.4

72.9 4 .6

82 .1 5 .4

86.7 6 .O

0 .7

0.7

3.2

0.9

0.4

4 . 6

5.4

6.0

SAUGEEN RIVER

SR - 1 5.8 -- 6.6 11 .2 8.1 1.7 0 . 6 0.8 SR - 2 67.5 -- 10.3 23.7 1 8 . 4 3.4 0 .9 1.0

SR - 3 46.7 -- 34.9 57.3 4 1 . 1 9.7 3.1 3.4

SR - 4 13.2 -- 1 3 . 1 27.2 20.7 4.5 1.0 1.0 SR - 5 7.0 -- 5.8 7.2 5.5 ' 1.0 0.3 0.4

SR - 6 158.4 134 90.7 1 5 1 . 3 111.7 28.2 5.5 5.9

I 10 Iu

I

- 23 -

T a b l e 5 c o n t ' d

Measured and c a l c u l a t e d by O n t a r i o M i n i s t r y of t h e Environment u s i n g t h e Beale R a t i o E s t i m a t o r .

T o t a l e s t i m a t e d load a t o u t l e t t o b a s i n . Sum of e s t i m a t e d l o a d from a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s ( r e g r e s s i o n ) and e s t i m a t e d l o a d from a l l non- a g r i c u l t u r a l s o u r c e s as p r e s e n t e d i n R e p o r t s of Grand and Saugeen River P i l o t Watershed S t u d i e s (Hore and O s t r y , 1978) .

U n i t area l o a d e s t i m a t e d from r e g r e s s i o n ( s e c . 3.1.1) x area of a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d .

Sum of e s t i m a t e d c o n t r i b u t i o n from c r o p l a n d , l i v e s t o c k , s t r eambank e r o s i o n and unimproved a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d .

E s t i m a t e d mean a n n u a l c o n t r i b u t i o n from c r o p l a n d i n c l u d i n g sed imen t a s s o c i a t e d P and d i s s o l v e d P.

Sediment a s s o i c a t e d P f o r each s u b s e c t o r c a l c u l a t e d as f o l l o w s :

Sed. Assoc. P = Gross E r o s i o n a

a C d

Mean a n n u a l g r o s s e r o s i o n e s t i m a t e d from U n i v e r s a l S o i l Loss E q u a t i o n u s i n g l o n g t e r m r a i n f a l l r e c o r d s and 1976 c ropp ing p r a c t i c e s .

D e l i v e r y r a t i o o b t a i n e d from r e l a t i o n s h i p between d e l i v e r y r a t i o and wa te r shed area p r e s e n t e d i n SCS N a t i o n a l E n g i n e e r i n g Handbook, S e c t i o n 3, S e d i m e n t a t i o n , Chap te r 6 u s i n g area of e a c h s u b s e c t o r .

Mean phosphorus en r i chmen t r a t i o from a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s (2.26)

Mean t o t a l P c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n s o i l s (0 .733 kg / tonne )

x D e l . R a t i o b x PER x P conc.

C

F r a n l i v e s t o c k i n t e g r a t o r s r e p o r t by Robinson and Drape r . Fo r Grand River b a s i n , t h e mean of t h e i r minimum and maximum estimates used . For Saugeen, minimum estimates used . The r e a s o n i n g f o r u s i n g t h e minimum estimate f o r t h e Saugeen is t h a t w i t h t h e h i g h p r o p o r t i o n o f p e r e n n i a l c o v e r i n t h e Saugeen b a s i n , t h e a t t e n u a t i o n would b e h i g h re la t ive t o a n area such as t h e Grand River B a s i n w i t h a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n of c u l t i v a t e d l a n d .

Streambank s e d i m e n t s e s t i m a t e d by K. Knap x a v e r a g e P conc . (0 .733 kg / tonne ) x P Enr ichment R a t i o (1.1)

C a l c u l a t e d from c e n s u s d a t a f o r unimproved f a rmland assuming a u n i t area l o a d o f 0.08 kg/ha .

- 24 -

measured l o a d . This g i v e s a reasonable d e g r e e o t c o n t i d e n c e t o t h e

estimates. Based on the r e g r e s s i o n estimates, t h e l o a d from a g r i c u l t u r a l

a c t i v i t i e s r e p r e s e n t s 54% and 572 of t h e t o t a l measured l o d d t o r t h e Grand

and Saugeen R i v e r b a s i n s r e s p e c t i v e l y . The e s t i m a t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l con-

t r i b u t i o n a s a p r o p o r t i o n of t h e t o t a l estimated l o a d i s 577 fLir t h e C r a n d

and 68% f o r t h e Saugeen R i v e r B a s i n . These t w o b a s e s f o r e s t i m a t i n e t h e

p r o p o r t i o n of t h e l o a d a t t r i b u t a b l e t o a g r i c u l t u r e g i v e v a l u e i t h d t a r e

n o t g r e a t l y d i f f e r e n t and a r e p r o b a b l y w e l l w i t h i n t h e r a n x e t h a t ~ ~ o r i l d he

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e i t h e r method. Thus i t t a n b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t 50 tr) 60 n k

t h e t o t a l P i n t h e Grand R i v e r and 607‘ t o 7 0 / o t t h e t o t a l P i n t h e Sdripetn

River can b e a t t r i b u t e d t o a g r i c u l t t i r a l l and and t h t d b i o ( i d t e t l J C t i v i t i e i .

The c o n t r i b u t i o n from a g r i c i i l t i j ra l d( t i v i t i v i e i t i r i a t e d from tiii

s u m of t h e f o u r s o u r c e s i s more v a r i a b l e t h a n t h d t e5 t in ia t i r l t r o r t h t

r e g r e s s i o n . T h e s u m s o f t h e w u r c e 5 ~ o m p a r i v i ~ r t ( l o b e l \ w i t h thri5t

e s t i m a t e d by r e g r e s s i o n f o r t h e (,rand Kiver I:a5in brit whitre h i g h e r t h a n tho5e

e s t i m a t e d by r e g r e s s i o n t o r t h e Sarigeen R i v e r I ; < j \ i n . 711e e 5 t i m a t c s f n r t h t

Saugeen B a s i n were g r e a t t r t h a n t h e mta5i~red IoCjd i n ( i f t h i h 5 i i h h ~ ~ 5 i n ~ .

T h i s a p p a r e n t o v e r t s t i r n a t i o n i 5 prObdbly t l u t t o ov t . r e%t ima t ion of ttii

l o a d from c r o p l a n d , whic t i wa5 t h e m d j o r 5oiir( e .

T h e o v e r e s t i m a t i o n of t h e ( o n t r i h u t i o n t rom ( rupldnc! i s thouplit

t o b e d u e t o t h e d e l i v e r y r < i t i u 115ed i n the. r , i1 ( u l n t i o n of 5cdirni.nt 1 0 ~ 1 d

f rom c r o p l a n d . ‘L’tiese r a t i o s wc’rc’ o b t a i n e d t rom t h t SCS N,jtionnI

Eng inee r ing Handbook <jnd a r e b a s ~ d on waters l i td a rcJa ; tht . r a t i o de( rcaitl5

w i t h i n c r e a 5 i n g d r w . I h e artJCis r ~ 5 e t l i n thc, ( a l c t i l n t i o n s were tlio5c. ot

t h e indivitlt1.11 w b t , a 5 i n \ . l h r 1 5 ci ~ . c p C i r d t ~ d ( , l i v e r v r a t i o w d 5 riseti fo r

t h e dred d r a i n i n g t t i rouj ; l i SR-1. SI<-2 and SK-3 and <i 5 e p r d t e 3,edirnent load

( a l c u l . i t e d . ‘The in - s t r eam d e l i v e r y w a s assiimc4 to bc. 1 .0 SO t h a t the

scd imen t loat1 p a s s i n g SK- 3 was t h e ~ u i i i of t t i d t f r o m SK-1 and SK-2 p l i i s

t h a t f r o m t h e <irc’<i bc1twt.c.n SK-2 cinci SK- 3 . Another approach t r i d was t o

u s e a dc.1 ivr r v r a t i o based on thc. t o t a l a r ed d r a i n i n g t h r o r ~ g h SK-3. r I i i 5

r a t i o w o i i l t l h c l o w e r than t h a t for h s i lhbas in cjnd w o u l d r e s u l t i n a

lower I’ c o i i t r i b ~ ~ t i o n . I n cJf t e c t . t h i 5 .ipproacIi r ~ 5 b i ~ r n e b a n in-s t ream

d c . 1 ivciry r , i t i o o t 1 ~ 3 5 5 ttinii I . I h e l ~ i t t i ~ r approach r e s ~ l l t c ~ d i n more

r e ~ i l i s t i c v ~ i l u e s of P l oad5 lor t h e Sniig:t>en ba$i i is , b u t p r e d i c t e d q l ~ i t e low

load5 i n t l i c , Gr<ind Kivcsr l3a5in5. Ohvioi is ly , the es t imate o f d e l i v e r y r a t i o

is v e r y c r i t i c a l to es t imate5 of t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n trom c.ropland.

- 25 -

5. 1 I o t a 1 ~ P i i o \ p l i o r r i 5 - _ _

l h e u n i t 3rcc1 load of t o t a l p l io sphor i i5 from a g r i c u l t u r a l l and i n

ea i l i o f mort t han 300 s i ~ b w a t e r s h e d s i n t h e O n t a r l o p o r t i o n of t h e Lower

(;rtiit i akt.5 i 3 a i i n wn5 c.\timated b y t h e r e g r e s s i o n p r e s e n t e d i n s e c t i o n

3 . 1 . l . P h i s re;:rra\sion wa5 d ~ v e l o p e d u s i n g t h e m o n i t o r i n g d a t a f o r t h e

p e r i o d Januarv 1 to December 31 , 1976. As t h i s r e p o r t w a s b e i n g f i n a l i z e d ,

inonitorin;: d a t a f o r t h e p e r i o d J a n u a r y 1 t o March 31, 1 9 7 7 became a v a i l a b l e .

I h i \ p e r m i t t e d Finit a rea l o a d s t o b e c a l c u l a t e d f o r each of t h e 11 a g r i c u l -

t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s based on two y e a r s of d a t a ( A p r i l 1, 1 9 7 5 t o March 31, 1977) .

A m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s s imilar t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d i n

S e r . 3 . 1 . 1 was conduc ted u s i n g t h e two-year u n i t area l o a d s . (Coo te , _ _ e t a l .

1 9 7 8 ) . T h c r e g r e s s i o n o b t a i n e d w a s a s f o l l o w s :

T o t a l P (Kg/ha) = 0.149 + 0.0O0655(Cl2) + 0.000162(RC ) 2

2 R = 0 .92

- 26 -

‘I’hc. s a m c l two v a r i a h l e s a c c o u n t fo r tlic v a r i a t i o n i n t h e u n i t

a r e a l o a d s i n Iioth s t t s o f d a t a . However, t h e p r e d i c t e d u n i t area l o a d s

i n w ~ i t t ~ r s h r t l s witti low c l a y c o n t e n t a n d a low p r o p o r t i o n of row c r o p s a r e

Iiiglic>r w i t l i t l ic i r e g r e s s i o n based o n t h e t w o - y ~ a r d a t a . The p r e d i c t i o n f o r

w a t c > r s l i d s w i t l i m c d i i i m o r f i n e - t e s t r i r t ~ i soils, o r w i t h a s i g n i f i c a n t

p r o p o r t i o n o f t l i c a r c ’n i n row c-rop.; w a s vc’ry s imi la r w i t h t h e two r e g r e s -

s i o n s . l’lic. tlivc,rgc>ncr. 0 1 t i i t , two rcxgrc3ssions i s l i k e l y drie t o i n c l u s i o n of

3 a d d i t i o n a l watcrshcvls which had v e r y l o w i i n i t a r m l o a d s i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n

based on onc’ yea r o f m o n i t o r i n g d a t a . l),itci werc ’ n o t a v a i l n b l e f o r thcJ two

y e a r p e r i o d t o r thc.sc> watcrshecls so t lwv w e r e o m i t t e d from t h e r e g r e s s i o n

h,isc.d o n tlic two-vcar d a t a . l’lit. r c g r c s s i o n hased on t h c two-venr d a t a bnsc.

i s c o n s i d e r t d t o I)c> niorc, r e a l i s t i c s ince i t does n o t p r c d i c t n e g a t i v e v a l u e s

and should h e morc’ r t . 1 i‘ iblc. b t~c*~ii isc of t h e 1ongc.r m o n i t o r i n g p e r i o d . Hence

t h i s r q r c s s i o n w‘is u s t d t o c s t i n l a t c ~ t l ic u n i t , Irra lo,ids o f t o t a l P from

t h e Ont , i r io p o r t i o n o f thc 1,owcJr (:rcaL I,,il ,c>s B a s i n . ‘Uic avc’rcige P c l a v i n

t h e s u r f a c e s o i l and tlit. 1 o f tlie f~irmlnnt l i n row c r o p s were oh ta ine t i from

1971 c e n s u s d,i ta a d j u s t e d f o r r h a n g e s i n c*rnpping p r s c t i c c s trom 1971 t o

1976 a s i n d i c a t e d i n A ~ r i r u l t ~ r ~ ~ l S t a t i s t i c s f o r O n t a r i o , 1 9 7 6 , f o r the.

c o u n t y i n which t h e wa te r shed occurs (Coott. c , t - - , r l , 1978) . Some <>numeration

areas were s u p p r e s s e d i n thcx cc’iisus d c 3 t c i t o n i c~ in tC i in conf i d c n t i a l i t v . I t

was assumed t h a t t h e Lind use i n t h e s i i p p r e s s e d !X’s \,‘,is similar t o t h a t

i n t h e non-suppressed E A ’ S .

