pest management and pesticides – a historical perspective fred fishel, assoc. prof. uf/ifas dept....
TRANSCRIPT
Pest Management and Pesticides – a Historical Perspective
Fred Fishel, Assoc. Prof.
UF/IFAS Dept. of Agronomy
Learning Objectives
• After viewing this module, you should be able to:– Describe at least 5 historically significant
pests that impacted change on society– Describe at least 5 historical significant events
in the field of pest control– Describe at least 5 events that were
instrumental in agrichemical development– Describe the IPM concept
Historical Pests Changing Society
• Rats/fleas – Bubonic Plague (1400’s)
Historical Pests Changing Society
• Potato blight (1840’s)
Historical Pests Changing Society
• Powdery mildew in grape-growing regions of Europe (1850’s)
Historical Pests Changing Society
• Grape phylloxera invasion from the U.S. of French vineyards (1848-1878)
Historical Pests Changing Society
• Mosquitoes – malaria and yellow fever
Historical Pests Changing Society
• Flies – typhoid fever
Historical Pests Changing Society
• Boll weevil from Mexico (1892)
Prior to World War II, more deaths could be attributed to insect-transmitted diseases during war than the actual fighting itself.
Historical Pest Control Events• Sulfur used as a fumigant as early as 2000 BC by pagan priests• 1000 BC: Homer refers to sulfur used in fumigation and other forms of
pest control
Historical Pest Control Events
• 300 AD: Predatory ants in Chinese citrus
Historical Pest Control Events
• 1732: Crops grown in rows
Historical Pest Control Events
• 1800’s: Intro of Paris Green and Bordeaux, resistant rootstocks in grafting
Historical Pest Control Events• 1908: iron sulfate, copper sulfate, sodium arsenite,
and table salt are shown as selective herbicides in wheat
Historical Pest Control Events• 1926: 1st successful biological control of
a weed, prickly pear – Australia
• Used insects – larvae of the cactus moth
Photo: Les Tanner, North West Weeds
Historical Pest Control Events• 1912: U.S. Quarantine Act
Historical Pest Control Events• 1915: Mosquito control allows
completion of Panama Canal
1900’s – A century of rapid change
• Breeding programs for disease/insect resistance
1900’s – A century of rapid change
• Insecticidal properties of DDT discovered
1900’s – A century of rapid change• Resistance to DDT
1900’s – A century of rapid change
• 1st hormone based herbicide – 2,4-D
1900’s – A century of rapid change
• Explosive growth of agrichemical industry occurred from the 1940s through the 60s– First dithiocarbamate fungicide – Zineb– First aerosol insecticides– Introduction of 2,4,5-T– Introduction of warfarin for rodent control– Synthesis of first synthetic pyrethroid– Introduction of malathion– Many others occurring or followed
1900’s – A century of rapid change• Bt registered for crop use in 1962
Development of IPM
Development of IPM• 1862: Morrill Act – development of land-
grant universities for agricultural and mechanical arts
Development of IPM• 1901: monitoring insects in Arkansas
cotton
Time
Pes
t D
ensi
ty
Economic Threshold
Pest Population
Economic Injury Level
Development of IPM
• 1962: Rachel Carson’s book, Silent Spring
Bubonic Plague is carried to humans primarily by:A. Mosquitoes that have fed on infected
wild hogs
B. Ticks that have fed on infected deer
C. Fleas that have fed on infected rats
D. Brown recluse and black widow spiders
Bubonic Plague is carried to humans primarily by:A. Mosquitoes that have fed on infected
wild hogs
B. Ticks that have fed on infected deer
C. Fleas that have fed on infected rats
D. Brown recluse and black widow spiders
Which plant disease is responsible for a mass emigration of Europeans in the mid-1800s?
A. Potato blight
B. Cereal leaf rust
C. Barley yellow dwarf
D. Powdery mildew of grape
Which plant disease is responsible for a mass emigration of Europeans in the mid-1800s?
A. Potato blight
B. Cereal leaf rust
C. Barley yellow dwarf
D. Powdery mildew of grape
Which pest was first responsible for research of genetic resistance for use as a pest management tool?
A. Grape phylloxera
B. Boll weevil
C. Corn earworm
D. Mediterranean fruit fly
Which pest was first responsible for research of genetic resistance for use as a pest management tool?
