persuasive appeals :
DESCRIPTION
PERSUASIVE APPEALS :. Logos Pathos Ethos. LOGOS. THE Rhetorical TRIANGLE. PATHOS. ETHOS. BACKGROUND: ARISTOTLE and the RHETORICAL TRIANGLE. In Rhetoric (350 BC), the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) suggests that the fundamental human characteristics include: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PERSUASIVE APPEALS:
LogosPathos
Ethos
![Page 2: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
THE
Rhetorical TRIANGLE
PATHOS
LOGOS
ETHOS
![Page 3: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
BACKGROUND: ARISTOTLE and the RHETORICAL
TRIANGLE
O In Rhetoric (350 BC), the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) suggests that the fundamental human characteristics include: logic, reasoning emotion, empathy, compassion credibility, trust (perception of
character)
3
![Page 4: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
BACKGROUND: ARISTOTLE and the RHETORICAL
TRIANGLE
O Thus, he divided the persuasive appeals of rhetoric into 3 parts: LOGOS PATHOS ETHOS
4
![Page 5: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
LOGOS
![Page 6: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
LOGOSO “LOGIC”
O SUPPORT, PROOF, “GROUNDS”: logic reasons examples details facts
o “Just the facts, ma’am.” (Dragnet)o appeals to the Vulcan inside us (Star Trek)
6
![Page 7: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
EVALUATING LOGOSO PURPOSE =
to stir readers’ thoughts to offer readers different perspectives to get readers to see something in a new
way
O THESIS = reasonable
7
![Page 8: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
EVALUATING LOGOSO EVIDENCE =
accurate clear, convincing relevant, appropriate
O REASONS = make sense no fallacies
8
![Page 9: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
LOGOS in everyday lifeO to win an argument on any subject:
receipts, ticket stubs photos, video text or phone or e-mail messages witnesses, quotes examples, instances, incidents,
anecdotes weather, financial, medical, legal reports
9
![Page 10: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
LOGOS in everyday lifeFRIENDS:O to win an argument on sports (e.g.):
use reasons supported by statistics, highlights (examples), details, facts, spectator (witness)
SCHOOL:O to argue a grade:
refer (rationally) to the syllabus, assignment sheet, textbook, test question, lecture notes, handouts
10
![Page 11: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
LOGOS in everyday lifePARENTS:O to argue for a raise in allowanceO to argue to borrow the carO to argue to extend curfew
refer to “record” (stats) or make a bargain
CAR:O to buy a car, to repair/keep vs.
trade/sell/junk use a debit sheet, refer to an advertisement KBB, NADA, Edmunds.com, Lemon Law 1
1
![Page 12: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
LOGOS in everyday lifeWORK (with your boss):O to argue for a raise, day off
employment file, service, dedication, time card, schedule
WORK (with a customer):O refer to circular, advertisement, sign,
computer, registerWORK (as a customer):Owith the cashier, customer service
representativeO refer to circular, ad, sign, register receipt1
2
![Page 13: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
LOGOS in everyday lifeO Card Stacking
present only one side of the issue failure in Iraq
O Erroneous, faulty data WMD mistaken witness false credentials assumption, inference, implication (not
fact)O Faulty reasoning
poor induction or deduction 13
BAD LOGOS
![Page 14: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
PATHOS
![Page 15: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
PATHOSO “SYMPATHY,” “EMPATHY,” “PATHETIC”O appeal to emotions (*fear, pity, guilt)O HUMAN EMOTIONS=
affection, anger, contempt, delight, despair disgust, embarrassment, envy, excitement fear, guilt, hope, horror, humiliation, humor jealousy, joy, love, royalty, passion, pity pride, remorse, ridicule, sadness, shame shock, shyness, sorrow, vengeance
*often stronger than LOGOS*
15
![Page 16: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
EVALUATING PATHOS
O LEGITIMATE & APPROPRIATE NOT forced, NOT faked, NOT manipulative
O With RESTRAINT NOT exaggerated, NOT overdone with wild hysterics
O With a SENSE of AUDIENCE16
![Page 17: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
EVALUATING PATHOS
DANGERS:O manipulative:
can lead readers from their better judgment
mob mentalityO often uses loaded language
emotionally charged words or phrases words with strong connotations
17
![Page 18: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
PATHOS in everyday life
FRIENDS:O peer pressureO teasing
SCHOOL:O to argue a grade, to submit a late
assignment appeal to your bad day, death in the family the evil computer (“the computer ate my
homework”) your race/gender, the teacher’s race/gender
18
![Page 19: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PATHOS in everyday life
PARENTS:O guilt-trips by/to your mother
previous events or relationships other siblings playing one parent against the other
RELATIONSHIPS:O guilt-trips by/to your significant other
previous events or relationships other boy/girlfriends
19
![Page 20: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
PATHOS in everyday life
CAR:O to buy or keep
attraction, sentimentality, frustrationO to try to get out of a speeding ticket
appeal to your bad day, death in the family, race or gender, to the officer’s race or gender
flirt, act dumb or innocent
20
