phonetics the study of speech sounds. what’s the problem here? each, ache, chandelier great, bait,...
TRANSCRIPT
PhoneticsPhonetics
The study of speech sounds
What’s the problem here?What’s the problem here?Each, ache, chandelier
Great, bait, fate, reign
Laugh, fix, phony
Don’t think in terms of Don’t think in terms of lettersletters
We will not use letters. We will use the IPA symbols.
We will only speak in terms of sounds.Sounds will surrounded by [brackets].
When we talk about TRANSCRIPTION, we are talking about the IPA symbols in these brackets.
For example: [k] = the initial sound in coin, kick and chemical
Three ways to define Three ways to define soundssounds
1. Voiced/Voiceless (+V/-V) --Vibration in your throat
2. Places of articulation--Where the sound is made in your mouth
3. Manners of articulation--How the sound is made
Voiced/VoicelessVoiced/VoicelessVoiced – can feel vibration in your
throat Ex: [z], [b], [v]
Voiceless – no vibration Ex: [s], [p], [f]
Places of ArticulationPlaces of Articulation
Please refer to chart on p. 31
WHERE?--BilabialsWHERE?--Bilabials
Made using both lips
[b], [p], [m], [w]
WHERE?--DentalsWHERE?--DentalsMade by using your teeth
Like words teeth, bath (-V)
Like words loathe, bathe (+V)
WHERE?--LabiodentalsWHERE?--LabiodentalsMade using your lips and teeth
[v] and [f]
WHERE?--AlveolarsWHERE?--AlveolarsMade by using your tongue and
the part of your mouth just behind your teeth (the alveolar ridge)
[t], [d], [s], [z], [n]
WHERE?--PalatalsWHERE?--PalatalsThe voiceless sounds are in chip,
chocolate or brush and shoe The voiced sounds are in rouge or
pleasure or judge and George The [j] sounds, pronounced like initial
sounds of you or yet (be careful because it looks like the letter “j”).
WHERE?--VelarsWHERE?--VelarsFurther back in your mouth is a
soft area, called the velum.
[k] sound as in kid, cough[g] sound as in go, gather, tagAlso, the –ing [ŋ] sound in rolling,
sung, tongue
Manner of articulationManner of articulationThis not where the sound is
made, but how the sound is made.
For example, [d] and [z] are made in the same spot, but how you make them is the difference.
HOW?--StopsHOW?--StopsMade by stopping your airstream
very briefly
[p], [b], [d], [t], [k], [g]
HOW?--FricativesHOW?--FricativesMade by blocking the airstream
and allowing only a some air to escape, causing friction
[f], [v], [s], [z], Three, These, shoe, azure (for
last 4 phones)
HOW?--AffricatesHOW?--AffricatesAlmost like a fricative…almost.
Initial sounds of cheap and jeep
HOW?--NasalsHOW?--NasalsAir is briefly blocked then
released through the nasal cavity
[m], [n], [
Be careful…NASALS are part of the HOW, or MANNER of articulation, not the WHERE, or place of articulation.
HOW?--LiquidsHOW?--LiquidsMade by using the tongue
[l] and [r]
*Both are voiced*
What language backgrounds typically have difficulty in distinguishing these phones?
HOW?--GlidesHOW?--GlidesThe tongue moves to make what
is almost a vowel sound
[w], [j], [h] ([h] can also be considered as being a fricative)
[j]=yet, yellow
HOW?--Glottal stopHOW?--Glottal stopMade when vocal cords are
(briefly) closedTranscribed In the words “uh-oh” or “uh-uh”This is also associated with
stereotypical British-English speakers – bottle, butter, etc.
HOW?--The FlapHOW?--The FlapMade with the tongue hitting the
alveolar ridgeAs in butter, rider, metal
VowelsVowelsUnlike consonants, vowels are
made by allowing air to flow.ALL VOICED!Can occur in the front, middle, or
back of the mouthCan also occur in the high,
middle, or lower part of the mouth
Say these aloud and try to Say these aloud and try to feel the differencefeel the differenceHitHeatHatHotHut
MoreMorePoolPolePailPilePeelPalPill
DiphthongsDiphthongsWhen vowels and glides ([w] and
[j]) merge together, they create diphthongs.
[ej]=day[aj]=buy[j]=boy[aw]=doubtOur mouths move from one
position to another
VariationVariationObviously, not everyone speaks
the in the same way.
Most of that distinction comes in the form of vowel variance.
Can you think of any examples?
RECAP: Three ways to define RECAP: Three ways to define soundssounds
Voiced/Voiceless (+V/-V) –Whether or not there is vibration in your throat
Places of articulation--Where the sound is made in your mouth
Manners of articulation--How the sound is made
Give me some examples of each. **Page 40, #1 through #6, is GREAT practice!**
Let’s try it again…Let’s try it again…Each, ache, chandelierTough, doughDead, beadMeat, great, threatSure, bees, cats Peace, celloOF COURSE…a YOUTUBE video! Yippee!http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=JF6QVxJoiKo