PEST MANAGEMENT OF JAPANESE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) AND A STUDY OF STINK BUG (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) INJURY ON PRIMOCANE-BEARING CANEBERRIES IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA

Laura Maxey

Department of EntomologyVirginia TechBlacksburg, VA

Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica Newman)

Chew holes in fruit Injured berries are more susceptible to

diseases

Skeletonize the leaves

Japanese Beetle Life Cycle

University of Nebraska Lincoln: http://elkhorn.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=532

Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Adults emerge from ground debris in

spring

Most species have 2 generations/ yr

in VA

Both adults and nymphs feed

Polyphagous

Primocane-bearing Raspberry Cultivar Susceptibility to Japanese Beetle Presence and Fruit and Foliar Injury

Considered Raspberry Cultivars

Yellow Cultivars Anne and Fall Gold

Red Cultivars Autumn Bliss, Caroline, Dinkum, Heritage, Himbo

Top, and Prelude

Measured Responses

Number of JB on each raspberry cultivar

Marketable, Unmarketable, Percent Unmarketable, and Overall Yield of each cultivar

Defoliation of each cultivar

JB Counts 2007

JB Counts 2008

JB Counts 2009

Raspberry JB Count Summary Significant Differences

2007: ‘Prelude’ > ‘Anne’, ‘Caroline’, ‘Dinkum’, ‘Heritage’ & ‘Himbo Top’

2008: ‘Prelude’ > ‘Caroline’, ‘Dinkum’, & ‘Himbo Top’ 2009: ‘Prelude’ > ‘Caroline’, ‘Dinkum’, ‘Heritage’ &

‘Himbo Top’ 2009: ‘Fall Gold’ > ‘Himbo Top’

2007-2009 Trend More: ‘Prelude’, ‘Fall Gold’, and ‘Autumn Bliss’ Fewer: ‘Caroline’, ‘Himbo Top’, ‘Heritage’, and

‘Dinkum’

Raspberry Harvest 2007

 Cultivar

Marketable Yield (g/m) * % Unmarketable *

Autumn Bliss 1717.8 ± 49.9 a 12.8 ± 0.8 c

Heritage 1642.5 ± 209.2 ab 24.5 ± 1.1 a

Caroline 1444.2 ± 155.3 abc 23.2 ± 1.7 ab

Himbo Top 1320.7 ± 96.6 abc 16.6 ± 0.8 bc

Prelude 1124.0 ± 177.2 abc 17.1 ± 2.1 bc

Dinkum 1034.8 ± 103.8 bc 18.2 ± 2.6 abc

Fall Gold 1014.7 ± 142.7 bc 16.4 ± 1.6 bc

Anne 899.9 ± 150.7 c 19.0 ± 1.6 abc* Values followed by the same letter in same column are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD (α=0.05)).

Raspberry Harvest 2008

Cultivar Marketable Yield (g/m) * % UnmarketableAutumn Bliss 1223.2 ± 49.6 a 19.7 ± 0.5

Heritage 1101.3 ± 102.2 ab 21.7 ± 1.3

Caroline 1069.5 ± 146.7 abc 23.2 ± 0.6

Dinkum 964.2 ± 126.3 abcd 22.1 ± 2.4

Himbo Top 692.5 ± 119.1 bcd 22.4 ± 1.9

Fall Gold 655.2 ± 110.4 bcd 24.2 ± 3.4

Anne 598.0 ± 155.0 cd 19.1 ± 2.2

Prelude 565.7 ± 81.5 d 22.2 ± 3.5* Values in same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD (α=0.05)).

