pÉterdi, bálint; bendŐ, zsolt; szakmÁny, györgy; kasztovszky, zsolt: possible sources of...
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PÉTERDI, Bálint; BENDŐ, Zsolt; SZAKMÁNY, György; KASZTOVSZKY, Zsolt:
Possible sources of nephrite artefacts found on
Hungarian archaeological sites(preliminary results)
Nephrite artefacts from Hungarian sites
Cca. 25 pcs.
10 pcs.
Nephrite artefacts from Hungarian sites
Cca. 25 pcs.
10 pcs.
Nephrite artefacts from Hungarian sites
Cca. 25 pcs.
10 pcs.
Nephrite artefacts from Hungarian sites
Cca. 25 pcs.
10 pcs.
Nephrite artefacts from Hungarian sites
Cca. 25 pcs.
10 pcs.
Nephrite artefacts from Hungarian sites
Cca. 25 pcs.
10 pcs.
Classification according to nephrite formational types(based on bulk rock chemistry, measured with PGAA)
Microscopic features (fabric, enclosed minerals,measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”)
Type 1: „pure” tremolite-nephrite with minor magnetite, limonite,± ilmenite,± pseudomorphs after pyroxenes
Microscopic features (fabric, enclosed minerals,measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”)
Type 1: „pure” tremolite-nephrite with minor magnetite, limonite,± ilmenite,± pseudomorphs after pyroxenes
Microscopic features (fabric, enclosed minerals,measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”)
Type 2: „pure” actinolite-nephritewith minor magnetite, limonite,± ilmenite
Type 3: „pure” nephrite (act + trem)with minor chlorite,± pseudomorphs after pyroxenes
Microscopic features (fabric, enclosed minerals,measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”)
Type 4: actinolite-nephrite with chlorite, relict clinopyroxenes (diopside), pseudomorphs after pyroxenes, spinel (chromite), garnet (grossular), (magnetite, limonite, ± apatite, ± titanite)
Microscopic features (fabric, enclosed minerals,measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”)
Type 4: actinolite-nephrite with chlorite, relict clinopyroxenes (diopside), pseudomorphs after pyroxenes, spinel (chromite), garnet (grossular), (magnetite, limonite, ± apatite, ± titanite)
Microscopic features (fabric, enclosed minerals,measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”)
Type 5: nephrite (tremolite ± aktinolite) with chlorite, relict clinopyroxenes, spinel (chromite),but without garnet
Microscopic features (main amphibol type,measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”)
Nephrite sources in Europe
Nephrite sources withdetailed descriptions and/or
chemical data(Switzerland, boundaries of the
Bohemian Massif
Nephrite sources withdetailed descriptions and/or
chemical data(Switzerland, boundaries of the
Bohemian Massif
8 CuolmsColour: dark greenFabric(microscopic fabric):
compact fabric
Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: AAssociated and enclosed minerals:
magnetite (isolated)
References: Dietrich and de Quervain 1968
Nephrite sources withdetailed descriptions and/or
chemical data(Switzerland, boundaries of the
Bohemian Massif
14 Mühlen (Mulegns)Colour: 1: dark green
2: light green, white3: spring-onion green to pistachio green
Fabric(microscopic fabric):
1: foliated (parallely fibrous)2: parallely fibrous (parallely fibrous)3: extremely foliated with lamellar jointing
Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: AAssociated and enclosed minerals:
chlorite, magnetite, picotite, green garnet (epidote, calcite)
References: Welter 1911; Dietrich and de Quervain 1968; Giess 2003
Nephrite sources withdetailed descriptions and/or
chemical data(Switzerland, boundaries of the
Bohemian Massif
16 Salux (Salouf)Colour: dark greenFabric(microscopic fabric):
compact fabric / foliated(parallely fibrous, very tough)
Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: Associated and enclosed minerals:
yellowish-green garnet, picotite, chlorite,magnetite (isolated pathes)
References: Welter 1911
Nephrite sources withdetailed descriptions and/or
chemical data(Switzerland, boundaries of the
Bohemian Massif
25 Schwarzenbach an der SaaleColour: greenFabric(microscopic fabric):
fibrous
Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: AAssociated and enclosed minerals:
„hornblende”, chlorite, magnetite, leucoxene
References: Welter 1911
Nephrite sources withdetailed descriptions and/or
chemical data(Switzerland, boundaries of the
Bohemian Massif
26 Jordanów (Jordansmühl in Schlesien)Colour: white, greenish-creamy, bright green (light
green) to dark green, greyish-blue, blue, pink
Fabric(microscopic fabric):
compact fabric or foliated or schistose(typical non-directional, fibrous, parallely fibrous)
Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: TAssociated and enclosed minerals:
1: pure nephrite2: pseudomorphs after pyroxene3: diopside, chlorite (common)4: grossular, hydrogrossular, prehnite, antigorite, Cr-spinel, titanite, apatite, monacite, zircon
References: Traube 1885a, 1885b; Sachs 1902; Gunia 2000; Mazur et al. 2006; Gil 2013
Nephrite sources withdetailed descriptions and/or
chemical data(Switzerland, boundaries of the
Bohemian Massif27 Złoty Stok (Reichenstein in Schlesien)Colour: bright green (light green) to dark green,
greyish-greenFabric(microscopic fabric):
compact fabric or fibrous or layered(typical non-directional, fibrous, parallely fibrous)
Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: A (T)Associated and enclosed minerals:
diopside, löllingite, magnetite, carbonate, quartz, apatite, scheelite, unspecified serpentine, arsenopyrite, gold
References: Traube 1887; Gunia 2000; Gil 2013
Nephrite sources in Europe
?
