pests, plagues & politics lecture 17
DESCRIPTION
Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17. Entomologists & other Heroes. Key Points: Ways in which insects dramatically impacted society as we know it today. Biotech Business (different types) Philosophy Taxonomy Disease control. Drosophila melanogaster. Gregor Mendel 1822-1844. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17
Entomologists & other Entomologists & other HeroesHeroes
![Page 2: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Key Points:
Ways in which insects dramatically impacted society as we know it today
• Biotech• Business (different types)• Philosophy• Taxonomy• Disease control
![Page 3: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Drosophila melanogaster
![Page 4: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gregor MendelGregor Mendel1822-18441822-1844
The monk whostarted it all.
Discovered the concept of genetic transmissionof characters.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gregor_Mendel.png
![Page 5: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fruit Flies & GeneticsFruit Flies & Genetics
• Small physical sizeSmall physical size– easily reared in confined space– little danger to experimenter
• Cost efficientCost efficient• Short life spanShort life span (time efficient)• Stable populationStable population
– ubiquitous & expendable
• Selected matings easily controlledSelected matings easily controlled
![Page 6: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fruit Flies & Genetics, cont.Fruit Flies & Genetics, cont.
• Experimental “confounds” are easy to account for and/or reduce
• Intricate & elaborate experiments possible– e.g., 40,000 matings to produce the data set
necessary to win the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine
• Results are easily generalized
![Page 7: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fruit Flies & GeneticsFruit Flies & Genetics
• “…during the heyday of Drosophila, almost all significant basic concepts in transmission genetics were either first developed by Drosophila workers or conspicuously verified by them”– S.W. Brown: History of Entomology
www.fruitfly.org
![Page 8: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1 Amgen USA 14,268.0 3,366.0 2,950.0 20,1002 Genentech USA 11,724.0 2,995.0 2,740.0 10,001+3 Genzyme USA 3,187.0 650.0 (16.8) 9,000+4 UCB Belgium 3,169.6 772.6 461.1 8,4775 Gilead Sciences USA 3,026.1 383.9 (1,190.0) 7,575
*Fruitflies and Biotech: Five top Biotech Companies in 2006
Revenue (Millions)
No. employees
http://www.fiercebiotech.com/special-reports/amgen-biotech-marketshare-report
http://crunchiesfood.com/press/amgen-tour-of-california-2010-day-2/
![Page 9: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The humble fruit fly
Could just be responsible for getting your life insurance premium reduced!!
![Page 10: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
GOMPERTZ LAW
• Benjamin Gompertz - 19th century British polymath
• “Risk of death grows exponentially as we age until finally reaching 100%”
• You respond with: “So what?”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gompertz
![Page 11: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
http://www.censusscope.org/us/chart_age.html
Men live shorter than women partly because of risky behavior
http://www.econguru.com/fundamentals_of_ecology/populations.html
![Page 12: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Yea
rly
cost
$
Age
Long term care cost
![Page 13: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fruit Fly Fruit Fly ““M&MsM&Ms””Morgan and MullerMorgan and Muller
http://www.dipity.com/yodaseo/Emperor-of-All-Maladies/
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-article.html?print=1
![Page 14: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fruit Flies & GeneticsFruit Flies & Genetics
• T.H. Morgan @ Columbia University, turned the fruit fly into the “queen bee of genetics.”
• H.J. Muller discovered that x-ray & other forms for short-wave radiation spectacularly increased the genetic mutation frequency.– Lead to the “dominant lethal” gene(s)
– Ultimately gave us the “Sterile Insect Technique”
![Page 15: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Applications, *SIT
http://www.pnri.dost.gov.ph/pnri.php?pnri=nrd
![Page 16: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Insects & Philosophy: AESOPInsects & Philosophy: AESOP
• A Greek living around 2,500 B.P
• A historical personage who might have been fictitious.
• Reputed to be a slave, physically deformed and deaf
• A Poet– homilies exhorting the reader to a better life
– more than 25 insects are found in his writings
![Page 17: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The ANT & the GRASSHOPPER
http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/milowinter/32.htm
![Page 18: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ARISTOTLEARISTOTLE
• The founder of entomology as a science
• Gave us the first functional system of insect classification
– bloodless animals having more than four feet and some having wings
– being neither bony nor fleshy– their body is rigid within and without
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg
![Page 19: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ARISTOTLEARISTOTLE
• Gave us the first DICHOTOMOUSDICHOTOMOUS identification system (“keys”)
• Two versions– One based on wings– One based on mouthparts
![Page 20: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Aristotle's KeyAristotle's KeyI. WINGED
1) with elytra
2) without elytra• a. four wings• b. two wings
II. WINGLESS• MOUTH PARTS
1. Having teeth and being omnivorous
2. Without teeth, but with a proboscis
a. feeding on all saps (flies)
b. sucking on blood only (mosquitoes)
c. feeding on sweet saps only (bees)
![Page 21: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ARISTOTLE on reproductionARISTOTLE on reproduction
• He recognized four types of reproduction:– Sexual
• with copulation (most large animals)
– Asexual by sprouting• some plants
– Asexual without copulation• most plants, fish & HONEY BEESHONEY BEES
– Spontaneous generation or abiogenesis• insects - Crustacea - some plants
![Page 22: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Insects: Disease control
![Page 23: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
*Baghdad “Boil”
• As if bullets and mortars weren’t enough
• Along comes an ARBOR disease
• Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
![Page 24: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What’s Cutaneous Leishmaniasis?
• A parasitic infection vectored by a fly!!!
• Produces open sores that are gross and a long time in healing and can leave permanent scarring.
• Sensitive viewers- the next few slides may upset you.
![Page 25: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Symptoms
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_leishmaniasis
![Page 26: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The parasite
Leishmania major
A single-cell proto-zoan.
http://www.img.cas.cz/mci/introduction.php
![Page 27: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Vector
• A true fly in the Order Diptera– Family Psychodidae
• The sand flies & moth flies
– Lutzomyia longipalpis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutzomyia
![Page 28: Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 17](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051117/5681592a550346895dc65364/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Key Points:
Ways in which insects dramatically impacted society as we know it today
• Biotech• Business (different types)• Philosophy• Taxonomy• Disease control