philosophy 100 guide

8/19/2019 Philosophy 100 Guide

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Philosophy 100

What is Philosophy?

Philosophy: The study of wisdom

Skepticism: Questioning/Hold things in doubt

Metaconscious: !onscious of ou" consciousness

Types of Philosophy:

!"itical: Questioning

!onst"ucti#e: T"ying to come up with answe"s

3 Areas of Philosophy

1$ Metaphysics: %hat is "eal& ' The study of "eality

($ )pistemology: %hat is knowledge& ' The study of knowledge*$ )thics: %hat is "ight + w"ong& ' The study of "ight and w"ong

Sub,ecti#e #s- .b,ecti#e

T"uth independent of beliefs

History of Philosophy

1$ ncient: "eeks Soc"ates

($ Medie#al: 1200 yea"s ago "eligious*$ Mode"n: 3ast 1200 yea"s 4esca"tes

Socrates & Early Greece

Soc"ates 5nt"o:

6"om the city state of thens

3i#ed (000 yea"s ago

7icknamed the 8adfly9 ' "ega"ded as annoying and bothe"some

4edicated life to answe"ing: 8%hat is the good life&9

Soc"atic Method:

1$ Skeptical: Questioning/7ot accepting answe"s "ight away

($ 5"onic: sks fo" info"mation puts on a false pe"sona

*$ 4ialectical: Question/nswe"ing se"ies

$ 4efinitional: T"ies to come up with clea" answe"

Sophists

T"a#eling philosophe"s that would cha"ge people to hea" them speak- %ould use "heto"icto pe"suade people-

P"otago"as: famous Sophist

8Man is the measu"e of all things9 ' Mode"n day

"elati#ism

Soc"ates belie#ed the t"uth is independent of belief- 4isag"eed with the Sophists-



Socrates and Plato on Enlightenment

Soc"ates:

1$ ;eing w"ong is the "esult of igno"ance($ good pe"son could ne#e" be ha"med

Plato:

Soc"ates< student

4ocumented a lot of Soc"ates< discussions and wo"ks

Plato’s “The a!e"

The !a#e "ep"esents igno"ance

.utside of the !a#e is knowledge

The "eleased p"isone" who now has knowledge is mocked fo" his annoying natu"e and

pe"sistence =Socates$

The Trial and #eath of Socrates

E$thyphro

Soc"ates is on his way to the cou"thouse as he is being indicted by Meletus in f"ont of

200 thenians with the cha"ges of co""upting the youth and not "ecogni>ing the gods- Soc"ates



"uns into )uthyph"o outside the cou"thouse and e?plains that he is being indicted and )uthyph"o

is the"e because he is p"osecuting his fathe"- Soc"ates suggests that )uthyph"o must know what it

means to be pious and asks to be taught it- )uthyph"o gi#es the following answe"s which do not

satisfy Soc"ates-

1$ P"osecuting the w"ongdoe"

($ %hat dea" to the gods*$ %hat all gods lo#e

a$ Pious because gods lo#e&

b$ ods lo#e because it is pious&

$ %hat appea"s to be "ight ,ustice- !once"ned with ca"e of the gods-

2$ Pa"t of ,ustice conce"ned with se"#ice of the godsa$ Se"#ice of the gods a"e actions pleasing to the gods/ so"t of t"ade

Apology

pology meaning defence- Soc"ates e?plains he the p"ophet of 4elphi said he was the

wisest of thens because he "ecogni>ed his own igno"ance- He @uestioned those who p"oclaimed

wisdom and p"o#ed them w"ong =politicians c"aftsman and poets$- i#ing him suppo"t amongthe youth but ange" those he @uestioned- He goes on to emba""ass Meletus in the c"oss

e?amination- 5s found guilty and sentenced to death afte" asking fo" a feast as his punishment-

rito

Soc"ates< f"iend !"ito says he must escape in o"de" to not lea#e his sons as o"phans and

also people will think his f"iend is cheap because he did not pay the gua"ds- Soc"ates says he

must obey the law e#en if he was un,ustly p"osecuted-

Pre Socratic Philosophers

Metaphysics: Study of "eality

Aeality =SubstanceB independent of change$ ppea"ance

%hat is pe"manent =whatdoesnCt change amongst the change$

!hange

1- %hat is substance&

a$ %hat type of substance&

(- How many of the substance&

Principles of S$%stance

1- 7atu"alism

a$ Supe"natu"al #s 7atu"alism

(- Aeductionism: "educe the causes of an e#ent to as few as possible =lite"al elements

in most cases wate" fi"e ea"th etc-$



The Philosophers

1a- Thales ' 7atu"alist/Aeductionist- ;elie#ed Water was the cause of e#e"ything

(a- na?imande" ' Aefuted the wate" theo"y because of its conflict with othe" elements-

