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ACQUIRING MOVEMENT SKILLS
Motor Programmes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the nature of and give examples of
programmes stored in the long-term memory Explain the links to open loop control and the
autonomous phase of learning
MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES MOTOR PROGRAMME (MP) or EXECUTIVE
PROGRAMME Motor Programme – A generalised series of pattern
of movements stored in the LTM. Is a plan of a whole skill or pattern of movement,
e.g. a plan of a forward roll in gym. Contains all the information required to make a
movement which muscles to use the order in which muscles are used the phasing and degree of contraction of muscles
Enables a skill to be performed Can be made up of a large number of subroutines Must be adaptable so that it can be altered when
the environment / surroundings change (schema)
MOTOR PROGRAMMES
These are hierarchical (have an order of importance)
The executive motor programme is the highest or most important.
They are also sequential… performed in an order
SUBROUTINES
SUBROUTINES Component parts of an executive programme Structured in layers
some subroutines can be in turn broken down into further subroutines which form smaller parts of a skill
Each subroutine is a short fixed sequence Which when fully learned can be performed
automatically, without conscious control SEE YOUR TEXT BOOK PG 171 – Copy diagram
STAGES OF LEARNING
As you know; novices learn a skill (cognitive stage), they then practice to go into the (associative stage)
If you overlearn and groove your skill you move into the (autonomous stage), this is stored in the LTM.
Use Pg 172 to write the definition of overlearnt and grooved skills.
Make sure you can describe the three stages of learning.
OPEN LOOP CONTROL (LEVEL ONE CONTROL)
‘A system of subconscious control that does not use or reference feedback’
A well learned skill can be done with little conscious control
The movement appears to be automatic One decision will bring about the desired
movement:
The plan or EMP stored in the LTM
The action of the workingmuscles
OPEN LOOP CONTROL Open loop explains how rapid movements are
performed. It is thought to be an instinctive action, but is
actually a learned motor programme in the LTM The plan of the action (EMP) is stored in the LTM,
when the situation demands the plan is sent quickly to the muscles. (movement effectors)
The transfer of info from brain to working muscles is done through the formation of a memory trace
A memory trace is formed when a skill is well learned
Open loop control skills are normally closed skills that are ballistic (quick)
OPEN LOOP CONTROL Does not produce feedback (no time) The movement cannot be changed during the
performance So the open loop is only effective when the env. Is
predictable Once a golf swing as been initiated it is difficult to
modify it is the env. changes
OPEN LOOP CONTROL
This is regarded as ‘level one’ control and is thought to initiate or start motor skills.
When they are adjusted and concluded other systems are involved:
Closed loop control (level two control)
REVISION
Flash Cards