The u n i t a r e a load ( k g / h a / v r ) o t t o t a l P t rom a q r i r r ~ l t r i r n l

a c t i v i t i e s f o r e a c h s u b b a s i n i n the. O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e I owclr G r e a t

Lakes B a s i n i s p r e s e n t e d i n Appcndis t ab l t . A-iC. l‘lit. l o c a t i o n o t each

s u b b a s i n i s shown on Appendis F i g u r e A-1. F i g u r e 5 slims t h e i i n i t ‘irca

l o a d s f o r e a c h r e g i o n i n t h e b a s i n groriptd i n t o s i x ( . l a s ses . Tn c o n s i d e r i n g

t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , i t must b e remembered t k i t t h e v 3 l u t s ‘ire tlie { i n i t a r e a

l o a d s from o n l y t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l l and i n t h e s u b h a s i n . T l i c v do n o t

n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t t h e u n i t area l o a d s froni t h e s t ihhas in a s 2 whole. H n w -

ever, where a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e a r e a i s i n farmland and t h e r e a r e no

other major s o u r c e s s u c h a s u rban c e n t e r s , tlie u n i t a r e a loads from t h e

t o t a l s u b b a s i n would n o t v a r y marked ly from t h o s e e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e a g r i c u l -

t u r a l l a n d . The p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e area of e a r h s u b b a s i n t h a t i s i n f a rmland

i s p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix T a b l e A - 4 .

The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s are based on t h e u n i t area l o a d s ca l -

c u l a t e d f rom phosphorus l o a d i n g s a t t h e o u t l e t of s m a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l

w a t e r s h e d s (20 t o 60 kmL). U s e of t h e r e g r e s s i o n s t o es t imate l o a d i n g s

- 27 -

F i g u r e 5 . U n i t a rea l o a d s u f t o t a l P from a g r i c u l t u r a l l and i n S o u t h e r n

O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e G r e a t L a k e s l3asii1.

- 29 -

from l a r g e r w a t e r s h e d s r e q u i r e s t h e a s sumpt ion of an i n s t r e a m d e l i v e r y

r a t i o of 1 f o r phosphorus . Whi l e t h i s p r o b a b l y i s v a l i d o v e r a p e r i o d of

a few years, i t may n o t g i v e r e l i a b l e estimates of l o a d i n g s t o t h e Lakes for

any g i v e n y e a r .

The t o t a l l o a d i n g ( t o n n e s l y r ) f o r each s u b b a s i n wa5 c a l c u l a t e d

by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e u n i t area load by t h e area of a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d . The

v a l u e s a re p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix T a b l e A-4 and t h e t o t a l s f o r each of f o u r

s e c t o r s o f t h e S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Great Lake5 f3a5in a r e

p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 6 . No l o a d i n g v a l u e was calculated f o r 5nhbasins

where more t h a n 70% of t h e enumera t ion a r e a s were 5upprt’sised. These

s u b b a s i n s and t h o s e i n which 5 0 t o 707 o f t h e enumera t ion a re’a i were

s u p p r e s s e d are i n d i c a t e d i n Appendix T a b l e A - 4 . Tlie5e r e p r e s e n t ‘3 ver\’

small p r o p o r t i o n of t h e t o t a l ; the e r r o r c r e a t e d 5hoiild n o t be largt. .

The l o a d i n g of t o t a l phospl ior r i \ from a g r i t u l tur<il < i c t i v i t i e s i n

t h e S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e ( ; r ea t Lake5 I3<is in i s t s t i m c i t e d t o hc

3000 t o n n e s a n n u a l l y . I f the propor t ion e s t i m < i t i t I t o ( o n i t ’ frorn i.ar11 of

t h e f o u r s o u r c e s i n t h e 1 1 c i g r i c n l t(ir.11 wa tc r shed5 a n d i n tlie Gr‘ind and

Saugeen R i v e r H a s i n s is a p p l i e d t o tlic t o t a l l)a$in, 2 1 0 0 t onnes of t o t a l

phosphorus would be a t t r i b u t e d t o riinoff from ( ropIcintl , 600 t o n n c i to

c o n t r i b u t i o n from L ives tock o p e r n t i o n s , nncl 1 5 0 t ( i n i i c ~ 5 t o ea( 11 o f strearri-

bank e r o s i o n and unimprove(1 d g r i c 1 1 1 tiir<il 1 , i n t I . I l i c 1 , i t t i r v < i l u r i s proli,iblv

somewhat l o w be( < I I I \ ( ’ of t l i e l c i r ~ c r < i n r o t i r i t o f 1111 iniprovcd c jg r i c 111 t r i r< i I inn t l

i n t h e b a s i n a s n w l i o l e tli,in i n t l i i ( , r< incI ~ i n d S,ilig:cjen l ? < i s i i i s . I’he v ~ i l i i c ~

f o r t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from I i v e 5 t o c h opc>r< i t ions i s ( o n s i t i t ~ r ~ i b l y h ig t ie r t lmn

t h e v a l u e (318 tonne \ ) e s t i m , i t e c l t)y I i o l ~ i n s o n ,ind Draper 1978. Tli i s s u g g e s t 5

t h a t t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h t , t o t < l l l o , i c I . l t t r i l ~ u t ~ i b l t ~ t o t h i s 5 o i i r c c ’ i n t h e

t o t a l b a s i n may t ) c x l c x s s t1i.in 2 0 7 .

These e s t im,itt,s r c p r e ~ e n t the, loadings f roil1 o n 1 y t l i c S o u t h r r n

O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of the Ct-cS‘ir 1,dkc.s E c i \ i n . Ilowt.ver. he( n i i s e o f vt’rv 1 irni ted

a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y , t h e , ( o n t r i b r i t i on from the Nor th t . rn O n t a r i o p o r t i o n

i s c o n s i d e r e d t o lie n e g 1 i g i I ) 1 t ~ . ‘I l i t ~ ~ , c ~ 1 o, id i n g s circl c o n s i d e r e d t o be v a l i d

estimates of t h c , t o t a l l o a d i n g s from a g r i r ( i l t i ~ r a 1 land and a s s o r i a t e d

a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e Canatli,in (;rc,at 1 ,dkes f5asiii.

A l s o p r r s e n t t d i n T, i I - , l c~ 6 , i r e v a l u e s f o r t h e 1976 e s t i m a t e d loads

of t o t a l P t o T,nkc> ffuron, l,altr* f:rits and Lake On t , i r i o from a l l Canadian

s o u r c e s . Although one n i l i s t hi, r‘iut ious i n c onipciring t ,\t i m a t e s . i r r ived a t

i n such d i v e r s e manners , tlic v a l u e s f o r t o t a l l o a d i n g s and a g r i c u l t u r a l

l o a d i n g s p r e s e n t e d i n TabIc 6 a r e h<isetl on vc’rv i n t e n s i v e s t u d i e s and a r e

- 30 -

T a b l e 6: Es t ima ted t o t a l P l o a d i n g s from a l l s o u r c e s and e s t i m a t e d l o a d i n g s from a g r i c u l t i ~ r a l l and i n s e c t o r s of t h e S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e G r e a t Lakes B a s i n .

- --- --__ __________ Es t ima ted Ldad from

A g r i c u l t u r a l Land

I 1976 E s t i m a t e d T o t a l P Loads

T o t a l T r i b u t a r y -- _--_ D i f f u s e T o t a l P D i s so lved P ___________-----.--_-.._------.------.---I_.

tonne s t o n n e s

Lake Huron 1194 99 3 778 375 ( I nc lud i n g Georg ian Bay)

Lake Er ie 1886 1423 1578 581

Lake O n t a r i o - 2842 -_ 1233 6 39 237

- T o t a l __I._-__ 5922 3654 __ 2995 1193

Taken from D r a f t working Document of PLUARG F i n a l Repor t , A p r i l 1978, T a b l e 4 . Loadings from a tmospher i c s o u r c e s , s h o r e l i n e e r o s i o n and ups t ream l a k e s n o t i n c l u d e d .

1

- 31 -

t h e b e s t e s t i m a t e s t h a t can be made a t t h i s t ime. Rased on t h e s e e s t i m a t e s ,

i t can be i n c l u d e d t h a t c o n t r i b u t i o n s of t o t a l P from a g r i c u l t u r a l l and

and a s s o c i a t e d < i c t i v i t i e s r e p r e s e n t a b o u t 50% of t h e t o t a l l o a d i n g and

a b o u t 80% of t h e load ing from t r i b u t a r y d i f f u s e sources i n t h e Canadian

Great Lakes Bas in i n 1 9 7 6 .

The. estiniates of a g r i c u l t i i r a l l o a d i n g s are based on o n l y one o r

two y e a r s of mon i to r ing d a t a . While t h e v a l u e s appea r t o be r e a l i s t i c

when compared w i t h mcasured o r e s t iniattd t o t a l l o a d s f o r t h e same p e r i o d ,

compar ison w i t h l o n g term m o n i t o r i n g clnta Iias n o t b e e n p o s s i b l e . T h e r e f o r e

c o n s i d e r a b l e c a u t i o n m u s t be. e x e r c i s e d i n a p p l y i n g t h e d a t a on a long term

b a s i s .

I t must a l s o b e r ecogn ized t h a t the e s t i m a t e d l o a d i n g s inc l i i de

background l e v e l s . ‘I’lius a p o r t i o n of t h e s e l o a d i n g s would c o n t i n u e t o

occur even i f no a g r i c u l t u r e e x i s t e d i n tlic b a s i n .

5.2 T o t a l d i s s o l v e d phosphorus - ______ - I t was n o t p o s s i b l e t o deve lop a r e g r e s s i o n f o r t o t a l d i s s o l v e d

phosphorus based on two y e a r s o f m o n i t o r i n g d a t a due t o a change i n

f i l t e r i n g t e c h n i q u e l a t e i n 1 9 7 5 . H e n r e \ i n i t a r e a load and t o t a l l o a d i n g s

of t o t a l d i s s o l v e d phosphorus were c a l c u l a t e d f o r each s u b b a s i n u s i n g t h e

r e g r e s s i o n p r e s e n t e d i n s e c t i o n 3 . 1 . 2 . T h e r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r each

s u b b a s i n i n Appendix T a b l e A-4 and a r e summarized i n Tab le 6 .

Approximate ly 1200 t o n n e s / y e a r of t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P i n t h e

O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Lower G r e a t Lakes B a s i n can be a t t r i b u t e d t o

a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s . T h i s r e p r e s e n t s $02 of t h e t o t a l P l oad a t t r i -

b u t a b l e t o a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s .

6.0 REMEDIAL MEASURES -___ I f PLUARG f i n d s t h a t r e d u c t i o n s i n phosphorus i n p u t s t o t h e G r e a t

Lakes from a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s i n O n t a r i o a r e n e c e s s a r y , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n

of r e m e d i a l measu res t o r e d u c e t h e phosphorus i n runof f from c rop land and

t o r e d u c e t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of phosphorus from l i v e s t o c k o p e r a t i o n s w i l l be

r e q u i r e d . These two s o u r c e s c o n s t i t u t e 90% of t h e t o t a l i n p u t s from

a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s . Remedial measures t h a t cou ld be a p p l i e d t o l i v e -

s t o c k o p e r a t i o n s are d i s c u s s e d e l s e w h e r e (Robinson and D r a p e r , 1978) .

Remedial m e a s u r e s f o r r e d u c t i o n i n phosphorus i n p u t s due t o runof f

from c r o p l a n d we c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o measu res t o c o n t r o l e r o s i o n and sed iment

d e l i v e r y from c r o p l a n d b e c a u s e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60% of t h e phosphorus i n runof f

- 32 -

is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e d i m e n t . T h e r e are numerous p r a c t i c e s t h a t can b e

used t o c o n t r o l e r o s i o n and sed imen t d e l i v e r y . These have been p r e s e n t e d

e l s e w h e r e i n c o n s i d e r a b l e d e t a i l ( S t e w a r t e t a l , 1 9 7 5 ) . __ - I n a d d i t i o n t o c o n t r o l of e r o s i o n and sed imen t d e l i v e r y , t h e r e

a r e r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s t h a t a r e s p e c i f i c f o r phosphorus.