;elie#ed in a “%o$ndless" element which was the cause of e#e"ything- Had a basic idea of

e#olution of man

*a- na?imenes ' ;elie#ed Air was the element that caused e#e"ything

a- Denophanes ' ;elie#ed Earth was the cause of e#e"ything

The p"e#ious fou" we"e 8Mate"ialistic Monists9B belie#ing e#e"ything was

composed of a single natu"al element-

2b- He"aclitus ' 8nonchanging is none?istent9B only what changes is "eal- 86lu?9/6i"e

"ep"esents change in the way it mo#es- =not so much the lite"alness of fi"e$

Eb- )mpedocles ' Aoots belie#es in conflict of change- ;elie#ed e#e"ything came f"om the

elements- 83ow and St"ife9

Fb- na?ago"as ' Seeds of which e#e"ything g"ows

Gb- 4emoc"itus ' toms pa"itcles that make up e#e"ything

The p"e#ious fou" we"e 8Mate"ialistic Plu"alists9B belie#ing e#e"ything was

composed of many small pa"ts-

c- Pa"menides ' The only thing that is "eal is being- !hange is an illusion-

10c- Ieno ' 8Motion is an illusion9

These two we"e 85dealistic Monists9

11d- Pythago"as ' ;elie#ed that numbe"s we"e the most "eal- !onsistency of calculating things-

%as an 85dealistic Plu"alist9 since numbe"s a"e infinite-

Plato 'etaphysics

Soc"ates would be a 8idealistic monist9- ;elie#ed in one t"ue sou"ce of happiness/cause of the

goodlife-

Plato belie#ed ou" souls would last fo"e#e" and we would "ecollect knowledge th"oughout life-

Plato (e!el of )eality

6o"m concepts ob,ects images



Passing do*n of +no*ledge

Soc"ates'Plato'"istotle

Plato:

Sta"ted 8The academy9

6o"m'.b,ect =ob,ect comes fo"m the fo"m fo"m outside the ob,ect$

85d ealistic Monist9: fo"ms a"e

outside the ob,ect- !oming f"om a singula" good-

Soul:

Aristotle

Student of Plato

;elie#ed the fo"m is 57 the ob,ect-

6o"mJ.b,ectKSubstance

a$ Mate"ialistic b$ Plu"alism because of

many fo"ms o" 8things9



!auses: =!hanges within ob,ects necessa"y fo" something to e?ist$

1$ Mate"ial cause =physical e?: plastic$

($ 6o"mal cause =shape e?: chai" shape consciousness$

*$ )fficient ' what makes something =the make" e?: chai" make" natu"e$$ 6inal cause ' pu"poseB 8telos9 =pu"pose of a chai"$

Soul:

1- Aational

(- nimal/Pe"cepti#e*- 7ut"iti#e

Happiness: 3i#ing in mode"ation cannot be poo" belie#ed in luck-

Mode"ation: )?cess: Aashness )?t"a#agance ;uffoone"y

Mean: !ou"age ene"osity Aeady %it

4eficient: !owa"dice !heap 4ullness

3e#els of Aeality: =think py"amidB sta"ting f"om top$

1- Aeason =only humans$

(- Pe"ception =animals$*- 3ife =plants + t"ees$

- Matte" =chai"$

5n !lass Test P"ep:

1- Soc"ates J 4ialogue

a- Method

b- Sophists

c- )uthyph"oi- %hat Soc"ates was doing and thei" discussion

ii- Lnow the definitions

d- pology

i- %ho we"e the accuse"sii- %hat we"e the cha"ges

iii- e"dict

e- !"ito

i- %ho/%hat/%he"e

ii- Soc"ates did not choose to escape why&

(- P"e Soc"atics and Metaphysics



a$ Aeality/ppea"ance distinction

i$ 7atu"alism and Aeductionism

b$ Substancei$ %hat kind: Mate"ialism and 5dealism

ii$ How many: Monism and Plu"alism

c$ Lnow which philosophe"s belie#ed what-*- Plato and "istotle

a- 6o"ms =both$ and !auses =a"istotle$

b- 3e#els of Aeality

c- Sould- Happiness

i- Mode"ation

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