A. Grape phylloxera
B. Boll weevil
C. Corn earworm
D. Mediterranean fruit fly
Which pest nearly prevented completion of the Panama Canal?
A. Fleas
B. Mosquitoes
C. Ticks
D. Tarantulas
Which pest nearly prevented completion of the Panama Canal?
A. Fleas
B. Mosquitoes
C. Ticks
D. Tarantulas
Typhoid fever is spread to humans primarily by:
A. Mosquitoes that fed on infected horses
B. Deer ticks that fed on infected deer
C. Flies that fed on feces
D. Mites that fed on infected poultry
Typhoid fever is spread to humans primarily by:
A. Mosquitoes that fed on infected horses
B. Deer ticks that fed on infected deer
C. Flies that fed on feces
D. Mites that fed on infected poultry
The first record of biological control was by the:
A. Egyptians in control of cotton boll weevil
B. Chinese using predatory ants in citrus
C. Greeks using predatory stink bugs in olives
D. Phoenicians in control of vineyard mites
The first record of biological control was by the:
A. Egyptians in control of cotton boll weevil
B. Chinese using predatory ants in citrus
C. Greeks using predatory stink bugs in olives
D. Phoenicians in control of vineyard mites
Why were crops grown in rows?
A. To facilitate workers in harvesting crops
B. For accommodating aquaducts for irrigation
C. To provide more sunlight for optimal growth
D. To facilitate animals pulling plows
Why were crops grown in rows?
A. To facilitate workers in harvesting crops
B. For accommodating aquaducts for irrigation
C. To provide more sunlight for optimal growth
D. To facilitate animals pulling plows
Which represents the earliest selective herbicide?
A. Imazaquin
B. 2,4-D
C. Inorganics, such as iron sulfate and salt
D. Diesel fuel
Which represents the earliest selective herbicide?
A. Imazaquin
B. 2,4-D
C. Inorganics, such as iron sulfate and salt
D. Diesel fuel
Which was the first legal form of pest control imposed by the U.S. Government?
A. Formation of the EPA
B. Formation of state boards of agriculture
C. Passage of the Morrill Act
D. Passage of the U.S. Quarantine Act
Which was the first legal form of pest control imposed by the U.S. Government?
A. Formation of the EPA
B. Formation of state boards of agriculture
C. Passage of the Morrill Act
D. Passage of the U.S. Quarantine Act
The development of DDT was largely in response to:
A. A Mediterranean fruit fly outbreak in California
B. Crowded and unsanitary conditions during World War II
C. Public outcries regarding mosquito-vectored diseases
D. An effort to curb Bubonic Plague in Europe
The development of DDT was largely in response to:
A. A Mediterranean fruit fly outbreak in California
B. Crowded and unsanitary conditions during World War II
C. Public outcries regarding mosquito-vectored diseases
D. An effort to curb Bubonic Plague in Europe
The pest density at which a control measure should be applied is the:
A. Economic density defined by {[∑½π]÷[βΨ]}
B. Economic injury level
C. Economic threshold
D. Economic mental withstanding tolerance
The pest density at which a control measure should be applied is the:
A. Economic density defined by {[∑½π]÷[βΨ]}
B. Economic injury level
C. Economic threshold
D. Economic mental withstanding tolerance
Photo CreditsPhoto Credits• CDCCDC• North Dakota State UniversityNorth Dakota State University• The Ohio State UniversityThe Ohio State University• University of California – DavisUniversity of California – Davis• Clemson UniversityClemson University• North West WeedsNorth West Weeds• USDAUSDA
Fred Fishel, Ph.D.Fred Fishel, Ph.D.Department of AgronomyDepartment of AgronomyUniversity of Florida/IFASUniversity of Florida/IFASCopyright 2006 University of FloridaCopyright 2006 University of Florida
Mention of trade names in this presentation is solely for providing specific Mention of trade names in this presentation is solely for providing specific information. It is not a guarantee or warranty of the products named, and does not information. It is not a guarantee or warranty of the products named, and does not signify that they are approved to the exclusion of others of suitable composition. signify that they are approved to the exclusion of others of suitable composition. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer’s label.Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer’s label.