Sed imen t s 1 rorn a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d may be e n r i c h e d i n phosphorus

d u e t o a p p l i c a t i o n s of manure a n d / o r commercial f e r t i l i z e r . I n t h e areas

wliich a r e f r e q u e n t l v l i v d r o l o g i c a l l y a c t i v e and which y i e l d e roded sed imen t

t o s t r e a m s , measu res d r s i 3 n e d t o minimize t h e en r i chmen t of t h e s e s o i l s w i t h

phosphorus nid\7 havt. some e f f e c t on phosphorus l o a d s , though t h e phosphorus

c o n t e n t o t ttit, soil is gc>nc>rcillx so hisii compared t o a g r i c u l t u r a l l y added

pliosphorus t h a t r e d u c t i o n s on to t‘i 1 phosphorus mav be v e r v small . Greater

r e d u c t i o n s \ \ ro~ i ld oc-c‘ur i n t h e t orijis ~ > t . P w l i i c l l -Ire :iiore r e a d i l v a v a i l a b l e

t o a q u a t i c 1 i t < . . !Ieasurt.s s;uc.i i ‘3s r c s t r i c t i n c pliosplioriis i n p u t s as

f e r t i l i z e r o r 17i~1niirt‘ t o those rec~orniiiendc~d t r o n i ,I s i) i l phosphorus t e s t

siioultl b e c o i i s i d t > r t , d . H c n ~ ~ c ~ \ ~ t ‘ i - , i t n i i i s t 1 7 , ~ ) rL>L-L)i:ni7t1d t l id t tliesi‘ measu res

would n o t s i g n i l i c a n t l \ r e d i i c > e tl i t‘ pliosphorkis i n r i i i i o f l f o r sever‘i l years .

Once ‘1 s o i l i s e n r i c h e d b v a d d i t i o n ot f e r t i l i z e r , ind /or manure, i t r e q u i r e s

s e v e r a l y e a r s o f c ropp ing t o r educ t . the i -oncen t r . i t i on nt . i vn i lL ib lc~ P . The

measures would, however. a v o i d i ur t h e r unnecessc l rv t’nric-lmt>nt.

S o l u b l e phosphorus i n runof f water from t rcquc3nt I v I ~ v d r o l o g i c a l l y

a c t i v e a r eas may b e i n c r e a s e d bv i n c r e a s e d phosphorus F e r t i l i t v I t w c l s and

b y poor management of phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r o r manurcs . S p c ’ c i f i c a l l y ,

f a i l u r e t o i n c o r p o r a t e i e r t i l i z e r o r manures i n t o thc> s o i l ma\’ Ic>,id to h igh

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of s o l u b l e phosphorus i n t h e runof f w a t e r . Li twic~I i,i 1 nic”is i i res

t o r e d u c e t h i s problem would i n c l u d e i n c o r p o r a t i o n a t ni~1ncii-c~ i n t o t l i c > s o i l

a s soon as p o s s i b l e a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n , and p r i o r t o ‘1 rlincilt -c<ius ing c v c ’ n t .

Much of t h e phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r is band app1ic.d ,ind I ic . i ice incorl)oratcxl on

a p p l i c a t i o n . I n c o r p o r a t i o n of b r o a d c a s t t e r t i 1 i i c r s s l i n u l d t>c. c.iicotlr,iy:cd

i n areas where water q u a l i t y may be a f f e c t e d .

O r g a n i c s o i l s may y i e l d l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of p l i c ) sp l lo r~ l s t o

d r a i n a g e water a s a r e s u l t of d r a i n a g e works wliicli inc*rc>asc. soi 1 tlc.(.onip(>-

s i t i o n r a t e s , and as a r e s u l t of f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s I o r c r o p protlti(.t i o n .

These f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s have been found t o bc> g r e a t I v i n C’X(’C\SS 0 1

r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r c r o p p r o d u c t i o n i n some i n s t a n c e s , and r t d r i c ~ i n g a p p i ic.it i o n

ra tes t o c r o p n e e d s would r e d u c e l o a d i n g s from these a r e a s . A 1 t l i o r i g l l t l l c ,

r e d u c t i o n s would o c c u r more r a p i d l y t h a n w i t h m i n e r a l soils , C ’ X ~ C s s i v c l

- 33 -

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n d r a i n a g e water would c o n t i n u e f o r 10 y e a r s o r more. The

area of c u l t i v a t e d o r g a n i c s o i l s i n O n t a r i o i s v e r y s m a l l , be ing i n

e s s e n t i a l l y f i v e l o c a t i o n s . Thus t h e impact on t h e t o t a l l oad t o t h e

Great Lakes is r e l a t i v e l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t . However, l o c a l i z e d e f f e c t s mav

b e q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t . I t i s sugges t ed t h a t t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r wa te r

p o l l u t i o n .be c o n s i d e r e d i n any p r o p o s a l s t o deve lop a d d i t i o n a l o r g a n i c

s o i l areas.

A set of e f f e c t i v e r e m e d i a l measures can o n l y be deve loped

th rough d e t a i l e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a s p e c i f i c a r e a . Examples of s e t s of

remedial measu res have been developed fo r four of t h e d e t a i l e d a g r i c u l t u r a l

w a t e r s h e d s by a group a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Guelph c o n s i s t i n g of

W.T. D ick inson , M.H. M i l l e r , J . B . Robinson and G . J . Wall. The c o s t of

each p r a c t i c e and t h e r e d u c t i o n i n sed iment and phosphorus l o a d s have been

e s t i m a t e d . These examples a r e p r e s e n t e d a s Appendix T a b l e s A - 5 .

They should be used o n l y a s i l l u s t r a t i o n s of an approach t o

r e m e d i a l measures and n o t a s f i n a l answers €or t h e s e s p e c i f i c wa te r sheds .

- 34 -

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A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds S tudy - P r o j e c t 10.

Hore, F.R. and A . J . MacLean. 1973. A g r i c u l t u r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o n u t r i e n t

en r i chmen t of waters i n w a t e r s h e d s o f Lake E r i e , Lake O n t a r i o and

t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c t i o n of t h e S t . Lawrence Kive r . P a r t of a

r e p o r t of t h e Canada Department of A g r i c u l t u r e Task Force for

Implemen ta t ion of t h e Great Lakes Water Q u a l i t y Program.

Hore, R . C . and R . C . O s t r y . 1978. Grand R i v e r , O n t a r i o summary p i l o t

wa te r shed r e p o r t . A r e p o r t of PLUARC Task C (Canadian S e c t i o n )

A c t i v i t i e s 1, 3 and 4 .

Hore, R . C . and R . C . O s t r y . 1978. Saugeen R i v e r , O n t a r i o summary p i l o t

w a t e r s h e d r e p o r t . A r e p o r t of PLUARG Task C (Canadian S e c t i o n )

A c t i v i t i e s 1, 3 and 4 .

Miller , M.H. 1 9 7 4 . The c o n t r i b u t i o n of p l a n t n u t r i e n t s f rom a g r i c u l t u r a l

l a n d s to d r a i n a g e water . T e c h n i c a l r e p o r t , Depar tment of Land

Resource S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Guelph.

- 35 -

Miller, M.H. 1978. C o n t r i b u t i o n of n i t r o g e n and phosphorus t o s u b s u r f a c e

d r a i n a g e water from i n t e n s i v e l y cropped m i n e r a l and o r g a n i c s o i l s

i n O n t a r i o . J . E n v i r . Qua l . ( I n p r e s s ) .

Robinson, J . B . and D.W. Drape r . 1978. A model f o r e s t i m a t i n g i n p u t s t o

t h e Great Lakes from l i v e s t o c k e n t e r p r i s e s i n t h e Great Lakes

B a s i n . A r e p o r t of PLUARG Task C (Canadian S e c t i o n ) A c t i v i t y 1 - A g r i c u l t u r a l Watershed S t u d i e s - L i v e s t o c k I n t e g r a t i o n R e p o r t .

S p i r e s , A . and M.H. Miller. 1978. C o n t r i b u t i o n of phosphorus from

a g r i c u l t u r a l l and t o streams by s u r f a c e r u n o f f . A r e p o r t of

PLUARG T a s k C (Canadian S e c t i o n ) A c t i v i t y 1 - A g r i c u l t u r a l

Watershed S t u d i e s - P r o j e c t 18.

S t e w a r t e t a l . 1975. C o n t r o l of water p o l l u t i o n from c r o p l a n d . Volume 1.

A manual f o r g u i d e l i n e deve lopment . Repor t N o . ARS-H-5-1, U.S.

Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , A g r i c u l t u r e Resea rch S e r v i c e .

van V l i e t , L . J .P . , G . J . Wall and W.T. D ick inson . 1978. E r o s i o n a l l o s s e s

from a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d ( P r o j e c t 1 6 ) ; Sediment d e l i v e r y r a t i o s i n

small a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d s ( P r o j e c t 1 7 ) ; and Sediment

i n t e g r a t i o n a s p e c t s . A r e p o r t of PLUARG Task C (Canadian S e c t i o n )

A c t i v i t y 1 - A g r i c u l t u r a l Watershed S t u d i e s .

- 36 -

T a b l e A-1: C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds . (Compiled by D . R . Coote)

WATERSHED

Ag-1 Ag-2 Ag-3 Ag-4 Ag-5 Ag-6 Ag-7 Ag-10 Ag-11 Ag-13 Ag-14 EX-16 TU-36 GR-g6

T o t a l Area ( h a ) 5080 7913 6200 1860 3000 5472 5645 3025 2383 1990 4504 927 1709 6216 Area of A g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d (ha ) 4820 7744 6026 1823 2888 5259 4354 2922 2173 1654 4394 870 1610 5887 Area o f Cropland (ha) 4619 4872 5558 1696 2427 3717 3009 2385 2028 1516 3972 277 1338 3512

S u r f a c e C lay ( ~ ) 1 S u r f a c e Sand (2 ) ' NaHC03 E x t r a c t a b l e P (ppm) 2 F e r t i l i z e r P added ( k ? / h a ) 3 Manure P added ( k g / h a ) 3 Hay-Pas ture ( % of T o t a l A l f a l f a (% of T o t a l Area) Woodlot and Unimproved Land , ( 7 ) Row Crops ( 2 of T o t a l Area) Corn ( % of T o t a l A r e a ) ' Animal U n i t s ( N ~ / h a ) ~ S t r eam and G u l l e y D e n s i t y (krn/km2) R u r a l R e s i d e n c e s ( N ~ / k m ~ ) ~

35 .0 6 . 6 30 .0 25.0 20 .0 1 5 . 7 9 .9 40 .0 30.0 1 0 . 5 27.5 1 4 . 6 1 3 . 0 10.5 35.0 80 .0 13.0 2 5 . 0 25.0 24 .0 61 .0 10 .0 27.4 75 .0 25.6 35.9 44 .2 39 .8 31.4 36 .8 1 7 . 1 1 8 . 3 1 3 . 3 1 5 . 3 2 7 . 8 1 5 . 1 1 5 . 1 41 .2 1 0 . 8 6 . 3 1 5 . 2 8 . 4 1 8 . 9 2 1 . 1 1 9 . 4 1 0 . 1 16.8 5 . 3 6 . 0 5 . 5 8 . 3 40 .5 4 .9 3.6 9 . 6 6 .7

1 . 0 0.4 14.5 1 4 . 5 1 0 . 0 S.0 3.G 8.8 5 .7 0 . 3 7 . 7 1 . 9 4 .9 5 . 3 1 . 7 3 .0 1 7 . 9 37 .2 2 2 . S 13 .4 25.5 G h . 2 41 .3 0 66 .6 1 8 . 9 29.7 30.4 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 32 .0 3 . 0 1 9 . 0 14.0 33.0 28.0 0 23 .3 -- -- -- 3.9 36 .3 7 .6 6 . 9 1 5 . 4 28.2 37 .6 1 7 . 8 7 . 5 7.0 9 . 4 64.0 15 .9 38 .2

62 .2 33.7 L5.3 18 .7 $5 .9 1 7 . 3 1 4 . 2 1 6 . 2 1 3 . 4 63 .5 9 . 5 4 .7 36.4 1 1 . 4 23.0 1 0 . 1 31 .3 1 8 . 7 5 2 . 3 1 2 . 3 1 O . b 1 6 . 2 1 1 . 3 22.8 9 . 5 7 . 0 32.9 1 0 . 1

I

w 0.08 0.04 0 . 4 8 0 . 7 5 0 . h l 0 . 5 1 0 .25 0 .77 0.33 0.01 0 . 5 5 0 .06 0 .42 0 .14 1 .379 0 .728 0 .5SA 0.6bl 1.037 1 . O L l 0.362 7.232 1.f.27 1 .007 0.898 0 .458 0 .364 0 .703 4

4 . 1 2 .5 2.6 3 . 8 1 . G 2 . 8 3.2 5 . A 7.8 17.3 1 . 3 2 .7 3.7 2 . 1 I

From O n t a r i o S o i l Survey R e p o r t s and from S o i l Survev of l i d t e r s h c ~ c l s (P1,I:ARC-rro j c c t 7 ) .

E s t i m a t e d from O n t a r i o S o i l T e s t i n g S e r v i c e Suniniarv d a t a for c o u n t i c y s .