![Page 21: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
PATHOS in everyday life
WORK:O to argue with your boss
(to get a raise, promotion, break) use your family, dedication years of service, long shift
21
![Page 22: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
PATHOS in everyday life
WORK:O as a customer:
to argue a price, repair work, warranty coverage
use your years of customer loyalty, justifiable anger or indignation
threaten to take your business elsewhere, to write or call the supervisor, to take your issue up the “food chain”
22
![Page 23: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PATHOS in everyday life
O Sentimentality: save the children commercials
O Hatred: mobs, gangs, voters, anti-? demonstrations
O Patriotism: rallies, parades, 9/11, commercials,
commercialization (not just USA patriotism)
O Love: Valentine’s Day, ad/commercials, Web sites
23
BAD PATHOS
![Page 24: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PATHOS in everyday life
O Sex: ad/commercials (cars, TAG) Web sites
O Humor: stand-ups, cartoons late-night shows (hit&run)
O Religiosity: guilt-trips, hell fire & brimstone,
hypocrisy extremists, fundamentalists, cults 2
4
BAD PATHOS
![Page 25: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ETHOS
![Page 26: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ETHOSO “ETHICS”O writer’s credibility, characterO CHARACTERISTICS of an ETHICAL PERSON:
benevolence, courage, credibility, decency dedication, dignity, enthusiasm, good will honesty, honor, idealism, intelligence morality, nobility, patriotism, resolve,
respect responsibility, seriousness, sincerity trustworthiness, valor, wisdom
26
![Page 27: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
EVALUATING ETHOS
Is the writer… ? fair-minded trustworthy believable sincere honest well-prepared
27
![Page 28: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
EVALUATING ETHOSAN ETHICAL WRITER ...O presents both sides of the issue AND
FULLY, FAIRLY, OBJECTIVELY (Rogerian Method)O shows different points of viewO appears well-versed on subject (accuracy)O gives biography (job, education, credentials)O uses data that’s well-researched (*authority) O has displays of intellect/knowledgeO exhibits a sense of right & wrongO is not manipulative (*with PATHOS) O uses the voice of a concerned citizen addressing a
serious societal issueO perhaps is challenging givens/bulliesO demonstrates good will & good intentionsO appears dedicated to the truth
28
![Page 29: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ETHOSTONE: (toward the subject and the
audience) concerned caring, compassionate interested genuine, frank, earnest, honest
NOT sarcastic NOT self-aggrandizing, self-righteous NOT condescending NOT arrogant NOT insincere 2
9
![Page 30: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ETHOS
DANGER: exploited to serve unethical ends: pretending to be moral, irresponsible/immoral persons
presenting themselves as responsible/moral
30
![Page 31: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ETHOS EXAMPLESO CLAUDIUS at PRAYER:
“My words fly up, my thoughts remain below. / Words without thoughts never to heaven go.” (Hamlet 3.3.98-99)
O insincerity, artificiality, dishonesty, duplicity, hypocrisy
O heart vs. words31
BAD ETHOS = “words without thoughts”
![Page 32: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ETHOS in everyday lifeFRIENDS:
your best interest, no ulterior motives advice from personal experiences
POLITICS: political, religious, sports scandals
o who do you believe?! voting for a politician (record,
accountability)SCHOOL:O request for help or argue a grade
factors: attendance, participation, preparedness, tone
32
![Page 33: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ETHOS in everyday lifePARENTS:
advice from experience fair, consistent rulings (parents) honesty, reliability, responsibility,
accountability (you)
RELATIONSHIPS: trust honesty, best interests, morals, values,
sincerity responsibility, accountability 3
3
![Page 34: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ETHOS in everyday life
CAR: reliable dealer, quality service, good
reputation responsibility, accountability,
dependability
WORK: attempt to be fair-minded,
understanding, calm, rational you, your boss, the customer 3
4
![Page 35: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ETHOS in everyday lifeO false charm:
proverbial wolf in sheep’s clothing politician, serial killer, ex-boy/girlfriend
O hypocrites: who say one thing but do another
35
BAD ETHOS
![Page 36: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ETHOS in everyday lifeO arguing a grade:
disrespectful tone poor record
O relationships: poor record, caught in a lie
o lipstick, cig. smell faulty reasoning bullying limited sense of right & wrong
36
BAD ETHOS
![Page 37: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
SO WHAT
![Page 38: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
RECAPO LOGOS = logical evidenceO PATHOS = emotional evidenceO ETHOS = credibility
38
![Page 39: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
SO WHAT?!O CRITICAL THINKING & READING &
WRITING: Persuasive Appeals Analysis is a skill
that assists our Source Evaluation –
o better scrutiny, better lexicon and hones our own Writing Skills
o better evidence, more effective arguments
39
![Page 40: PERSUASIVE APPEALS :](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102809/5681322e550346895d989355/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
END