Bucharest,

Petrom City

Bucharest,

Petrom City

Data loading & editing

•Loading well data•Well manager •Use the Well log Calculator, Log editor •Loading surface, polygons, etc •Create and Edit Surfaces•Use the Surface Calculator

•Loading well data•Well manager •Use the Well log Calculator, Log editor •Loading surface, polygons, etc •Create and Edit Surfaces•Use the Surface Calculator

Geological modeling course for geologist

2

Loading well data (example for Petrel software)

• Well head coordinates (X,Y)• Well deviation (MD, Incl, Azimuth)• Well logs (ASCII, LAS 2.0, LAS 3.0, DLIS, Scan (jpeg, tif, etc)• Well tops (markers) (Petrel well tops)

3

Well head coordinate

Well symbols number should be referred to proper symbols

in the Well symbols table

Well symbols number should be referred to proper symbols

in the Well symbols table

4

Well path deviation Before loading deviation survey (MD, INCL,

AGN) check and apply correction for Azimuth, Azimuth must be AGN (Grid North) !!!

Before loading deviation survey (MD, INCL, AGN) check and apply correction for Azimuth, Azimuth must be AGN (Grid North) !!!

Total Correction = (+/- Magnetic declination) – (+/- Grid convergence) Total Correction = (+/- Magnetic declination) – (+/- Grid convergence)

AGN = AMN + (+/-Total Correction) AGN = AMN + (+/-Total Correction)

5

Well logs loading (ASCII)

Specify # column with MD

Specify # columns with logs

Specify proper template for logs

Discrete property – Lithology (Facies), Fluids, Regions, etc.

Discrete property – Lithology (Facies), Fluids, Regions, etc.

Continuous property – Porosity, Permeability, Water Saturation, etc.

Continuous property – Porosity, Permeability, Water Saturation, etc.

6

Well logs loading (Scan)

Data to be loaded - scan logs, of cores photos, images

Data to be loaded - scan logs, of cores photos, images

7

Well markers loading

Specify # columns with marker attributes – the most important – MD, well (well name), surface (marker name)

Type (keywords): Horizon, Fault, Others

Horizon

Faults

Others

X,Y,Z coordinate calculated based on MD and current well deviation

As an attributes with well tops – can be loaded – zone net thickness,

zone mean property (PHIE, PERM), dip angels, dip azimuth (TVT, TST

will be auto filled), etc.

As an attributes with well tops – can be loaded – zone net thickness,

zone mean property (PHIE, PERM), dip angels, dip azimuth (TVT, TST

will be auto filled), etc.

8

Well manger

Select attributes (well logs, check shots, completions, etc.)

Move selected wells in folders

Make visible selected wells in current window

Editing well data, KB, X, Y, etc

9

Well calculators

Formula bar

file with formula (s) “macros”

Template to be used for calculated log(s) – important to use for discrete log – discrete template

Sampling interval (interval between data points)

Make a block log Make a block log

Log editors

DespikeDespike

Useful equations Useful equations

ASP=(SP-SP.Min)/(SP.Max-SP.Min)ASP=(SP-SP.Min)/(SP.Max-SP.Min)

Normalization Normalization

SP=If( Z> (Z(x,y) +50) or Z < Z(x, y)-50,U,SP)SP=If( Z> (Z(x,y) +50) or Z < Z(x, y)-50,U,SP)

Cropping out log interval Cropping out log interval

SP_shift=SP(MD()-10)SP_shift=SP(MD()-10)

Shift log on MD Shift log on MD

NTG=If( ASP>0.6,1 , 0) NTG=If( ASP>0.6,1 , 0)

Generate NTG Generate NTG

10

Loading surface

Loading polygons

Format can be use for data set X,Y,Z (points,

polygons, etc.)

Format can be use for data set X,Y,Z (points,

polygons, etc.)

11

Loading surfaces

Process Functionality

Make/Edit Surface Creating 2D grid surfaces based on point data, line data, polygons, surfaces, bitmaps and well tops and allows them to be edited.

12

How to Make Surfaces

2. Drop in data to be gridded.

6. Specify the grid size and increment specifications in Geometry tab.

5. Suggest settings from input.

4. Name the new surface.

1. Double-click on Make/Edit Surface in the Processes pane.

3. Use a boundary polygon.

7. The surface is stored in the Input pane after clicking Apply/Ok.

13

4. Click on the surface area in 2D or 3D Display window and see the change.

1. Make sure the Make/Edit Surface process is active.

2. Activate the Smooth Area tool in the function bar.

3. Select the area of influence in number of grid cells from the bottom toolbar.

How to manually edit a surface: Local Smooth

5. Regenerate the contour lines by clicking on the Refresh edited surfaces button.

3

5

4

14

How to manually edit a surface: Peak remover

1. Make sure the Make/edit surface process is active.

2. Activate the Peak Remover tool from function bar.

4. Click directly on the base of the peak and it will be immediately removed.

5. Regenerate the contour lines by clicking on the Refresh edited surfaces button.

3. Specify the influence radius in grid nodes before editing.

2

5

4

3

Note: The peak may have originated from the seismic interpretation where a point was accidentaly digitized above.

15

Calculations and Operations

Calculations Operations

The Calculations tab can be found in the Settings window for the different data objects.

The Operations tab can be found in the Settings window for the different data objects.

Node- or point-values of a data object can be changed by adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, raising by a power or simply assigning a constant value. It also allows to eliminate data outside or inside a specific area.

All of the functions are organized in folders with descriptive names. Open the appropriate folder and select the function to use. A description of the function will appear in the window

16

Example of Calculations : Assigning Z values

2. Select surface to use for obtaining Z-values. Highlight in Input pane and click the blue arrow. Alternatively, use a constant value.

4. A single undo is available after the operation is completed.

3. Click the Assign Z=A button. The operation is performed immediately.

1. Go to Settings>Calculations tab (in the example, a fault polygon).

4

3

1

17

Example of Operations : General smooth

2. Expand the Surface operations folder and select Smooth.

4. Click Run to remove random noise and spikes.

3. Specify the number of smooth iterations.

1. Go to Settings>Operations tab (in the example, a surface).

3

2

1

18

Surface calculator

Surface calculator

The Calculator can be opened by right-clicking in any existing surface.

It is a normal scientific calculator both in function and looks.

It can be used to:1.Do operations on a surface or 2.Make new surfaces based on already made surfaces.

19

Surface Calculator example: Generate a Thickness map 1. Right-click on a surface and select

Calculator.

2. Enter an expression in the formula field (here: you will generate a thickness map by subtracting two surfaces)

5. Click ENTER to execute.

7. The new surface will be stored at the bottom of the Input pane.

4. Drop a grid with the size and resolution you wish to have.

6. The equation will be stored in the History field and can be reused later on.

3. Select the existing objects from the data list field.

1

3

7

4

5

6

Note: Thickness maps can also be made under the Operations tab from the Calculations folder

20

Horizon operations- Create Fault Polygons and Map

A high quality set of correctly intersected fault polygons can be created by accurately intersecting the horizon data and the fault data:

1. Open the Settings for the Horizon interpretation and go to the Operations tab.

2. Expand the Convert points and/polygons/surfaces folder and select Create fault polygons and map.

3. Drop in the folder containing the fault stick interpretation in the Faults folder and use the interpretation horizon to get the surface geometry and click Run.

4. A new folder will be generated in the Input pane containing A) Boundary B) Fault polygons C) Surface (map).

3

1

24