From R . F rank and B . R i p l e y . Land U s e A c t i v i t i e s i n E leven A g r i c c l l t ~ l r ~ ~ l l i a t c r s l i c d s i n So i i thc>rn O n t a r i o , Canada, 1975-76.

C a l c u l a t e d from numbers of l i v e s t o c k u s i n g a n i m a l u n i t c o e f f i c i L , n t x f r o i i i AgriL~iil tiir,il C o t l c o f P r a c t i c e f o r O n t a r i o .

From N a t i o n a l Topographic S e r v i c e s p l u s a i r p h o t o e x a m i n a t i o n .

Va lues f o r non-Ag w a t e r s h e d s o b t a i n e d from c e n s u s d a t a .

T a b l e A-2: C o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x f o r t o t a l P and t o t a l d i s s o l v e d P l o a d s and a g r i c u l t u r a l watershed c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

~ - ~ ~~ ~

'1 '2 '3 '4 '5 '6 x7 '8 '9 '10 '11 x12 '13 '14

Y 1 -Total P (kg /ha )

Y2 - T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P ( k g / h a )

- S u r f a c e Clay (%>

'.2 - S u r f a c e Sand (%)

X 3 -NaHC03 E x t r a c t P (ppm)

X4 - F e r t i l i z e r P added (kg /ha )

X5 - Manure P added (kg /ha )

x6 X7 -Hay-Pasture (% of t o t a l a r e a )

xg - A l f a l f a (% of t o t a l a r e a )

Xg -Woodlot and Unimproved ( X ) X10 -Row Crop (% of t o t a l a r e a )

X i 1 -Corn ( % of t o t a l a r e a )

- F e r t . & Manure P added (kg/ha)

- A n i m a l U n i t s (No/ha)

X i 3 -Rura l R e s i d e n c e s (No/km2) x12

0 .76 -0.42 0 .27 0 . 3 3 0 .28 0 . 4 7 -0.13 -0.10 -0.62 0 .56 0.49 0 .33 0.10 0.57

0 .71 -0.49 0 .12 0.34 0 .53 0 . 6 0 0 .09 0 .06 -0.67 0.42 0.46 0 .49 0 .16 0.42

-0.76 -0.24 -0.18 0 . 4 6 0 .04 0.35 0 . 4 3 -0.57 0 .06 0 .16 0 .52 -0.06 0.66

0 .69 0 . 5 1 -0.76 0 .17 -0.50 -0.58 0 .28 0 .27 -0 .21 -0 .73 0 . 4 0 0 .31

0 . 8 1 -0.44 0 .64 -0.70 -0.66 -0 .28 0 . 7 3 0.22 -0.40 0.52 0 .09

-0.27 0.89 -0 .72 -0.68 -0.40 0.86 0.42 -0.41 0.69 -0.04

0 .17 0.49 0 . 5 3 -0.39 -0.18 0 .35 0 . 8 5 -0 .35 -0.01

-0.49 -0 .43 -0.59 0 .78 0.57 -0.02 0 .58 -0.02

0 . 8 4 -0 .12 -0.72 -0.27 0 . 6 8 -0.35 0 .21

-0.13 -0.70 -0.32 0 .67 -0.16 0 .31

-0 .53 -0.52 -0 .40 -0.33 -0.34

0 .70 -0.27 0.44 0.00

0 .30 0.04 -9.09

-0.32 0.27

1

W a

1

0.27 x14 -S t ream and G u l l y D e n s i t y (km/km2)

Requi red f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e ( 1 , 12 d . f )

5% - 0.53

1% - 0.66

- 39 -

rI'cil)le A-3: F e r t i l i z e r phosphorus u s e i n A g r i c u l t u r a l Wate r sheds R e l a t i v e t o Kequirenwnts as I n d i c a t e d by S o i l T e s t .

1. Essex

2 . Nor fo lk ( E 1 g i n )

3 . Huron ( P c: r t h )

4. Well.

5. Oxford

6 . Huron (Well . )

7 . Northumberland

10 . N i a g a r a Nor th

11. P e e l

Crop

Corn Wheat Soybeans Vege t . To11 ac c o Corn Hay-Past . Corn W . Bean M . G r a i n B a r l e y Wheat

P a s t .

Corn M. G r a i n Hay Wheat

Corn Hay-Pa s t . M. G r a i n B a r l e y Oats Veg . Corn M. G r a i n Barley P a s t .

Hay

Hay Corn Oats

Tobacco P a s t . Corn Oats

P a s t . Wheat

Corn M. Grain Wheat Hay P a s t .

Hay

Hay

1 Hec t . Grown

1191 1 2 7 8 1935

92

1458 7 59 22 3

1776 686 8 7 2 307 269 558 458

462 779 767

96

1249 588 152

' 75 116 107

641 936 228 815 933

649 249 681

95 1094

484 299 962 355 120

282 424 241 632 4 01

F e r t i l i z e r Phosphorus Appl i ed -___-____-___ - -l

Appl i e d L RecommendedL Recommended -__

k g P / h a / y r

36 9 3L 20

'3 5 201 -

84 23 43 9 1 11

28 1 4 2 7 6 20 7 28 1 3 23 7

5 1 3 1 0 1 3

18 1 5 18 1 7

3 1 4 4 1 2

26 11 1 0 7 18 1 5 2 2 7 14 6 88 -

1 7 1 4 14 7 13 13 (1 1 3 <l 1 3

21 7 5 5

1 2 4 1 0 0 31 <1 4

18 1 3 1 2 7 1 1 3 1 1 3

1 4 1 0

24 14 19 8 21 10 <1 9 1 9

3 .9 1 . 6 0 . 6 -

3.7 4 . 9 0 . 1

2 .0 4 . 8 2 . 8 2 . 1 3 . 3 0 .4 0 . 8

1 . 2 1.1 0 . 2 0 . 3

2.4 1 . 5 1 . 2 3 . 0 2 . 5

1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 0 <0.1 < 0 . 1

2 .8 1.1 2.9 3 .2 0 . 1

1 . 4 1 . 7 0 . 1 0 . 1 1 . 4

1 . 6 2 . 3 2.0 0 . 1 0 .1

..... 2

- 4 0 -

Watershed Crop F e r t i l i z e r Phosphorus App l i ed

No. County Hec t .' Applied' Recommended Recommended 2

Grown kg P / h a / y r

13. Essex

1 4 . Bruce

Corn 4 7 2 39 9 4 . 3 P o t a t o 280 1 0 2 24 4 .2 Tomato 1 8 3 . 107 2 1 5.0 Tobacco 104 7 1 25 2.8 Beans 6 8 34 1 7 2.0 Soybeans 1 6 3 8 5 1 . 5 \hea t 176 15 5 2.8

Corn 47 2 23 18 1 . 2 PI. G r a i n 614 1 7 1 3 1 .3 Hay 1153 1 15 0 .1 P a s t u r e 2219 1 1 5 0.1

From PLUARG Repor t - Land Use A c t i v i t i e s i n Eleven A g r i c u l t u r a l Watersheds i n S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o , Canada 1975-1976 by R . F rank and B . D . R i p l e y .

From Summary Repor t - S o i l T e s t i n g S e r v i c e o p e r a t e d f o r O.M.A.F. by Department of Land Resource S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Guelph. Summary of Samples s u b m i t t e d between J u l y 1, 1975 and J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 7 6 .

- 4 1 -

T a b l e A-4: Annual u n i t area l o a d s and t o t a l l o a d i n g s of t o t a l phosphorus and t o t a l d i s s o l v e d phosphorus due t o a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s i n s u b b a s i n s of t h e S o u t h e r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n of t h e Great Lakes B a s i n as e s t i m a t e d b y r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s .

% Of '% O f T o t a l Phosphorus T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P C l a y Manure Farm T o t a l I n and Area Area U n i t T o t a l U n i t T o t a l

Sur f F e r t . P I n Row I n Area Loading Area Loading Watershed S o i l App l i ed Crop Farms Load Load

E C O l EC0201 EC020 EC0203 EC0204 EC0205 EC0301 ECO 30 2 > k EC04 EC0501 EC0502 EC0601 EC0602* EC07 EC0801 EC0802 EC 09 EC 10 E C l l EC12 EC13 EC 14* EC16* EC17* ED02* ED0 3 ED04 ED05 ED06 ED0 7 E D 0 8 ED09 ED10 E D 1 1 E D 1 2 E D 1 3 ED1 4 ED15 ED16*

%

23.7 30.3 16 .0 20.5 1 7 . 8 1 7 . 3 1 1 . 9 1 7 . 4 11.1 18.9 1 8 . 2 18.1 30.6 16 .2 1 3 . 4 1 1 . 2 1 6 . 3 14 .6

5 .0 1 9 . 3

4.0 _ _ -- 6 . 0 5 . 8

11.0 8 . 1

1 6 . 1 20.2 19 .2

5.8 13 .4 1 8 . 3 15.3 12 .2 12.6 1 1 . 8 1 9 . 1

5 .8

Kg / h a / y r

38 .5 11 .0 1 9 . 5 21.9 1 9 . 1 2 1 . 2 1 8 . 5

8 . 6 1 8 . 3 20.7 19 .4 20.3 2 1 . 1 21.9 2 2 . 1 20.7 1 4 . 7 1 2 . 8

7 . 7 1 0 . 3

5.2 2.5 2.0 5 . 3 8 . 6

1 5 . 1 1 1 . 7 10 .9

8 . 8 4.7

11.5 21.8 18 .9 16 .7 20.6 1 7 . 2 1 9 . 0 2 1 . 1 1 3 . 7

T o t a l f o r Georg ian Bay

% % Kg / h a / y r

GEORGIAN BAY

30.8 4 . 0

14 .2 1 9 . 0 19 .9 18.8 20.5

4.8 1 5 . 3 16 .9 14 .0 25.0 34.0 24.8 33.2 20.6 1 2 . 9

8 . 2 3.6 3 .2 1.1 0 0 0 . 9 6 . 2 9 . 2 7 . 8 6 . 9 3.1 0 .8

1 0 . 0 1 9 . 1

6 . 9 11.1 21.5 1 8 . 5 1 8 . 7 24.7 1 4 . 4

70.7 3 7 . 1 39.8 30.5 59 .8 60 .5 54.4 4 0 . 1 61 .1 73.2 7 7 . 8 76.2 5 1 . 5 37.7 65 .8 52 .0 53 .3 51 .2 49 .2 51 .5 36.6 1 4 . 5 1 0 . 1 25.5 37.7 54 .5 41.7 42 .1 46.8 16 .4 34.7 64.4 65.7 66 .1 6 2 . 1 77.9 47.7 7 1 . 3 1 8 . 9

0.67 0 . 7 5 0 . 3 5 0 .48 0 .42 0.40 0 . 3 1 0 . 3 5 0 .27 0 . 4 3 0 .40 0.47 0.95 0 .42 0.45 0.30 0.35 0 .30 0 .17 0.39 0 .15 0 . 1 5 0.15 0 .17 0.18 0.24 0.20 0 . 3 3 0.42 0 .39 0.19 0 . 3 3 0 .38 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.49 0.20

Tonnes

16.232 0.958 1 .405 0.626 1.808 0.999 5.658 4.235 7.758 5.757 6.204 2.319 5.250 2.118 1 . 9 1 5 1.773 6.190 1 . 9 7 3 2.939 5.237 3.486 0 .323 0.049 3.096 1 .398 2.805 2.009 2.876 6.287 0.894 0.748

23.077 7.106 9 .683 6.429 6.016 4.357

16.679 2.167

180.9

K g l h a l y r

0.47 0.27 0.18 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 1 0 .12 0 . 0 8 0 . 1 1 0 . 2 3 0 .20 0 . , 2 1 0 .37 0 . 2 1 0 .17 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 3 0 .09 0 0 .12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .07 0 0.09 0.12 0.07 0 0 .17 0 .20 0.14 0.14 0 . 1 1 0.12 0 .23 0

Tonnes

11.346 0.338 0 . 7 2 1 0.335 0.846 0.528 2 . 1 7 4 0 .968 3.094 3.036 3.192 1 . 0 6 3 5.316 1.037 0.750

2.359 0.616 0 1 .640 0 0 0 0 0 0.846 0.028 0.805 1.810 0.149 0

12.081 3.789 4.252 2.879 2.231 1.798 7.991 0

78.8

0 .783

- 4 2 -

i a b l e A-4 Con t ' d

% O f '% Of T o t a l Phosphorus T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P __. .________-- Clay Manure Farm T o t a l --__

I n and Area Area U n i t Tota l U n i t T o t a l Sur f F e r t . P I n Row I n Area Loading Area Lo ad i ng

Load -______-_______ Watershed S o i l Appl ied Crop Farms Load

FA0 1 FA02* FA0 3 FA04" FA0 7 FA08 FA09 FA10 FA11 FA12 FBO 1 FB02 FB0301 FB04 FB05 FB06 FB07 FB0701 FB0702 FB08 FCOlOl FC0102 FC0103 FC0104 FC0105 FC0106 FC0201 FC0203 FC0301 FC0302 FC0401 FC0402 FC05 FC0601 FC07 FC08 FC09 FC 10 F C l l FC12 FC1301