Raspberry Harvest 2009

Cultivar Marketable Yield (g/m)* % Unmarketable **

Heritage 1922.9 ± 143.4 a 14.8 ± 0.7 bc

Caroline 1685.3 ± 167.4 ab 19.4 ± 1.2 a

Autumn Bliss 1590.3 ± 101.5 ab 12.5 ± 0.8 c

Himbo Top 1566 ± 124.5 ab 18.8 ± 1.3 ab

Dinkum 1532.4 ± 120.3 ab 13.5 ± 0.6 c

Fall Gold 1333.9 ± 162.7 b 13.7 ± 0.5 c

Prelude 1236.9 ± 111.8 b 13.4 ± 0.9 c

Anne 1115.4 ± 186.9 b 18.0 ± 1.2 ab* Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD (α=0.05))** Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD (α=0.05) following [ArcSine (√x)] transformation)

Raspberry Harvest Summary Significantly Greater Marketable Yield

‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Heritage’, and ‘Caroline’ Significantly Less Injured Fruit

‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Fall Gold’, ‘Himbo Top’, ‘Heritage’, ‘Dinkum’, and ‘Prelude’

2007-2009 Trend ‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Heritage’, and ‘Caroline’ >

Total Yield ‘Prelude’, ‘Anne’, and ‘Fall Gold’ < Total

Yield

Raspberry Defoliation Summary

2008

‘Prelude’ > ‘Dinkum’, ‘Caroline’, ‘Heritage’,

and ‘Anne’

2009

‘Prelude’ and ‘Fall Gold’ > ‘Caroline’ and

‘Anne’

Raspberry Cultivar Summary JB Infestation

‘Prelude’ > ‘Anne’, ‘Caroline’, ‘Dinkum’, ‘Heritage’, & ‘Himbo Top’

Harvest Greater Marketable and Overall Yield: ‘Autumn Bliss’,

‘Heritage’, & ‘Caroline’ Less Injured Fruit: Autumn Bliss’, ‘Fall Gold’, ‘Himbo Top’,

‘Heritage’, ‘Dinkum’, & ‘Prelude’ Defoliation

2008: ‘Prelude’ > ‘Dinkum’, ‘Caroline’, ‘Heritage’, & ‘Anne’

2009: ‘Prelude’ & ‘Fall Gold’ > ‘Caroline’ & ‘Anne’

Geranium Toxicity to JB

Geranium Toxicity to JB

48 hours exposure to either: Potted Autumn Bliss Raspberry Plant Potted Zonal Geranium

Groups of 5 beetles were bagged on Autumn Bliss raspberry canes for 24 hours

Estimated Percent Defoliation

Geranium Toxicity to JB

Geranium and Raspberries Two JB were contained with:

Geranium petal ‘Prelude’ raspberry leaf

Geranium or Raspberries One JB was contained with either Geranium petal

or ‘Prelude’ raspberry leaf After 24 hours, each JB placed in container with

just ‘Prelude’ leaf Defoliation

The last leaf exposed in both experiments

Results

Caged Experiments Previous Exposure to Geraniums Significantly Reduced

Estimated Defoliation to ‘Autumn Bliss’ (7.0 to 4.4 %)

Bioassay Geranium and Raspberry Significantly reduced defoliation (8.7 to 3.3 %) but JB

preferred to be on ‘Prelude’ raspberry leaf

Bioassay Geranium or Raspberry Reduced defoliation (8.4 to 4.9 %) but not significantly

Study of Stink bugs and Their Injury to Raspberry

Percent of Stink Bug Species Present

48.1

20.3

16.3

9.5

2.31.42.0

Euschistus servus Cosmopepla lintneriana Acrosternum hilare Euschistus tristigmus

Euschistus variolarius Thyanta custator accerra Minor species

Leaves

Sepal

Raspberry

Injury

Video

Stink Bug Conclusions

Brown stink bug, twicestabbed stink bug, green stink bug, and dusky stink bug were the main species present 2008-2009

Stink bugs feed on multiple parts of raspberry plants

Injury to ripening and ripened berries is identified as holes between the drupelets and ill tasting droppings

BMSB threat Polyphagous Nymphs and adults can cause injury Increasing populations in Virginia

Overall Conclusions

‘Prelude’ raspberries were preferred by JB

‘Autumn Bliss’ produced greatest yields with less injury

Previous exposure to geraniums reduced raspberry defoliation

Stink bug feeding injury is identified as holes between drupelets

THANK YOU!!!

IR-4 and the Small Fruit Consortium $$

Faculty and Staff at VT

Kentland Farm Crew

Master Gardeners

My Friends and Family

Questions? email: luaram@vt.eduPhone : (540)-599-5287