Classification according to nephrite formational types,comparing artefacts with possible sources
(based on bulk rock chemistry, from reference data and new PGAA data)
Microscopic features (main amphibol type,comparing artefacts with possible sources
measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”and also EPMA for the geological sources)
Most probable sources (preliminary results)
Type Probable source
Type 1: „pure” tremolite-nephritewith minor magnetite, limonite,± ilmenite,± pseudomorphs after pyroxenes
Jordanów (Jordansmühl in Schlesien)(Lower Silesia, Poland)
Type 2: „pure” actinolite-nephritewith minor magnetite, limonite,± ilmenite
Cuolms ?(Oberhalbstein (Alpi di Platta), Switzerland)
Type 3: „pure” nephrite (act + trem)with minor chlorite,± pseudomorphs after pyroxenes
???(Jordanów?)
Type 4: actinolite-nephritewith chlorite, relict clinopyroxenes (diopside),pseudomorphs after pyroxenes,spinel (chromite), garnet (grossular), (magnetite, limonite, ± apatite, ± titanite)
Val da Faller (Faller valley):Mühlen (Mulegns), Forschella-peak, Sblocs(Oberhalbstein (Alpi di Platta), Switzerland)Salux?(Oberhalbstein (Alpi di Platta), Switzerland)
Type 5: nephrite (tremolite ± aktinolite)with chlorite, relict clinopyroxenes,spinel (chromite), but without garnet
???(Crap Farreras?)(Oberhalbstein (Alpi di Platta), Switzerland)
Most probable sources (preliminary results)
Jordanów
Oberhalbstein
Mur-river?
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to the archaeologists for affording us the opportunity to study the artefacts (especially for Katalin T. Biró, Tünde Horváth, Erzsébet Nagy, Szilvia Honti, Péter Németh, Judit P. Barna, Csilla Száraz, László Hotváth, Judit Regenye, Marcella Nagy, Ádám
Kőszegi, Gábor Ilon, Gyula Kerékgyártó, Ernő Wolf).
We want to thank the colleagues and others for helping us in our work in many ways (especially for Veronika Szilágyi, Katalin Gméling, Boglárka Maróti, Ágnes Veres, Emma P.
Szabó, Zoltán Lantos, Péter Papp).
We are grateful to all the scientists, whose works were used as reference(Belgya T., Bendő Zs., Bradák B., Cheng H.S., Cholewa P., D’Amico C., De Quervain F., Dietrich V., Dobosi G., Foltyn E. M., Foltyn E., Friedel O., Füri J., Gan F.X., Gasparotto G., Ghedini M., Giess H., Gunia P., Heierli J., Horváth T., Jochemczyk L., Józsa S., Judik K., Kalkowsky E., Kasztovszky Zs., Kis Z., Kostov, R.I., Kovář J.J., Kuča M., Majerowicz A., Meyer A.B., Molnár M., Péterdi B., Preiswerk H., Přichystal A., Révay Zs., Sachs A., Schmidt C., Schneider A., Skoczylas J., Starnini E., S. Svingor É., Staub R., Szakmány Gy., Szentmiklósi L., Szilágyi V., Szolgay Zs., T. Biró
K., Traube H., Welter O.A., Wojciechowski W., Wojcik A., Zentai L., Zhang Z.W.)
Special thanks go to the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund OTKA Grant No. K 62874 and K 100385 for their financial support.
Thank you for your attention!