%

9 . 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 3 . 3 19 .6 0 0

20.8 18 .4 19 .9 1 8 . 2 24.5 23.2 15 .5 21.8 21.6 22.9 16 .2 16 .9

9 .2 1 0 . 7 1 0 . 7 18 .6 17 .5 27 .3 1 7 . 3 10 .6 29.7 27.2 2 8 . 1 1 6 . 3 25.5 12 .4 1 2 . 4 1 1 . 7 14 .0 1 6 . 3 1 0 . 5

Kg / ha / y r

10.1 8.8 9 . 1 7 .5 7 . 5 8 . 2

1 8 . 0 1 7 . 7

9 .4 9 .0

1 2 . 3 1 7 . 9 15 .9 1 4 . 1 1 6 . 5 1 8 . 0 1 7 . 9 1 7 . 8 19 .8 20 .3 1 6 . 3 23.2 21 .4 17 .0 23.4 26 .4 1 7 . 4 1 9 . 0 21 .0 24.9 21.9 20.8 1 9 . 8 23.9 20.2 37.9 16 .8 1 7 . 2 20 .1 26 .1 17 .0

%

1 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 4 0 .6 0 . 5 0 . 4 5 . 2 7 .3 2 .5 1 . 2 1 . 7 4 .9 6 . 0 3 .0 2 .5 4 . 6 3 . 1 3.9 5 .4 4.9 4 .9

1 2 . 1 1 7 . 8

7 . 3 13 .7 1 6 . 4

5 .2

6.9 16 .6

8 . 9 8 . 8 7 . 4

16 .0 9 . 0 5 . 6 5 .8 5 .8 7 . 3

13 .0 7 . 1

a . 7

X Kg/ha/yr Tonnes

LAKE HURON

39.7 43.8 40 .0

6 . 7 6 .7

10 .2 49.2 76 .5 30.7 2 4 . 7 40.7 79.2 74.0 55 .2 35.8 73 .1 60 .5 62 .3 58.4 56 .1 6 4 . 3 76.6 37.6 66.5 75.7 85.0 69.6 89 .2 80 .9 83.4 79.0 55.2 78 .8 82 .4 93 .0 85 .7 60.0 61 .2 77.0 8 7 . 2 68 .1

0 .20 0 .15 0 .15 0 .15 0 .15 0 .15 0.27 0 . 4 1 0 .15 0 .15 0 . 4 3 0.37 0 . 4 1 0 .37 0 .54 0.50 0 . 3 1 0.46 0 .46 0 .50 0 .32 0 .36 0.26 0 . 2 3 0 .25 0 . 4 2 0.35 0 .65 0 .35 0.27 0 .74 0 .65 0 .68 0.36 0 .59 0 .25 0 .26 0 .24 0.29 0 .35 0 .23

3.054 0 .778 0.748 0 . 360 0.131 0 .355 2.046

20.765 1 .056 1 . 1 1 2 3.759 2 .591 6.697 2 .489 5.512

1 4 . 6 1 2 0 .038

17 .251 1 .100 2.443 7.906 0.233 1 .385 0.686 2.276

10 .949 6 .033 0.452

18 .261 0.222 2 . 4 4 7 3.452 3.525

20.782 10 .283

2.156 2.165 4.271 5.589 4.854 1 . 8 0 1

Kg/ha/yr Tonne?

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .13 0 .20 0 0 0.16 0 .19 0 .19 0 .19 0 .25 0.25 0 .16 0 . 2 3 0 .25 0 .27 0 .15 0 . 2 3 0.12 0 .09 0 .15 0 .28 0 .18 0 . 3 1 0 . 2 1 0.17 0.37 0 . 3 3 0 .33 0 .23 0 .30 0 .32 0.11 0.10 0 .16 0 .25 0.09

0 0 0 0 0 0

10.350 0 0 1 . 4 2 2 1 .325 3.061 1 .276 2.555 7.289 0.019 8 .640 0 .601 1 .334 3 .621 0.148 0.625 0 .263 1 . 3 8 1 7.364 2.995 0.217

10.882 0.140 1 .228 1 .758 1 . 7 2 1

12.992 5.285 2.750 0 .907 1.800 3.135 3.469 0.674

- 4 3 -

T a b l e A-4 Cont 'd

% Of ''I Of T o t a l P h o s p h o r u s T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P C lay Manure Farm T o t a l I n and Area Area U n i t T o t a l U n i t Total

Sur f F e r t . P I n Row I n Area Loading Area Loading Watershed S o i l App l i ed Crop Farms Load Load

FDOl FDO 2 FD03 FD04 FD05 FD06 FDO 7 FEOl FEOlOl FE0102 FE0103 FEO 2 FE03 FE04 FE05 F F O l FFO 2 FFO 3 FF04 FF0501 FF0502 FF06 FF0701 FF0702 FF08

%

20.8 24.5 29.6 26.3 24.9 14.6 20.0 21.1 16 .2 10.2 16 .5 17 .5 24.0 23.2 18.8 30.0 20.4 27.2 23.3 30.6 30.3 23.4 27.3 22.1 27.1

Kg/ha/yr

22.1 25.2 27.4 23.5 23.4 20.8 25.7 24.6 22.4 21.2 23 .1 23.2 26 .3 26.6 23.3 22.6 24.2 23.4 19 .7 32.0 24.4 23.9 29.9 22.7 26.2

T o t a l for Lake Huron

%

12 .8 19.7 24.4 21.3 26.2 20.1 33.6 29 .O 1 3 . 1 10.0 24.7 16 .7 28.5

1 . 7 15.7 44.4 38.2 33.3 26.0 43.5 32.9 32.6 33.6 26.3 34.4

%

49.9 74.2 73.8 78 .1 70.9 87.7 58.6 75.9 91.7 83.0 84.4 93 .1 91.5 91.9 93.6 53.6 66.5 87 .5 86.8 97 .3 96 .1 74.6 90.9 84.6 96.2

Kg /ha / y r

0 .46 0 .60 0.82 0.68 0.67 0.35 0.59 0.58 0.35 0 .23 0 .43 0.39 0.66 0.50 0.42 1 .06 0.66 0 .81

. 6 1 1 .06 0.93 0.68 0.82 0.58 0.82

Tonnes

9.019 9.917

14.260 5.549 9.265 7 .693 5.316 6.723

17 .208 1 .065

17.806 0.327

24.632 30.208 15 .180 57 .883 8.830

13.276 6.068

10 .078 12 .814 1 6 . 5 5 1

4.583 16 .472

7 9 . 2 7 i

596.6

Kg / h a / y r

0 .26 0 .34 0 .43 0.35 0.33 0.18 0.29 0.29 0 . 2 1 0.13 0.22 0.24 0.35 0.34 0.25 0.38 0 .28 0.36 0.27 0.49 0.40 0.31 0.42 0.29 0.38

Tonnes

5.193 5.599 7.412 2.843 4.555 3.802 2.615 3.420

10.423 0.576 9.272 0.195

12.989 20.469

9.117 20.899

3.766 34.666

5.836 2.759 4.397 5.930 8 .561 2.260 7.687

296.4

- 44 -

Table A-4 Con t ' d

% Of ' % O f T o t a l Phosphorus T o t a l Dissolved P C l a y Elanur e Farm To t a l

I n and Area Area U n i t T o t a l U n i t T o t a l S u r f F e r t . P I n Row I n Area Loading Area Loadirig

Watershed S o i l App l i ed Crop Farms Load Load

G A O l O l GAO LO 2 GAO 10 3 G A O l O h GA0105 GA0107 GA0108 GA0109 G A O I 10 G A O l l l GA0201 GA0202 GA0205 GA0206 GA0209 GA0210 GA0301 GA0302 GAO 30 3 GAO 304 GA0401 GA0402 GA0406 GA0407 GA0408 G A 0 5 GA0601 GA0602 GA0603 GA0604 G B O l O l GB0102 GB0103 GB0201 GB0202 GB03 GB04 GB0501 GB0502 G C O l GC02 GCO 301 GC0302 GC0401 GC0402 GC0403

2

20.2 19 .9 20 .6 1 5 . 0 1 2 . 6 1 5 . 9 1 6 . 1 1 7 . 2 15 .7

3.7 30.1 25.2 23 .0 1 2 . 3 1 5 . 7

5 . s 5 . 8 5 . 8 5 . 8 5 . 8

1 3 . 1 1 4 . 3

8 . 0 1 2 . 8

9 . 6 9 . 2

24.0 28.4 28.0 19.4 1 1 . 4 27.2 28.5 1 8 . 0 26.0 24.0 20 .8 15 .3

6 . 3 8 . 4

23.7 23.9

7 . 2 1 8 . 6 10.1

6 . 5

Kg I ha I y r

1 3 . 6 1 7 . 5 22.9 20.9 33.3 30 .2 25.0 25.9 31.0 23.9 25.9 27.2 31 .3 28 .1 24.2 24 .8 1 4 . 0 18.4 1 8 . 5

24.0 2 7 . 1 20.6 25.6 26 .3 1 8 . 9 1 5 . 0 29.3 26 .1 27.9 23.4 16 .6 13 .9 20 .5 21.7 2 5 . 3 20 .8 27.7 26.8 25.4 30 .5 2 5 . 1 2 2 . 3 28.0 1 9 . 8 19.7

15.8

%

3.7 5.9

1 4 . 2 1 6 . 0 27.9 41.0 29 .3 32.0 56.2 4 1 . 1 1 3 . 3 21.0 38.4 46.4 37.4 5 4 . 3

8 . 9 20 .6 L 7 . 1 1 2 . 7 1 9 . 1 29.4 27.6 33 .3 40.4 1 4 . 8

5 .0 14.9 1 3 . 1 3 2 . 3 48 .2 1 8 . 3 1 3 . 7 35.6 27 .8 2 8 . 3 30.4 37.7 51.0 59 .0 45 .6 45.8 52 .8 54.7 43.4 4 5 . 1

% Kg/ha /y r

LAKE E R I E -

72 .5 73.9 8 2 . 1 83.7 96 .5 8 5 . 2 6 7 . 3 73.9 70 .1 85 .2 9 0 . 8 8 8 . 6 84 .7 79.h 74 .1

100 .0 51.7 64.7 63.8 5 6 . 1 70.9 78.8 6 7 . 3 6 6 . 1 78.9 64 .0 79.9 8 7 . 2 92 .9 94.9 6 3 . 3 7 5 . 2 44 .2 7 7 . 1 91.2 80 .2 76.8 85.6 9 4 . 2 8 0 . 1 9 2 . 3 78.9 73.6 91 .4 8 7 . 5 8 3 . 3

0 .42 0 . 4 1 0.46 0 .34 0 . 3 8 0.59 0 . 4 6 0 . 5 1 0 .82 0 . 4 3 0.77 0 .64 0 . 7 3 0.60 0.54 0 .65 0.18 0.24 0 .22 0 .20 0 . 3 2 0 .42 0 . 3 1 0.44 0.47 0 . 2 4 0 . 5 3 0 . 7 1 0 .69 0 .56 0 . 6 1 0.69 0.71 0.57 0.72 0.66 0 . 5 8 0 . 5 3 0 . 6 0 0 .76 0.85 0.86 0 . 6 3 0 .86 0 . 5 2 0.51

Tonnes

3.732 16.940

5.057 11.694

3.264 19.149

2.018 1.485 1.264 3.537

22.645 12.357

7.039 12.682

3.817 6.672 0 .300 0.039 0.P58 0.675 1.297 7.381 0 .883 0.351 5.119 4.07?

11.735 17.937 1 3 . 4 6 7

2.970 2.808

24.937 7.816 8.857

15 .097 'I. 078

18.252 1 7 . 386

I .481 7.686

37. I35 23.573

3.713 30.082 13.537

1.080

Kglhalyr

0 .17 0 . 2 1 0.27 0 . 1 8 0 . 2 8 0.29 0.24 0 .26 0.29 0.07 0 .42 0 .37 0.39 0 . 2 2 0 . 4 1 0 .56 0 0 .02 0 0 0 . 1 3 0.26 0 .09 0 .20 0 .17 0 .09 0 . 2 3 0 . 4 3 0 .39 0 . 3 1 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.21 0 .32 0 . 3 4 0 .25 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 4 0 .15 0 .39 0.33 0.10 0.30 0.11 0.06

Tonnes

1.516 8.409 2.974 5.539 2.407 9.382 1.046 0.759 0 . 4 5 1 0.606

12.236 7.197 3.699 4.719 2 .923 5 .753 0 0.004 0 0 0 . 5 2 1 4.576 0.260 0 .163 1 .848 1.533 5.092

10.844 7.675 L.623 0.751

L O . 364 3.007 3.340 6.808 4.660 7.861 8 .308 0.337 I . 49'3

16.791 9 .110 0.590

10.410 2.852 0.139

- 45 -

T a b l e A-4 Con t ' d

% Of " O f T o t a l Phosphorus T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P C l a y Manure Farm To t a l I n and Area Area U n i t T o t a l U n i t T o t a l

Sur f F e r t . P I n Row I n Area Loading Area Loading __ Watershed S o i l App l i ed Crop Farms Load Load

GC05 GC06 GC07 GC 08 GC0801 GC0802 GC09 G C l O G C l l GC12 GC13 GDO 1 GDO 2 GDO 30 1 GDO 30 2 GD04 GD05 GD06 GDO 7 GD08 GD09 G D l O GDI 1 G E O l GEO 20 1 GE0202 GE03 GEO 4 GE05 GEO 6 GE07 GFOl GF02 G F O 3 G F04 GF05 GF06 GGOl;? GGO 2;? GG03 GG(J4 GGO 5 GGO 6 GGO 7

%

8 . 1 19 .4 1 0 . 9

9 . 9 7 .6 7.4

1 4 . 8 30 .3 20.8 30.0 27.9 18.8 19 .6 18 .6 19 .4 25.2 26 .3 22.9 27.5 27.4 27.8 26 .3 31. 3 21.6 33.7 33.8 32 .5 19 .7 1 6 . 7 23.8 20.7 25.6 1 8 . 0 25 .5

9 .1 14 .8 L O . 4 32.4 20.7 26.9 1 7 . 5 22.6 34 .1 32.2

Kg /ha / y r

1 8 . 2 36.0 1 8 . 9 2 6 . 1 1 4 . 0 18 .4 23.7 1 4 . 0 2 5 . 1 15.6 1 4 . 5 31.9 27.4 2 6 . 1 27 .3 30.0 29.0 25.4 30.9 26.8 29.4 2 5 . 3 29.6 25.9 21.8 2 1 . 8 25.8 26.9 20. 6 38.4 22 .3 2 1 . 3 26.4 2 3 . 1 22.8 23.5 22.1 18 .4 2'3.4 2 8 . 2 29.2 2 3 . 3 17 .6 18 .6

2

39.5 87.8 36.4 42 .5 33.6 38.7 39.5 13.7 36.9 1 2 . 0

7.9 40.8 3 6 . 1 4 2 . 2 38.9 4 7 . 1 33.2 35.8 40.4 28.5 2 5 . 2 1 8 . 3 28.0 64.4 6 5 . 5 68. 6 70.7 64.9 4 7 . 3 4 2 . 3 36.3 6 8 . 6 68 .0 67 .5 hO. 3 53.7 51 .8 38.7 67.7 7 7 . 2 71.9 47.0 42 .4 35 .6

2

73 .5 3 . 8

5 7 . 1 8 0 . 2 88 .9 87 .9 84 .7 45 .0 76 .3 7 2 . 3 76.5 86 .7 8 3 . 6 8 2 . 2 8 5 . 5 8 6 . 4 91 .7 8 6 . 3

81. 6 92 .6 8 6 . 0 92 .2 8 2 . 0 98.1 87 .9 8 5 . 5 88 .9 8 1 . 0 77.6 83.9 6 8 . 3 61 . I 7 0 . 3 7 4 . 1 7 7 . 7 79 .7 76.2 73.1 8 4 . 4 98 .6 8 7 . 2 8 4 . 6 87 .6

8 8 . 8

Kg /ha /y r Tonnes

0 . 4 5 1 . 6 4 0 . 4 4 0 . 5 1 0.37 0 . 4 3 0 . 5 5 0 . 7 8 0 . 6 5 0 .76 0.67 0 . 6 5 0.61 0 . 6 6 0 .64 0 . 9 2 0 . 7 8 0 . 7 0 0 . 9 1 0 .77 0 . 7 6 0 . 6 6 0 . 9 2 1 . 1 3 1 . 5 9 1 .66 1 . 6 5 1 . 0 8 0 .69 0 . 8 1 0 .64 1 . 3 4 1 . 1 1 1 . 3 1 0 .79 0 .76 0 .65 1 . 0 8 1 . 1 7 1.59 1 .19 0.84 1 .20 1 . 0 3

7.550 1 .352 8 . b 2 7 5.970 2.547

18.095 12 .905

7.074 9.753

12.028 6.906

43 .921 5.410 1 .570

15.954 12.355 53.845 12.069 11 .926 L O . 908 1 0 . 406

7.492 11.708 35.187 9.006

39.747 44.753 36.286 63.497 10.297

5 .253 12.362 12.649 9.176

15 .126 4 . 5 8 1

11 .425 18.435 44.572 25.853 28.080

111.418 62.158 58.852

Kg /ha I y r

0 .07 0 .39 0 . 1 1 0.17 0 .02 0 . 0 6 0 . 2 1 0.30 0 . 3 0 0 . 3 1 0 .27 0 .34 0 . 3 0 0.28 0 . 3 0 0.40 0.40 0 .32 0 . 4 4 0 .39

0.36 0.47 0 . 3 1 0 . 4 2 0 .42 0 .45 0 . 3 0 0 .20 0.47 0.27 0.31 0.27 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 3 0 . 2 1 0 .14 0 .37 0 . 2 8 0.40 0.30 0 . 3 0 0.38 0.37

0 .42

I'onnes

1 .183 0 . 3 2 1 2.123 2.040 0.140 2 .641 4.920 2.692 4 . 4 1 7 4 .894 2 . 8 1 2

23.060 2 .691 0.659 7.486 5.343

25.796 5 .583 5.732 5.558 5.832 4.159 5.996 9.802 2.378

10.068 12.069 10.048 13 .235

5.959 2.169 2.901 3.122 2.318 2.462 1 .238 2.405 6.316

10.667 6.537 7.043

39.495 19 .663 20 .922

- 46 -

T a b l e A-4 Cont 'd

' Of ' Of T o t a l Phosphorus T o t a l D i s so lved P Clay Manure Farm T o t a l I n and Area Area Un i t Tota l . U n i t T o t a l

Su r f F e r t . P I n Row I n Area Loading Area Loading

% Kg/ha /y r % X Kg/ha/yr Tonnes Kg/ha/yr Tonnes

Watershed S o i l Appl ied Crop Farms Load Load

GHO1* GHO 2 GH03 GH04Jc GHO 5 GH06 GHO 7 GH08 GH0901 GH0902 G H l O GH11;k

32 .1 32 .1 30.0 24.0 33 .1 24.8 19 .4 105.2 32.8 20.9 31 .1 24 .3 21 .5 28.7 20.2 34.7

9 . 2 3 9 . 3 1 9 . 9 29.9 34 .4 1 6 . 8 14 .0 50.5

63.0 63.4 59.5 63 .5 59 .1 62.2 58.9 68.8 6 6 . 1 71.9 66 .2 65.8

6 6 . 1 1 . 4 7 8 2 . 3 1 .39 79 .5 1 . 4 4 33.9 1 .05 8 3 . 3 1 .42 39.8 1 . 4 1 36.2 1 . 0 1 23.3 1.18 86.7 0 .91 73.4 1 .25

3.6 1 . 6 3 35.8 0.98

60.199 0 .51 26.241 0.40 16.840 0 .44

5 .121 1 .10 34.192 0 .40 17 .691 0 . 4 1 20.220 0.34

4.457 0.39 2.067 0 .30

14.614 0 .33 4 .061 0.38 1.662 0 .47

20.885 7.475 5.168 5.364 9.595 5.184 6.790 1.459 0.679 3.910 0.934 0.797

T o t a l For Lake Erie 1578.4 580.7

W a t r s 11 c.d - - _- __ -

HA0 I HA0201 HA0202 HA0 3 H A 0 4 HAO5" HA0 6 HA0 7 "408" ~ ~ 0 9 " HB0201 HB0202 HB 0 3" HB0401 Hl305 HBO 7 H C O l HC 0 2 9: 9;

HC0301 HC0302 HC0401 HC 0 40 2 9: HC05 HC0702 HC 09 H C l O J ; HC 1 1" * H D O l HD0201 HD0202 HD0203 HD03 HD0401 HD0501 HD0502 HD0601 HD07 HE01 HE02 H E 0 3 HE04 HE05 HE06 HE0 7 H E 0 8

2 8 . 7 1 5 . 7 30.8 2 3 . 0 3 4 . 7 2 9 . 2 3 2 . 2 I h . 5 2 8 . 2 18.1 30.3 1 6 . 8 2 5 . 0 16 .0 32 .1 19 . o 33.8 1 8 . 4 27.8 2 1 . 3 L O . 9 1 8 . 0 18 .4 1 0 . 5 25.2 20.8 2 1 . 8 26.0 21 .3 47.0 1 9 . 3 2 1 . 0 36.6 1 9 . 1 1 3 . 0 1 5 . 5 29 .8 2 1 . 5 34.8 1 7 . 7 18. 2 1 6 . 0

7 . 0 17 .4 3 0 . 1 12 .2 11.0 1 7 . 2 25.8 22.7 18 .9 20.2 21.7 1 8 . 9 1 7 . 8 18.2

5 . 0 4 4 . 6 6.0 1 5 . 5 3.0 1 5 . 9

18 .9 21.4 1 5 . 7 23.4 1 6 . 1 19.7 14 .8 1 7 . 2 1 3 . 8 1 4 . 5 11.0 1 3 . 6 1 9 . 8 15 .6 1 9 . 3 1 2 . 9 1 7 . 1 9 . 6 8.0 1 5 . 2 0 24.5

17.4 8 .3 0 10.9

20.0 1 4 . 3

' O f '-' O f T o t a l P h o q h o r u s T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P Farm A r e a Area IJn i t T o t a l U n i t T o t a l

I n K o w I n Area Loading Area Loading C r o p F a r m Load Load

9 X Kg/ha/yr Tonnes Kg /ha /y r Tonnes

To ta 1 -. . ____ __

- _ _ . ___ _ _ _ __ - __ _-__ __

7.2 1 4 . 9 L O . 6 1 3 . 6 1 1 . 1 1 2 . 6

3 . 7 1 6 . 5 2 7 . 4 3 3 . 0

9 . 1 10.9 15.1 2 4 . h 50. s ' 5 . 8 1 6 . 1

5 . 3 2 2 . J 1 3 . s 1 1 . 5 1 9 . 1

'1 . 5 2 2 . 9 30.7 14 .5

4 . 3 1 8 . 2 26.7 22.6 2 6 . 3 1 6 . 8 22.7 19.0 24.2 1 7 . 0 14 .9 1 9 . 1 1 7 . 1

9 .6 1 5 . 2 13 .0

8 . 3 10 .7 13.0

08.0 0 . 7 0 7 8 . 3 1 . 0 7 79.1 1 .01 h8 ,9 0.86 4 5 . 9 0 .69 23.9 0 . 7 8 4 6 . 0 0 . 5 6 0 b , 9 0 .87 1 4 . 8 1 . 0 2 25 .8 0 . 7 4 6 0 . 5 0 . 2 4 54.6 0 . 3 9 54 .2 0.60 5 1 . 3 0.56 04.5 0 .86 5 6 . 6 0 . 5 0 83 .2 1 .07 4 2 . 2 0.26 -9 .0 0 .81 76.1 0 .97 5 1 . S 0 .39 6 7 . 3 0 . 3 4 6 1 . 5 0.76 40 .1 0 .31 4 8 . 4 0 .74 46 .7 0 . 4 2 52.G 0 . G6 6 3 . 6 @.I41 6 6 . 7 0 . 28 50.7 0 . 2 6 L7.3 0 . 2 7 8 0 . 3 0 . 5 3 6 3 . 3 0.39 61.4 0 . 3 8 54.5 0.39 6 3 . 1 0 . 3 2 68.9 0.26 5 7 . 1 0.46 64 .4 0 .44 60 .4 0 .36 75.9 0 . 2 3 6 1 . 1 0 .18 49 .2 0 .36 4 5 . 1 0.17 22.8 0.44

14.942 0.29 2.316 0 .47

22.720 0 . 5 1 7.806 0 .35 3.756 0 . 3 1 2.408 0 . 3 3 5.022 0 . 2 5

61.018 0.37 3.089 0 . 3 8 6.712 0 . 3 4 1.535 n.10 16.299 n.18 15.679 0 .30

8 .860 0 .32 4 . 8 2 1 0 . 5 3 7.949 0 . 2 4

31.995 0 . 4 3 -_ 0.10

1 . 7 2 7 0 .36 11 .953 0 .39

6.775 0 .17 2.692 0 .05 9 .661 0.28 11.270 0.09

13.886 0 . 3 3 i.56G 0 . 3 2

-_ 0.74 1.956 0 .19 1 . 1 1 1 0 . 3 0 1.539 0 . 0 3 0 .149 0 9.254 0 . 2 3 5.733 0 . 7 2 2.151 0 . 1 8 5 .123 0 .14 5 .121 0 .10 2.303 0.06 1.439 0 . 1 8 4.010 0 .15 3.146 0.09 4 .018 Q.04 1 . 9 1 1 0 . 0 4 1 . 3 9 1 0 . 0 8 0.857 0 1 .898 0 .17

6.314 1.014

11 .444 3.148 1 .707 1 .018 2.26;

26.034 1 . 1 5 1 3 .093 0.646 7.412 7.840 5.027 2.938 3.732 8 .839

0 .785 4.792 2.975 0 .561 3.518 1 .240 6.239 2.914

0 .893 1 . 2 0 1 0 .095 0 4.950 3.126 1 . 0 4 1 1 .863 1 .604 0.502 0 .572 1 .377

0.652 0.384 0.312 0 0.755

--

--

0. 800

- 48 -

T a b l e A-4 Cont 'd

C lay I n

S u r f Watershed S o i l

%

HE09 HE10 H E 1 1 HFOl HF02

HF 0 4 +: A

HF05 HF06 HF08 HF09 HG02 HGO 3 HG04 HG05 HG06 HGO 7 H H O l "02 HHO 3 HHO 4 HHO 5

HF 0 3 k 9;

0 6 3; A

"0 7 9: 9:

"08f:f: HH 109: 9:

H J O l HJ02 H J 0 3 HJ04 HKO 1 HK02 HK03 HKO 4 HKO 5 HK06 HKO 7 HK089~9; HK09 HKl0 HLOl HL02 HL03 HL04 HL05 HL06 HLO 7 HMO 1 HMO 2

0 0 0

1 1 . 0 5 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 7 .O 17.8 29.7 30.7 1 8 . 2 29.8 1 7 . 6 1 2 . 0 16.0 21.4 21.6 0 0 0 0

20.0 1 7 . 7 2 1 . 2 1 9 . 1 1 6 . 0

6.0 13.9 1 0 . 7 23 .5 19 .6 12.0 11.0 11.0

4 . 0 20.3 2 7 . 3 26.6 1 7 . 3 14 .2 17 .4 19 .7 2 4 . 1 21 .3

Manure and

F e r t . P App l i ed

Kg lha /y r

24.0 1 5 . 6

7 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 8

5 . 3 4 . 5 1 .8 5 . 0

18.7 20 .6 1 6 . 5 2 0 . 1 18.1 1 6 . 0 14 .2 1 3 . 3 1 2 . 4 1 0 . 8 13 .9

1 .34

1 3 . 6 1 2 . 6 1 2 . 2 1 2 . 8 13.0 1 4 . 6 1 3 . 7 1 2 . 0

9 . 6 1 0 . 8

6 .2 4 .4 3.8 3 .8

1 3 . 3 9.6 6 . 1 4.2 1 .8 5 . 0 6.4 9 .2 6 . 9

% Of Farm Area

I n Row Crop

%

26.7 1 9 . 4

5 . 7 4 . 0 4 . 5 1 . 3 1 . 0 0 1.0 0 0

1 4 . 3 14 .4 1 0 . 6 13 .9 16.4

9 .2 1 3 . 2

9 . 3 5 . 3 7 .7 7 .2 0 0 0

10.1 1 1 . 6

8 . 2 9 . 5

11.4 20.5 1 7 . 1 10.4

6.2 6 . 0 2 . 2 0 . 6 2.4 2.6

20 .3 8 . 6 2 . 1 0 . 7 0 . 7 2 . 3 3.2 5 . 6 2.7

' % O f T o t a l Phosphorus T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P T o t a l Area U n i t T o t a l U n i t T o t a l

Farms Load Load I n Area Loading Area Loading

% Kg/ha /y r Tonnes Kg/ha/yr Tonnes ~-

1 5 . 4 2 7 . 1 10 .7 73 .0 68 .2 5 6 . 8 56 .8

5 .9 31.9

9 . 1 7 . 5

59 .1 65.4 71.2 84 .5 66.7 8 1 . 3 59 .8 61.0 69.6 44.8 61 .5

8.6 7 .2 5 . 6

56.9 6 9 . 1 62.4 67.4 60 .0 71.5 63.6 72.5 62 .5 76.8 76.9 28.6 16.9 1.3.7 13.4 7 3 . 1 74.9 5 7 , 6 52.2 1 7 . 5 5 1 . 3 52.9 69.9 56 .3

0.26 0 . 2 1 0 . 1 5 0 . 2 3 0.17 0 . 1 5 0 .15 0 .15 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 5 0.15 0.37 0.39 0 .74 0.80 0 . 4 1 0.74 0 .38 0 .26 0 .32 0 .46 0.46 0.15 0 .15 0.15 0 .15 Q . 4 3 0 . 3 8 0 . 4 5 0.40 0.34 0.24 0 .32 0 .24 0 . 5 2 0 . 4 1 0 .24 0 . 2 3 0 .23 0 .16 0 .49 0 .65 0 .61 0 .35 0 .28 0 .35 0.40 0 . 5 3 0 .45

2.211 1 .402 0.736 2.167 2 .393 -- --

0 .995 1 .765 0.126 0.072 7.618 4.429 I. 926

14.744 3.544 5 . 8 0 1 6.947 8.486 8.332 8.291 4.525

-- 21.988

9.252 6.259 7.200

14.948 4.292 2.209 3.339 7.440 5.554 5.119

0 .638 0.007 4.369

22.582 6.792 5.185 I. 826 3.934

12 .260 4.561

19.417

_ _

0 . 0 3 0 0 0 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.18 0 . 2 1 0 .32 0.36 0 .19 0 .31 0.14 0.07 0 . 1 1 0.16 0 .19 0 0 0 0 0.17 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 7 0.15 0.11 0 .01 0.09 0 .04 0.17 0 .13 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 7 0 . 2 1 0.17 0.04 0 0 . 0 5 0 .09 0 .17 0 .11

0.251 0 0 0.199 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.758 2.417 0.816 6.730 1 . 6 5 8 2.426 2.628 2.190 2.739 2.814 1 .854 0 0 0 0 8.605 3.171 2.301 2.650 4.955 0 . 1 1 3 0.639 0.512 2.422 1.821 0 0 0 0 1 . 5 0 8 7.465 1 . 8 9 3 0.554 0 0.530 2.708 1 .462 4.954

- 49 -

T a b l e A-4 Cont’d

% Of C l a y Manure Farm

I n and Area Surf F e r t . P I n Row

Watershed S o i l A p p l i e d Crop

% Kg/ha/yr %

HMO 3 HMG 4 HMO 5 HMO 6 HMO 7

HMO9 HMl0

HM08.ltk

20.9 6 . 8 28.2 1 3 . 6 1 9 . 8 15.7 28.7 1 0 . 1 34 .2 9 . 9 36.3 1 0 . 2 0 8 . 7

23.4 7.9

T o t a l f o r Lake O n t a r i o

2 .9 11.0 12 .9

7 . 1 3.7

1 0 . 9 7.5 4 .7

t % Of To t a l T o t a l Phosphorus ____ - T o t a l D i s s o l v e d P ___ Area U n i t T o t a l U n i t T o t a l

Farms - Load - Load I n Area Loading Area Loading

% Kg/ha /y r Tonnes Kg/ha/yr Tonnes

55.3 0 .44 6 5 . 3 0.69 5 0 . 3 0 . 4 3 53.2 0 . 7 0 6 2 . 1 0 .92 39.7 1 . 0 3 1 0 . 1 0.16 6 3 . 3 0 . 5 1

20.798 0 . 1 1 5 . 1 3 1 15 .585 0 .27 6.046

2.224 0 .19 0.955 9 . 9 3 1 0.24 3.377

10.442 0 .30 3.444 _- 0 . 3 3

0.434 0 0 7.310 0 .15 2.140

639.1 2’36.6

50-702 of enumera t ion areas s u p p r e s s e d

More t h a n 70%, of e n u m e r a t i o n a r e a s s u p p r e s s e d

S i n c e c o r r e l a t i o n c o u l d n o t be made a c c u r a t e l y f o r u rban l a n d a r e a i n t h i s s u b b a s i n , t h e s e v a l u e s o f % of t o t a l a r e a i n farm l a n d may be h i g h (by a n a v e r a g e of 3 % ) . Data f o r i n d i v i d u a l wa te r shed s u b b a s i n s shou ld be used w i t h c a r e i f u rban l a n d i s s i g n i f i c a n t .

- 50 -

A p p e n d i x T a b l e A - 5 . R e m e d i a l m e a s u r e p r o g r a m s f o r A g W a t e r s h e d s I, 3 , 4 and 5 a s e x a m p l e s of a s u g g e s t e d a p p r o a c h t o r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .

Watershed Ag-1 - Big Creek

Watershed d e s c r i p t i o n : Area - 5080 ha ; s o i l - 35% t o 40% c l a y ; P o l l u t a n t l o a d s : Sediment (suspended s o l i d s ) T o t a l phosphorus r e l i e f - l e v e l ; s t ream l e n g t h - 9 1 km; h y d r o l o g i c a l l y a c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n a r e a - 50%; land u s e - 62% row c r o p s , 23% c o r n , 37% soybeans , 27% wheat, 1% hay; l i v e s t o c k - 0.08 animal u n i t s p e r ha.

900 ( k g / h a / y r ) 1.8 ( k g / h a / y r ) 260 0.8

Measured l o a d i n g r a t e s P o t e n t i a l minimum - z e r o row c r o p s P o t e n t i a l maximum r e d u c t i o n 640 1 .o

1

Remedial Measure' E f f e c t i v e n e s s L

Sediment Phosphorus Cos t ($ ) Explana tory

% Reduct ion R e s i d u a l X Reduct ion Res idua l Annual C a p i t a l Note

1. Good management p r a c t i c e s 5 8 50 5 1.70 0 0 3

2. Crop r o t a t i o n s (Corn-soybeans - wheat - hay) 10 765 10 1 . 5 0 130,000 0 4

3 . Winter cover ( o a t s ) - s h o r t e r season corn 10 690 10 1 . 3 5 5 7,500 0 5

5. D r a i n a g e engineer ing: 40 350 1 5 1.00

4 . Stream channel b u f f e r s t r ips 1 5 590 1 0 1 .25 61,820 0 6

a . Grading channel banks t o 3 : l s l o p e s 31,000 57.000 7, 8 b. Drop i n l e t s t r u c t u r e s 100,000 9 c. Amor t iza t ion of c a p i t a l c o s t s 17,900 10

T o t a l a n n u a l c o s t s - $58/watershed ha. 298,200 157,000

E x p l a n a t o r y Notes:

1. A s computed by t h e fo l lowing r e g r e s s i o n equat ions (row c r o p s = 0 ) Sediment ( k g / h a / y r ) = -281 + 8 . 3 (% row c r o p s ) + 13.6 ( % c l a y ) ; T o t a l

2. R e l a t i v e b e n e f i t s ob ta ined by each remedia l measure ( i . e . c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s ) depends on t h e o r d e r i n which t h e y a r e implemented.

3. Good management p r a c t i c e s i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g no c o s t i t e m s t h a t a r e a p p l i c a b l e to a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l land: - a . f e r t i l i z e by s o i l t e s t ;

phosphorus ( k g / h a / y r ) = -0.0939 + D 000846 ( % c l a y ) 2 + 0.000212 ( % r o w c r o p s ) 2 .

b . r e t a i n s u r f a c e r e s i d u e s over w i n t e r ; c . minimum t i l l a g e fo r optimum y i e l d ; d . manure i n c o r p o r a t i o n and r e s t r i c t e d u s e near s t r e a m s ; e. r e s i d u e management f o r s o i l o r g a n i c m a t t e r maintenance; f . c r o s s s l o p e fa rming .

4 . Assumed c o s t s and r e t u r n s for cropping p r a c t i c e s :

Corn and Soybeans C e r e a l Gra ins Hay Revenue L o s t by Crop Convers ions

N i t r o g e n added @ 114 kg/ha @ 4 4 ~ = $50/ha $80/ha (assumed e q u a l t o c o s t s s i n c e no market) $250/ha

R e t u r n s 300 bu/ha @ $2.50/bu 150 bu/ha @ $2.0/bu 25 bu/ha i n c r e a s e i n subsequent c o r n y i e l d = $60/ha. Corn o r soybeans t o hay - $340/ha = $750/ha = $300/ha Corn or soybeans t o g r a i n s -

G r a i n s t o hay - $90/ha costs $300/ha $100/ha $80/ha

N e t $450/%1a $200/ha $ l l O / h a

2500 ha i n c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a ( c u r r e n t l y 500 ha c o r n , 1000 h a soybenas , 750 ha wheat , 50 h a hay , 200 ha o t h e r improved) i s changed to meet r o t a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s (575 ha c o r n , 575 h a soybeans, 575 h a wheat , 575 h a hay) r e q u i r i n g 350 ha of corn or soybeans and 125 h a of wheat t o be c o n v e r t e d t o hay.

575 ha c o r n w i t h 25 bu/ha y i e l d r e d u c t i o n ($60/ha) and c o s t of $40/ha f o r o a t s e s t a b l i s h R e n t .

@ $lO/ha.

5.

6. 182 ha i n c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a l o s t from product ion (110 ha c o r n and soybeans and 55 ha wheat t o uncut hay) f o r $60,000; b u f f e r s t r i p maintenance

7. Lost from product ion by g r a d i n g channels t o 3 : l b a n k s l o p e s - 10 m X 9 1 km = 9 1 ha ( 5 5 ha c o r n or soybeans and 30 ha wheat)

8.

9.

Grading c o s t s @ $600/km f o r 9 1 km of channel

Drop i n l e t s t r u c t u r e s @ 4/km2 @ $ 5 0 0 / s t r u c t u r e

10. A m o r t i z a t i o n over 20 y e a r s @ 10%

Watershed Ag-3 - L i t t l e Ausable River

Watershed d e s c r i p t i o n : Area - 6200 ha; s o i l - 25% to 30% c l a y ; P o l l u t a n t l o a d s : Sediment (susi>ended r ~ ! e i T'l'&i~l~t~os~~?~ 3

r e l i e f - g e n t l y s l o p i n g ; s t ream l e n g t h - 40 km; h y d r o l o g i c a l l y a c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a - 25%; land u s e - 45% row crops , 32% c o r n , 1 2 % beans, 22% s m a l l g r a i n s , 5% wheat, 10% hay; l i v e s t o c k - 0.48 animal u n i t s per ha.

260 (kg/ha!yr) 1 . 1 (kg/ha/yr) 60 O . L

200 O . ?

1 Measured l o a d i n g r a t e s

P o t e n t i a l maximum r e d u c t i o n minimum - zero 'Ow crops

~_ _. - - - -

c o s t ($1 Exp lana to ry 2 E f f e c t i v e n e s s Note 2

Sediment Phosphorus Annual C a p i t a l Remedial Measure

________- % Reduct ion R e s i d u a l % Reduct ion Res idua l

1. Good management p r a c t i c e s 10 2 30 10 1.00 0 0 3

2. S t r i p cropping 5 220 5 0.95 2,900 II,ooo 4

3 . Crop r o t a t i o n s ( c o r n - corn - g r a i n - hay - hay) 10 200 10 0.85 25,000 0 5

5. Stream channe l b u f f e r s t r i p s (20 m width) 15 150 10 0.70 18,000 0 7

4. Winter cover ( o a t s ) - s h o r t e r season corn 10 180 10 0.75 42,000 0 6

6. Drainage engineer ing: 10 135 0 0.70 a. T i l e o u t l e t s t a b i l i z a t i o n 15,000 8 b. Bank s t a b i l i z a t i o n on 1 3 ha 5,200 9 c . Amort izat ion of c a p i t a l c o s t s 2,500 10

T o t a l annua l c o s t s - $15/watershed ha . 90,400 21,200

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Explana to ry notes :

1. 2, and 3 - s e e n o t e s f o r Watershed Ag-1 (Note 1 i n c l u d e s 0.1 kg P / h a / y r s u b j e c t i v e r e d u c t i o n estimate f o r a p p l y i n g remedial measures)

4 .

5 .

6 .

7.

8 .

9. 10.

S t r i p cropping on 75% of t h e "C" s l o p e s i n t h e c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a (290 ha) @ $lO/ha p l u s a c a p i t a l c o s t of $1,000 f o r some t r e e and fence-row removal.

Assumed c o s t s and r e t u r n s f o r cropping p r a c t i c e s :

Corn ( n e t same f o r soybeans) C e r e a l g r a i n s Hay Revenue Lost by Crop Conversions

Re tu rns 250 bu/ha @ $2.50/bu 150 bu/ha @ $2.00/bu 25 b u / h a . i n c r e a s e i n subsequent co rn y i e l d = $60/ha/2 y r s

114 kg/ha N added @ 44c = $50/ha/2 y r s 7 .5 tonnes /ha hay @ $ 3 0 / t = $225/ha

Corn o r soybeans t o hay - $100/ha Corn o r soybeans t o g r a i n s -$10O/ha Gra ins t o hay - n i l

= $600/ha = $300/ha

c o s t s $300/ha $100/ha $8O/ha

N e t $300/ha $200/ha $200/ha

1550 h a i n c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a ( c u r r e n t l y 700 ha c o r d b e a n s , 340 ha g r a i n , 280 ha hay) is changed t o meet r o t a t i o n r equ i r emen t s (525 ha c o r n / beans , 265 ha g r a i n s , 525 ha hay) r e q u i r i n g 175 ha of co rn /beans and 75 ha s m a l l g r a i n s t o be conve r t ed t o hay.

420 ha co rn wi th a 25 bu/ha y i e l d reduct ion ($60/ha) and c o s t of $40/ha f o r o a t s e s t a b l i s h e d .

80 ha i n c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a l o s t from product ion (36 ha co rn /beans @ $300/ha, 18 ha g r a i n s @ $200/ha, 14 ha hay I? $200/ha): b u f f e r s t r i p maintenance @ $lO/ha.

150 d r a i n o u t l e t s @ $ 1 0 0 / o u t l e t .

13 ha of e rod ing banks s t a b i l i z e d @ $400/ha.

Amor t i za t ion over 20 y e a r s @ 10%.

Waterslied Ag-4 - Canagagigue Creek

Watershed d e s c r i p t i o n : Area - 1860 ha ; soil - 25% c l a y ; r e l i e f P o l l u t a n t l o a d s : Sediment (suspended s o l i d s ) >tal phosphorus - g e n t l y s l o p i n g ; s t ream l e n g t h - 20 km; h y d r o l o g i c a l l y cont -

425 (kg/ha /yr ) 0 .75 (kg/ha /yr ) 75 0.30

r i b u t i n g area - 25%; land u s e - 20% row c r o p ( a l l c o r n ) , 32%

350 0.45 s m a l l g r a i n s , 38% h a y / p a s t u r e ; l i v e s t o c k - 0.75 a n i m a l u n i t s f e r h a .

1 Measured l o a d i n g rates P o t e n t i a l minimum - z e r o row c r o p s P o t e n t i a l maximum r e d u c t i o n

2 Remedial Measure c o s t s ($ ) E x p l a n a t o r y 2 E f f e c t i v e n e s s

Note Sediment Phosphorgs Annua 1 C a p i t a l

% Reduct ion Res idua l % Reduct ion Res idua l

1. Good management p r a c t i c e s 1 0 380 10 0.67 0 0 3

2. S t r i p cropping 1 5 325 10 0 .60 1,400 500 4

3. Crop r o t a t i o n (corn - g r a i n - g r a i n - hay - hay) - - 4. S p r i n g plowing ( c o r n and hay) 5 310

5. S t ream channel b u f f e r s t r i p s (20 m); g r a s s e d waterways 40 185

- - - - 5

5 0.57 12,000 0 6

25 0.43 18 ,400 0 7

6. Dra inage engineer ing: 10 165 0 0.43 a . T i l e o u t l e t s t a b i l i z a t i o n 5 ,000 8 b . S t ream bank s t a b i l i z a t i o n 1,200 9 c . A m o r t i z a t i o n of c a p i t a l c o s t s 800 - 1 0

T o t a l annual c o s t - $18/watershed h a . 32,600 __ 6,700

Explana tory notes:

1, 2, and 3 - see n o t e s f o r Watershed Ag-1 (Addi t ion t o Note 1. - i n c l u d e s s u b j e c t i v e 0 . 1 kg/ha /yr l i v e s t o c k i n p x t r e d u c t i o n assumed t o r e s u l t from

it. S t r i p cropping on 752 of t h e "C" s l o p e s i n t h e c o n t r i b u t i n g area (140 ha) @ $ l O / h a , p l u s $500 C t i F I t a l c o s t s f o r f e n c e row removal .

5 . Crop r o t a t i o n is n o t a p p l i c a b l e as a new remedia l measure, s i n c e , i n t h i s watershed , t h e y are a l r e a d y g e n e r a l l y p r a c t i c e d .

6. To avoid f i e l d s i n t h e c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a being l e f t b a r e over t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d , e i t h e r plow i n t h e s p r i n g , or u s e cover c r o p over w i n t e r ; -

7 . 40 ha t o b u f f e r s t r i p s and l o s t from product ion ( 8 ha c o r n @ $300/ha, 16 ha g r a i n ? $200/ha, 16 ha hay @ $200!ha = $3,800); g r a s s e d waterways

t h e implementat ion of t h e r e m e d i a l measures l i s t e d . )

100 ha corn with expec ted y i e l d l o s s of 25 bu/ha @ $2.50/bu = $6,000 and 200 ha g r a i n @ a l o s s of $30/ha = 6 , 0 0 0 -. t o t a l $12 ,000/yr .

estitblistrecl on an e q u a l l a n d a r e a w i t h t h e same c o s t s . Assumed t h a t t h e b u f f e r s t r i p s and waterways a r e c l i p p e d and n o t h a r v e s t e d for hay - maiiitenance ccists @ $lO/ha = $800. T o t a l c o s t $18,400.

8 . 50 t i l e o u t l e t s s t a b i l i z e d @ $ 1 0 0 / o u t l e t .

9 . 3 Ira of eroding s t reambanks s t a b i l i z e d @ $400/lia.

10. Amor t iza t ion of c a p i t a l c o s t s a t 10% f o r 20 y e a r s .

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Watershed Ag-5 - Hol iday Creek

Watershed d e s c r i p t i o n : Area - 3000 ha; s o i l - 20% c l a y ; r e l i e f P o l l u t a n t l o a d s : Sediment (suspended s o l i d s ) T o t a l phosphorus

250 ( k g / h a / y r ) 1.00 ( k g / h a / y r ) - g e n t l y s lop ing; s t r e a m l e n g t h - 22 km; h y d r o l o g i c a l l y a c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n a r e a - 25%; l a n d u s e - 48% r o w c r o p s ( a l l c o r n ) , 132 s m a l l g r a i n s , 25% hay; l i v e s t o c k - 0 . 6 1 animal u n i t s / h a . 25 0 .15 1 Measured l o a d i n g rates

P o t e n t i a l minimum - z e r o r o w c r o p s P o t e n t i a l maximum r e d u c t i o n 225 0.85

Cost ($) Explana tory Ef f e c t i v e n e s s 2 Note 2

Sedimen t Phosphorus Annual C a p i t a l Remedial Measure

% Reduct ion R e s i d u a l % Reduct ion R e s i d u a l

1. Good management p r a c t i c e s 10 225 10 0.90 0 0 3

2 . S t r i p cropping 1 5 19 0 10 0.80 2,000 500 4

3 . Crop r o t a t i o n s (Corn - c o r n - g r a i n - hay - hay) 20 150 1 5 0.67 10,000 0 5

o r - n o - t i l l c o r n (24.700) 0 7

5. Stream channel b u f f e r s t r i p s (20m) and grassed waterways 40 70 15 0 .50 20,800 0 8

5,000 5,000 9 6. Drainage engineer ing: 10 60

a . T i l e o u t l e t s t a b i l i z a t i o n b. Stream bank s t a b i l i z a t i o n 800 800 10

7 50 11 c . Amor t iza t ion of c a p i t a l c o s t s

4. S p r i n g plowing (corn) 10 135 10 0 .60 15,600 0 6

0 0.50

_ _ _ - T o t a l a n n u a l c o s t - $16/watershed ha . 49,150 6 ,300

Explana tory notes :

1, 2 and 3 - s e e n o t e s f o r Watershed Ag-1 (Note 1 i n c l u d e s 0 .05 kg P / h a / y r s u b j e c t i v e r e d u c t i o n e s t i m a t e f o r apply ing r e m e d i a l measures)

4.

5. Assumed c o s t s and r e t u r n s f o r c ropping p r a c t i c e s - s e e n o t e 5 t o Watershed Ag-3.

6. 260 ha corn w i t h 25 bu/ha y i e l d r e d u c t i o n ($60/ha) = $15,600.

7. N o - t i l l c o r n w i t h 35 bu/ha y i e l d r e d u c t i o n ($95/ha) = $24.700 for 260 ha.

8.

S t r i p cropping on 75% of t h e "C" s l o p e s i n the c o n t r i b u t i n g area (200 ha) @ $lO/ha p l u s a c a p i t a l c o s t of $500 f o r fence-row removal .

40 Ira i n c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e a l o s t to product ion (16 ha c o r n @ $300/ha. 8 ha g r a i n @ $200/ha, 1 6 ha hay @ $200/ha = $10,000; g r a s s e d waterways e s t a b l i s h e d on a n e q u a l land a r e a w i t h t h e same c o s t s . Assumed t h a t t h e b u f f e r s t r i p s and waterways a r e c l i p p e d and n o t h a r v e s t e d f o r hay - maintenance c o s t s @ $lO/ha = $800. T o t a l c o s t = $20.800.

9 . 50 t i l e o u t l e t s s t a b l i z e d a t $ 1 0 0 / o u t l e t .

10. 2 ha of e roding s t r e a m banks s t a b i l i z e d @ $400/ha.

11. Amort iza t ion of c a p i t a l c o s t s @ 10% over 20 y e a r s .

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- 55 -

F i g u r e A - 1 . Locat ion o f s u b b a s i n s o f S o i l t h c r n O n t a r i o p o r t i o n n f

G r e n t L a k e s B a s i n .